122007158 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code TSL 85 Eb 15 9789027290144 06 10.1075/tsl.85 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code TSL 02 0167-7373 02 85.00 01 02 Typological Studies in Language Typological Studies in Language 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-linguistics 01 02 Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Linguistics (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-psychology 01 02 Subject collection: Psychology (246 titles, 1978–2015) 05 02 Psychology (1978–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-tsl 01 02 Typological Studies in Language (vols. 1–110, 1982–2015) 05 02 TSL (vols. 1–110, 1982–2015) 01 01 Syntactic Complexity Diachrony, acquisition, neuro-cognition, evolution Syntactic Complexity: Diachrony, acquisition, neuro-cognition, evolution 1 B01 01 JB code 565098698 T. Givón Givón, T. T. Givón University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/565098698 2 B01 01 JB code 914098699 Masayoshi Shibatani Shibatani, Masayoshi Masayoshi Shibatani Rice University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/914098699 01 eng 11 559 03 03 vi 03 00 553 03 01 22 415 03 2009 P291 04 Grammar, Comparative and general--Syntax. 10 LAN009000 12 CFD 24 JB code LIN.EVO Evolution of language 24 JB code LIN.LA Language acquisition 24 JB code LIN.PSYLIN Psycholinguistics 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 03 00 Complex hierarchic syntax is considered one of the hallmarks of human language. The highest level of syntactic complexity, recursive-embedded clauses, has been singled out by some for a special status as the apex of the uniquely-human language faculty – evolutionary but somehow immune to adaptive selection. This volume, coming out of a symposium held at Rice University in March 2008, tackles syntactic complexity from multiple developmental perspectives. We take it for granted that grammar is an adaptive instrument of communication, assembled upon the pre-existing platform of pre-linguistic cognition. Most of the papers in the volume deal with the two grand developmental trends of human language: diachrony, the communal enterprise directly responsible for fashioning synchronic morpho-syntax; and ontogeny, the individual endeavor directly responsible for the acquisition of competent grammatical performance. The genesis of syntactic complexity along these two developmental trends is considered alongside with the cognition and neurology of grammar and of syntactic complexity, and the evolutionary relevance of diachrony, ontogeny and pidginization is argued on general bio-evolutionary grounds. Lastly, several of the contributions to the volume suggest that recursive embedding is not in itself an adaptive target, but rather the by-product of two distinct adaptive gambits: the recruitment of conjoined clauses as modal operators on other clauses and the subsequent condensation of paratactic into syntactic structures. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/tsl.85.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027229991.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027229991.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/tsl.85.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/tsl.85.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/tsl.85.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/tsl.85.hb.png 01 01 JB code tsl.85.01int 06 10.1075/tsl.85.01int 1 20 20 Article 1 01 04 Introduction Introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 618105666 T. Givón Givón, T. T. Givón University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/618105666 01 eng 01 01 JB code tsl.85.02par 06 10.1075/tsl.85.02par Section header 2 01 04 Part I. Diachrony Part I. Diachrony 01 eng 01 01 JB code tsl.85.02fro 06 10.1075/tsl.85.02fro 23 52 30 Article 3 01 04 From nominal to clausal morphosyntax From nominal to clausal morphosyntax 01 04 Complexity via expansion Complexity via expansion 1 A01 01 JB code 78105667 Bernd Heine Heine, Bernd Bernd Heine Universität zu Köln 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/78105667 01 eng 03 00

The study of the rise of syntactic complexity, in particular of clause subordination and recursive language structures has more recently become the topic of intense discussion. The present paper builds on the reconstruction of grammatical evolution as proposed in Heine and Kuteva (2007) to present a scenario of how new forms of clause subordination may arise. Taking examples from attested cases of grammatical development as well as using evidence that has become available on grammaticalization in African languages, it is argued that there are two major pathways leading to the emergence of clause subordination: either via the integration of coordinate clauses or via the expansion of existing clauses. The concern of this paper is exclusively with the latter pathway.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.03ree 06 10.1075/tsl.85.03ree 53 80 28 Article 4 01 04 Re(e)volving complexity Re(e)volving complexity 01 04 Adding intonation Adding intonation 1 A01 01 JB code 632105668 Marianne Mithun Mithun, Marianne Marianne Mithun University of California 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/632105668 01 eng 03 00

A fruitful methodology for tracing the development of grammatical complexity has been the examination of centuries of written texts. Yet written documents necessarily remain silent about the prosody of the evolving constructions. An awareness of prosodic patterns can further our understanding of the emergence of complex constructions in several ways. The focus here is on early stages of development of individual constructions within a language, first when prosody is the only indication of complex structure, then when emerging marked constructions are still very young. Processes of development are illustrated with developing complement and relative constructions in Mohawk.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.04mul 06 10.1075/tsl.85.04mul 81 118 38 Article 5 01 04 Multiple routes to clause union Multiple routes to clause union 01 04 The diachrony of complex verb phrases The diachrony of complex verb phrases 1 A01 01 JB code 994105669 T. Givón Givón, T. T. Givón University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/994105669 01 eng 03 00

This paper investigates the diachronic pathways that lead to the rise of complex predications. It suggests that the great variety of complex predicate constructions can be traced back to two major pathways. Both pathways begin their life as paratactic verb-complement constructions (complex VPs) under separate intonation contours. Both then condense into syntactic V-complement construction under a single intonation contour. In the first type, the complement clause begins as chained (conjoined) to the main clause, and the chain then condensed into a serial verb construction. In the second type, a finite main clause and a non-finite (nominalized) object clause undergo a similar condensation. Both types can then go on to create morphologically complex lexical verbs. Both thus share the general diachronic trend of parataxis-to-syntaxis to lexis, albeit with somewhat different synchronic properties of both the syntactic and lexical product.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.05ont 06 10.1075/tsl.85.05ont 119 144 26 Article 6 01 04 On the origins of serial verb constructions in Kalam On the origins of serial verb constructions in Kalam 1 A01 01 JB code 355105670 Andrew Pawley Pawley, Andrew Andrew Pawley Australian National University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/355105670 01 eng 03 00

In Kalam, a Trans New Guinea language spoken in Papua New Guinea, there are two main types of serial verb construction (SVC), showing different degrees of morphosyntactic complexity. Compact SVCs contain from two to four verb roots that form a single, semantically and syntactically very tight-knit verb phrase. Narrative SVCs depict a sequence of events that make up a familiar episode. They contain from two to five small verb phrases, compressed into a single clause–lik e construction. The paper will discuss the functions and origins of these two constructions and reflect on the paradox that while condensing multi-clause constructions into a single clause may simplify the task of speech planning it has creates a clause type of exceptional complexity.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.06aqu 06 10.1075/tsl.85.06aqu 145 162 18 Article 7 01 04 A quantitative approach to the development of complex predicates A quantitative approach to the development of complex predicates 01 04 The case of Swedish Pseudo-Coordination with sitta "sit" The case of Swedish Pseudo-Coordination with sitta “sit” 1 A01 01 JB code 718105671 Martin Hilpert Hilpert, Martin Martin Hilpert Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/718105671 2 A01 01 JB code 11105672 Christian Koops Koops, Christian Christian Koops Rice University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/11105672 01 eng 03 00

This paper traces the historical development of the Swedish Pseudo-Coordination construction with the posture verb sitta “sit”. In Swedish a small number of verbs, including posture verbs such as sitta, are used in coordination with another verb to convey that the described event has an extended duration or is in progress. Quantitative evidence from Swedish historical corpora suggests that the construction has, even after it established itself as a grammatical construction, undergone a number of gradual changes in the course of the past five centuries. As part of the Pseudo-Coordination construction, the verb sitta has changed its argument structure, and the entire construction has increased in syntactic cohesion.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.07ele 06 10.1075/tsl.85.07ele 163 198 36 Article 8 01 04 Elements of complex structures, where recursion isn't Elements of complex structures, where recursion isn’t 01 04 The case of relativization The case of relativization 1 A01 01 JB code 340105673 Masayoshi Shibatani Shibatani, Masayoshi Masayoshi Shibatani Rice University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/340105673 01 eng 03 00

In their recent work, Hauser, Chomsky and Fitch (2002:1569) suggest that recursion “is the only uniquely human component of the faculty of language”. In both generative and typological studies, the relativization site has been considered to be one of the places where recursion of sentences takes place. This paper examines a number of wide-spread patterns of relativization around the globe and argues that what have been identified as relative clauses/sentences are in fact nominalized entities, lacking some crucial properties of both full clauses and sentences. It is furthermore shown that these nominalized forms are neither syntactically nor semantically subordinate to the nominal head they modify.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.08nom 06 10.1075/tsl.85.08nom 199 214 16 Article 9 01 04 Nominalization and the origin of subordination Nominalization and the origin of subordination 1 A01 01 JB code 729105674 Guy Deutscher Deutscher, Guy Guy Deutscher 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/729105674 01 eng 03 00

This paper argues that the paths portrayed in recent literature as the genesis of subordination are only superficial rearrangements of existing subordination, while the real syntactic-cognitive underpinnings of subordination are overlooked. (Derivational) nominalization, the ability to derive a noun from a verb, is shown as the core element in the channel of ‘expansion’, and may also be behind the genesis of relative clauses that are claimed to arise through ‘integration’. And yet, the origins of nominalization are little researched and understood, and thus accounts of the genesis of subordination are robbed of much of their explanatory power. One way is suggested to account for the genesis of nominalization without already presupposing it, based on back-formation from the process of verbalization.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.09the 06 10.1075/tsl.85.09the 215 238 24 Article 10 01 04 The co-evolution of syntactic and pragmatic complexity The co-evolution of syntactic and pragmatic complexity 01 04 Diachronic and cross-linguistic aspects of pseudoclefts Diachronic and cross-linguistic aspects of pseudoclefts 1 A01 01 JB code 176105675 Christian Koops Koops, Christian Christian Koops Rice University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/176105675 2 A01 01 JB code 433105676 Martin Hilpert Hilpert, Martin Martin Hilpert Freiburg Institute for Advanced studies 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/433105676 01 eng 03 00

This chapter examines the diachronic rise of a syntactically and pragmatically complex construction type: pseudoclefts. Given that cleft constructions combine available components of grammar — relative clauses and copular clauses — do they arise in full-fledged form? If they emerge gradually, what constrains their development? We first present a corpus-based analysis of the history of English pseudoclefts and develop qualitative and quantitative measures to identify properties of pseudoclefts at different developmental stages. We then apply the same measures of grammaticalization in a synchronic comparison of pseudoclefts in contemporary spoken and written German, Swedish, and English in order to test their cross-linguistic validity. We find that pseudoclefts develop gradually in a process driven by the pragmatic exploitation of their presuppositional structure (Lambrecht 1994).

01 01 JB code tsl.85.10two 06 10.1075/tsl.85.10two 239 248 10 Article 11 01 04 Two pathways of grammatical evolution Two pathways of grammatical evolution 1 A01 01 JB code 816105677 Östen Dahl Dahl, Östen Östen Dahl 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/816105677 01 eng 03 00

Givon has suggested three stages that characterize the diachronic rise of complex constructions: Parataxis, Syntaxis and Lexis. In this paper, it is argued that rather than having three distinct stages of grammatical evolution with a linear increase of tightness, we have to postulate different kinds of integrative processes, which tend to be interwoven with each other in complex ways, both in that they tend to take place at the same time and in that they partly presuppose each other: a. paratactic constructions → syntactic constructions b. syntactic constructions → inflectionally marked words c. syntactic constructions → morphologically complex words In particular, then, there is an intimate relationship between (a) and (b), which means that inflectional morphology not only arises together with the phenomena that Givon labels “Syntaxis” but also to a significant extent is restricted to it.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.12par 06 10.1075/tsl.85.12par Section header 12 01 04 Part II. Child language Part II. Child language 01 eng 01 01 JB code tsl.85.11ont 06 10.1075/tsl.85.11ont 251 276 26 Article 13 01 04 On the role of frequency and similarity in the acquisition of subject and non-subject relative clauses On the role of frequency and similarity in the acquisition of subject and non-subject relative clauses 1 A01 01 JB code 276105678 Holger Diessel Diessel, Holger Holger Diessel University of Jena 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/276105678 01 eng 03 00

Frequency and similarity are important determinants for the acquisition of children’s early item-based constructions. This paper argues that frequency and similarity are equally important for the development of more complex and intricate grammatical phenomena such as relative clauses. Specifically, the paper shows that the acquisition of relative clauses is crucially determined by the similarity between particular types of relative clauses and simple SVO constructions. Two specific hypotheses are proposed: First, since subject relatives have the same word order as ordinary SVO clauses, they usually cause fewer difficulties in comprehension studies than non-subject relatives. Second, while non-subject relatives are structurally distinct from SVO clauses, semantically they are expressed by prototypical transitive constructions, which arguably helps the child to learn this type of relative clause.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.12sta 06 10.1075/tsl.85.12sta 277 310 34 Article 14 01 04 `Starting small' effects in the acquisition of early relative constructions in Spanish Starting small’ effects in the acquisition of early relative constructions in Spanish 1 A01 01 JB code 700105679 Cecilia Rojas-Nieto Rojas-Nieto, Cecilia Cecilia Rojas-Nieto Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/700105679 01 eng 03 00

This paper builds on previous Usage-based accounts of developing sentence complexity (Diessel 2004; Diessel & Tomasello 2000, 2001), considering early relative constructions (RC) in Spanish. RCs development shows various “starting small” processes (Elman 1993): Most CRs show no embedding; they are dialogical co-constructional results or take an absolute position and not intonation integration to any verbal frame. When embedded, constructional frames are lexically biased with an open slot for Head RC insertion. CRs internal structure is mostly similar to independent clause type, with no gap nor genuine ‘relative’ function for the relative pronoun. In sum, CRs show an exemplar based acquisition and individually preferred constructional frames. All these phenomena point towards a non linear, experience based learning, affected by frequency and oriented by function.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.13the 06 10.1075/tsl.85.13the 311 388 78 Article 15 01 04 The ontogeny of complex verb phrases The ontogeny of complex verb phrases 01 04 How children learn to negotiate fact and desire How children learn to negotiate fact and desire 1 A01 01 JB code 109105680 T. Givón Givón, T. T. Givón University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/109105680 01 eng 03 00

This paper investigate the acquisition of V-complement constructions (complex VPs) by English-speaking children ca. age 1;8-to-2;9. It suggests that the child acquires these constructions during intensive epistemic or deontic modal negotiations with the adult. In the earliest stage, the main-plus-complement construction is spread over adjacent child-adult or adult-child conversational turns ( Ochs et al. 1979). The early precursor of the complex VP construction is thus paratactic, with the two clauses falling under separate intonation contours. Only later on is the construction condensed into a complex syntactic construction under a single intonation contour, produced by the child alone. The early use of these constructions is as direct speech acts, be they epistemic or deontic (Diessel 2005), whereby the semantic focus resides in the complement clause, and the main clause acts as a modal operator. But this is true of both the children and their adult interlocutors, and is also characteristic, at the text-frequency level, of adult oral language (Thomson 2001). However, this characterization of complex VPs is semantic rather than syntactic.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.16par 06 10.1075/tsl.85.16par Section header 16 01 04 Part III. Cognition and neurology Part III. Cognition and neurology 01 eng 01 01 JB code tsl.85.14syn 06 10.1075/tsl.85.14syn 391 404 14 Article 17 01 04 Syntactic complexity versus concatenation in a verbal production task Syntactic complexity versus concatenation in a verbal production task 1 A01 01 JB code 681105681 Marjorie Barker Barker, Marjorie Marjorie Barker University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/681105681 2 A01 01 JB code 864105682 Eric Pederson Pederson, Eric Eric Pederson University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/864105682 01 eng 03 00

We tested whether the speaker’s communicative intent drives the selection of grammatical constructions. Participants viewed complex human action video stimuli and were asked to respond in detail to a single question for each video concerning either what had happened (eliciting descriptions) or why a particular event had occurred (eliciting explanations). We predicted that responses to the why questions would contain more syntactically complex constructions (specifically verbal complements), while responses to the what questions would be more concatenated. The experimental results with these stimuli did not uphold the first part of the hypothesis: complexity in the form of syntactic embedding was statistically equivalent under both conditions. However, there was significantly more concatenation in the form of coordination in the what condition.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.15the 06 10.1075/tsl.85.15the 405 432 28 Article 18 01 04 The emergence of linguistic complexity The emergence of linguistic complexity 1 A01 01 JB code 224105683 Brian MacWhinney MacWhinney, Brian Brian MacWhinney Carnegie Mellon University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/224105683 01 eng 03 00

Linguists have often argued that recursion produces linguistic complexity. However, recursion itself preexisting processes such as lexical insertion, lexical combination, memory stacks, and methods of interpretation. In the brain, recursion is an emergent property of a set of adaptations that involve at least six processing systems. Linguistic complexity arises from the interplay of all six of these systems. The complexity of this neuronal support means that the full complexity of human language could not have arisen fortuitously at some single moment in evolution. However, there is evidence that some pieces of the six systems supporting complexity have developed more recently than others.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.16cog 06 10.1075/tsl.85.16cog 433 460 28 Article 19 01 04 Cognitive and neural underpinnings of syntactic complexity Cognitive and neural underpinnings of syntactic complexity 1 A01 01 JB code 633105684 Diego Fernandez-Duque Fernandez-Duque, Diego Diego Fernandez-Duque Villanova University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/633105684 01 eng 03 00

Based on a review of the neuroimaging literature, I argue that the resources allocated for processing syntactically complex sentences (i.e., object-extracted relative clauses) are domain-general. Overlapping brain areas are activated by OR clauses and by effortful executive tasks, such as storing information in verbal working memory, resolving conflict among competing representations, and switching one’s mindset. A re-conceptualization of ‘syntactic complexity’ in terms of executive functions provides a useful framework in which to explore its links to relational complexity and to cognitive neuroscience, in general. As such, this approach should prove useful to linguists and cognitive scientists alike.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.17neu 06 10.1075/tsl.85.17neu 461 490 30 Article 20 01 04 Neural mechanisms of recursive processing in cognitive and linguistic complexity Neural mechanisms of recursive processing in cognitive and linguistic complexity 1 A01 01 JB code 928105685 Don M. Tucker Tucker, Don M. Don M. Tucker University of Oregon NeuroInformatics Center 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/928105685 2 A01 01 JB code 78105686 Phan Luu Luu, Phan Phan Luu University of Oregon NeuroInformatics Center 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/78105686 3 A01 01 JB code 276105687 Catherine Poulsen Poulsen, Catherine Catherine Poulsen University of Oregon NeuroInformatics Center 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/276105687 01 eng 03 00

Cognition in the human brain requires processes of memory consolidation and retrieval that are carried out across reentrant connections between limbic cortex and multiple network levels of the neocortex. Given this layered architecture, and the point-to-point reentrance of the connections, cognition is likely to be recursive, changing its internal representations dynamically with each cycle of consolidation. To provide structure and constancy within this dynamic interplay, language operations appear to draw on the capacity for inhibitory specification emergent within the ventral, paleocortical corticolimbic pathways. We propose that inhibitory specification has been essential to regulate the dynamism of recursive consolidation, supporting the evolution of both the object qualities of words and the regularized structure of grammar.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.18syn 06 10.1075/tsl.85.18syn 491 506 16 Article 21 01 04 Syntactic complexity in the brain Syntactic complexity in the brain 1 A01 01 JB code 700105688 Angela D. Friederici Friederici, Angela D. Angela D. Friederici Max Plance Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/700105688 2 A01 01 JB code 782105689 Jens Brauer Brauer, Jens Jens Brauer Max Plance Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/782105689 01 eng 03 00

The current chapter considers neuronal circuits in the human brain that represent a neuroanatomical basis for the processing of syntactic complexities. We will present data from event-related brain potential studies and from functional and structural brain imaging studies to elucidate the brain’s underpinnings for syntactic processing. The data shall indicate that the processing of syntactic dependencies is subserved by two distinct networks of brain areas, one involving the deep frontal operculum and the anterior part of the superior temporal gyrus (STG), holding responsible for the processing of local dependencies, the other involving Broca’s area and the posterior part of the STG, holding responsible for the processing of hierarchical dependencies. Structural brain data are referred that identify two separate neural fiber pathways for these two networks. These findings are supported by ontogenetic and phylogenetic comparison. The data suggest functional and structural separation for the processing of different levels of syntactic complexity.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.22par 06 10.1075/tsl.85.22par Section header 22 01 04 Part IV. Biology and evolution Part IV. Biology and evolution 01 eng 01 01 JB code tsl.85.19neu 06 10.1075/tsl.85.19neu 509 530 22 Article 23 01 04 Neural plasticity Neural plasticity 01 04 The driving force underlying the complexity of the brain The driving force underlying the complexity of the brain 1 A01 01 JB code 370105690 Nathan Tublitz Tublitz, Nathan Nathan Tublitz University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/370105690 01 eng 03 00

The ability of the human nervous system to process information, perform complicated simultaneous mental and physical tasks, and express feelings and emotions is peerless. Because of its complexity, the human brain is the seminal achievement of biological evolution on our planet. This paper focuses on one aspect of brain complexity, neural plasticity, the ability of the nervous system to alter its output in response to changing stimuli. Several examples of neuroplasticity at the molecular, cellular, systems and cognitive levels are presented, all of which have physiological and behavioral consequences. The examples presented provide a basis for the premise that neural complexity arose from the need to perform complex functions. These examples also lend support for the notion that complex adaptive functions are subdivided into separate neural pathways which are oftentimes anatomically distinct.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.20rec 06 10.1075/tsl.85.20rec 531 544 14 Article 24 01 04 Recursion Recursion 01 04 Core of complexity or artifact of analysis? Core of complexity or artifact of analysis? 1 A01 01 JB code 695105691 Derek Bickerton Bickerton, Derek Derek Bickerton University of Hawaii 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/695105691 01 eng 01 01 JB code tsl.85.25ind 06 10.1075/tsl.85.25ind 545 553 9 Miscellaneous 25 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/tsl.85 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20090422 C 2009 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2009 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027229991 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027290144 21 01 06 Corporate / Library / Education price 02 110.00 EUR 01 05 Consumer price 02 36.00 EUR 01 06 Corporate / Library / Education price 02 92.00 GBP GB 01 05 Consumer price 02 30.00 GBP GB 01 06 Corporate / Library / Education price 02 165.00 USD 01 05 Consumer price 02 54.00 USD
136007286 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code TSL 85 Pb 15 9789027230003 06 10.1075/tsl.85 13 2008053096 00 BC 01 240 mm 02 160 mm 08 985 gr 10 01 JB code TSL 02 0167-7373 02 85.00 01 02 Typological Studies in Language Typological Studies in Language 01 01 Syntactic Complexity Diachrony, acquisition, neuro-cognition, evolution Syntactic Complexity: Diachrony, acquisition, neuro-cognition, evolution 1 B01 01 JB code 565098698 T. Givón Givón, T. T. Givón University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/565098698 2 B01 01 JB code 914098699 Masayoshi Shibatani Shibatani, Masayoshi Masayoshi Shibatani Rice University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/914098699 01 eng 11 559 03 03 vi 03 00 553 03 01 22 415 03 2009 P291 04 Grammar, Comparative and general--Syntax. 10 LAN009000 12 CFD 24 JB code LIN.EVO Evolution of language 24 JB code LIN.LA Language acquisition 24 JB code LIN.PSYLIN Psycholinguistics 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 03 00 Complex hierarchic syntax is considered one of the hallmarks of human language. The highest level of syntactic complexity, recursive-embedded clauses, has been singled out by some for a special status as the apex of the uniquely-human language faculty – evolutionary but somehow immune to adaptive selection. This volume, coming out of a symposium held at Rice University in March 2008, tackles syntactic complexity from multiple developmental perspectives. We take it for granted that grammar is an adaptive instrument of communication, assembled upon the pre-existing platform of pre-linguistic cognition. Most of the papers in the volume deal with the two grand developmental trends of human language: diachrony, the communal enterprise directly responsible for fashioning synchronic morpho-syntax; and ontogeny, the individual endeavor directly responsible for the acquisition of competent grammatical performance. The genesis of syntactic complexity along these two developmental trends is considered alongside with the cognition and neurology of grammar and of syntactic complexity, and the evolutionary relevance of diachrony, ontogeny and pidginization is argued on general bio-evolutionary grounds. Lastly, several of the contributions to the volume suggest that recursive embedding is not in itself an adaptive target, but rather the by-product of two distinct adaptive gambits: the recruitment of conjoined clauses as modal operators on other clauses and the subsequent condensation of paratactic into syntactic structures. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/tsl.85.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027229991.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027229991.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/tsl.85.pb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/tsl.85.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/tsl.85.pb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/tsl.85.pb.png 01 01 JB code tsl.85.01int 06 10.1075/tsl.85.01int 1 20 20 Article 1 01 04 Introduction Introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 618105666 T. Givón Givón, T. T. Givón University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/618105666 01 eng 01 01 JB code tsl.85.02par 06 10.1075/tsl.85.02par Section header 2 01 04 Part I. Diachrony Part I. Diachrony 01 eng 01 01 JB code tsl.85.02fro 06 10.1075/tsl.85.02fro 23 52 30 Article 3 01 04 From nominal to clausal morphosyntax From nominal to clausal morphosyntax 01 04 Complexity via expansion Complexity via expansion 1 A01 01 JB code 78105667 Bernd Heine Heine, Bernd Bernd Heine Universität zu Köln 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/78105667 01 eng 03 00

The study of the rise of syntactic complexity, in particular of clause subordination and recursive language structures has more recently become the topic of intense discussion. The present paper builds on the reconstruction of grammatical evolution as proposed in Heine and Kuteva (2007) to present a scenario of how new forms of clause subordination may arise. Taking examples from attested cases of grammatical development as well as using evidence that has become available on grammaticalization in African languages, it is argued that there are two major pathways leading to the emergence of clause subordination: either via the integration of coordinate clauses or via the expansion of existing clauses. The concern of this paper is exclusively with the latter pathway.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.03ree 06 10.1075/tsl.85.03ree 53 80 28 Article 4 01 04 Re(e)volving complexity Re(e)volving complexity 01 04 Adding intonation Adding intonation 1 A01 01 JB code 632105668 Marianne Mithun Mithun, Marianne Marianne Mithun University of California 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/632105668 01 eng 03 00

A fruitful methodology for tracing the development of grammatical complexity has been the examination of centuries of written texts. Yet written documents necessarily remain silent about the prosody of the evolving constructions. An awareness of prosodic patterns can further our understanding of the emergence of complex constructions in several ways. The focus here is on early stages of development of individual constructions within a language, first when prosody is the only indication of complex structure, then when emerging marked constructions are still very young. Processes of development are illustrated with developing complement and relative constructions in Mohawk.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.04mul 06 10.1075/tsl.85.04mul 81 118 38 Article 5 01 04 Multiple routes to clause union Multiple routes to clause union 01 04 The diachrony of complex verb phrases The diachrony of complex verb phrases 1 A01 01 JB code 994105669 T. Givón Givón, T. T. Givón University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/994105669 01 eng 03 00

This paper investigates the diachronic pathways that lead to the rise of complex predications. It suggests that the great variety of complex predicate constructions can be traced back to two major pathways. Both pathways begin their life as paratactic verb-complement constructions (complex VPs) under separate intonation contours. Both then condense into syntactic V-complement construction under a single intonation contour. In the first type, the complement clause begins as chained (conjoined) to the main clause, and the chain then condensed into a serial verb construction. In the second type, a finite main clause and a non-finite (nominalized) object clause undergo a similar condensation. Both types can then go on to create morphologically complex lexical verbs. Both thus share the general diachronic trend of parataxis-to-syntaxis to lexis, albeit with somewhat different synchronic properties of both the syntactic and lexical product.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.05ont 06 10.1075/tsl.85.05ont 119 144 26 Article 6 01 04 On the origins of serial verb constructions in Kalam On the origins of serial verb constructions in Kalam 1 A01 01 JB code 355105670 Andrew Pawley Pawley, Andrew Andrew Pawley Australian National University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/355105670 01 eng 03 00

In Kalam, a Trans New Guinea language spoken in Papua New Guinea, there are two main types of serial verb construction (SVC), showing different degrees of morphosyntactic complexity. Compact SVCs contain from two to four verb roots that form a single, semantically and syntactically very tight-knit verb phrase. Narrative SVCs depict a sequence of events that make up a familiar episode. They contain from two to five small verb phrases, compressed into a single clause–lik e construction. The paper will discuss the functions and origins of these two constructions and reflect on the paradox that while condensing multi-clause constructions into a single clause may simplify the task of speech planning it has creates a clause type of exceptional complexity.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.06aqu 06 10.1075/tsl.85.06aqu 145 162 18 Article 7 01 04 A quantitative approach to the development of complex predicates A quantitative approach to the development of complex predicates 01 04 The case of Swedish Pseudo-Coordination with sitta "sit" The case of Swedish Pseudo-Coordination with sitta “sit” 1 A01 01 JB code 718105671 Martin Hilpert Hilpert, Martin Martin Hilpert Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/718105671 2 A01 01 JB code 11105672 Christian Koops Koops, Christian Christian Koops Rice University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/11105672 01 eng 03 00

This paper traces the historical development of the Swedish Pseudo-Coordination construction with the posture verb sitta “sit”. In Swedish a small number of verbs, including posture verbs such as sitta, are used in coordination with another verb to convey that the described event has an extended duration or is in progress. Quantitative evidence from Swedish historical corpora suggests that the construction has, even after it established itself as a grammatical construction, undergone a number of gradual changes in the course of the past five centuries. As part of the Pseudo-Coordination construction, the verb sitta has changed its argument structure, and the entire construction has increased in syntactic cohesion.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.07ele 06 10.1075/tsl.85.07ele 163 198 36 Article 8 01 04 Elements of complex structures, where recursion isn't Elements of complex structures, where recursion isn’t 01 04 The case of relativization The case of relativization 1 A01 01 JB code 340105673 Masayoshi Shibatani Shibatani, Masayoshi Masayoshi Shibatani Rice University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/340105673 01 eng 03 00

In their recent work, Hauser, Chomsky and Fitch (2002:1569) suggest that recursion “is the only uniquely human component of the faculty of language”. In both generative and typological studies, the relativization site has been considered to be one of the places where recursion of sentences takes place. This paper examines a number of wide-spread patterns of relativization around the globe and argues that what have been identified as relative clauses/sentences are in fact nominalized entities, lacking some crucial properties of both full clauses and sentences. It is furthermore shown that these nominalized forms are neither syntactically nor semantically subordinate to the nominal head they modify.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.08nom 06 10.1075/tsl.85.08nom 199 214 16 Article 9 01 04 Nominalization and the origin of subordination Nominalization and the origin of subordination 1 A01 01 JB code 729105674 Guy Deutscher Deutscher, Guy Guy Deutscher 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/729105674 01 eng 03 00

This paper argues that the paths portrayed in recent literature as the genesis of subordination are only superficial rearrangements of existing subordination, while the real syntactic-cognitive underpinnings of subordination are overlooked. (Derivational) nominalization, the ability to derive a noun from a verb, is shown as the core element in the channel of ‘expansion’, and may also be behind the genesis of relative clauses that are claimed to arise through ‘integration’. And yet, the origins of nominalization are little researched and understood, and thus accounts of the genesis of subordination are robbed of much of their explanatory power. One way is suggested to account for the genesis of nominalization without already presupposing it, based on back-formation from the process of verbalization.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.09the 06 10.1075/tsl.85.09the 215 238 24 Article 10 01 04 The co-evolution of syntactic and pragmatic complexity The co-evolution of syntactic and pragmatic complexity 01 04 Diachronic and cross-linguistic aspects of pseudoclefts Diachronic and cross-linguistic aspects of pseudoclefts 1 A01 01 JB code 176105675 Christian Koops Koops, Christian Christian Koops Rice University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/176105675 2 A01 01 JB code 433105676 Martin Hilpert Hilpert, Martin Martin Hilpert Freiburg Institute for Advanced studies 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/433105676 01 eng 03 00

This chapter examines the diachronic rise of a syntactically and pragmatically complex construction type: pseudoclefts. Given that cleft constructions combine available components of grammar — relative clauses and copular clauses — do they arise in full-fledged form? If they emerge gradually, what constrains their development? We first present a corpus-based analysis of the history of English pseudoclefts and develop qualitative and quantitative measures to identify properties of pseudoclefts at different developmental stages. We then apply the same measures of grammaticalization in a synchronic comparison of pseudoclefts in contemporary spoken and written German, Swedish, and English in order to test their cross-linguistic validity. We find that pseudoclefts develop gradually in a process driven by the pragmatic exploitation of their presuppositional structure (Lambrecht 1994).

01 01 JB code tsl.85.10two 06 10.1075/tsl.85.10two 239 248 10 Article 11 01 04 Two pathways of grammatical evolution Two pathways of grammatical evolution 1 A01 01 JB code 816105677 Östen Dahl Dahl, Östen Östen Dahl 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/816105677 01 eng 03 00

Givon has suggested three stages that characterize the diachronic rise of complex constructions: Parataxis, Syntaxis and Lexis. In this paper, it is argued that rather than having three distinct stages of grammatical evolution with a linear increase of tightness, we have to postulate different kinds of integrative processes, which tend to be interwoven with each other in complex ways, both in that they tend to take place at the same time and in that they partly presuppose each other: a. paratactic constructions → syntactic constructions b. syntactic constructions → inflectionally marked words c. syntactic constructions → morphologically complex words In particular, then, there is an intimate relationship between (a) and (b), which means that inflectional morphology not only arises together with the phenomena that Givon labels “Syntaxis” but also to a significant extent is restricted to it.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.12par 06 10.1075/tsl.85.12par Section header 12 01 04 Part II. Child language Part II. Child language 01 eng 01 01 JB code tsl.85.11ont 06 10.1075/tsl.85.11ont 251 276 26 Article 13 01 04 On the role of frequency and similarity in the acquisition of subject and non-subject relative clauses On the role of frequency and similarity in the acquisition of subject and non-subject relative clauses 1 A01 01 JB code 276105678 Holger Diessel Diessel, Holger Holger Diessel University of Jena 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/276105678 01 eng 03 00

Frequency and similarity are important determinants for the acquisition of children’s early item-based constructions. This paper argues that frequency and similarity are equally important for the development of more complex and intricate grammatical phenomena such as relative clauses. Specifically, the paper shows that the acquisition of relative clauses is crucially determined by the similarity between particular types of relative clauses and simple SVO constructions. Two specific hypotheses are proposed: First, since subject relatives have the same word order as ordinary SVO clauses, they usually cause fewer difficulties in comprehension studies than non-subject relatives. Second, while non-subject relatives are structurally distinct from SVO clauses, semantically they are expressed by prototypical transitive constructions, which arguably helps the child to learn this type of relative clause.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.12sta 06 10.1075/tsl.85.12sta 277 310 34 Article 14 01 04 `Starting small' effects in the acquisition of early relative constructions in Spanish Starting small’ effects in the acquisition of early relative constructions in Spanish 1 A01 01 JB code 700105679 Cecilia Rojas-Nieto Rojas-Nieto, Cecilia Cecilia Rojas-Nieto Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/700105679 01 eng 03 00

This paper builds on previous Usage-based accounts of developing sentence complexity (Diessel 2004; Diessel & Tomasello 2000, 2001), considering early relative constructions (RC) in Spanish. RCs development shows various “starting small” processes (Elman 1993): Most CRs show no embedding; they are dialogical co-constructional results or take an absolute position and not intonation integration to any verbal frame. When embedded, constructional frames are lexically biased with an open slot for Head RC insertion. CRs internal structure is mostly similar to independent clause type, with no gap nor genuine ‘relative’ function for the relative pronoun. In sum, CRs show an exemplar based acquisition and individually preferred constructional frames. All these phenomena point towards a non linear, experience based learning, affected by frequency and oriented by function.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.13the 06 10.1075/tsl.85.13the 311 388 78 Article 15 01 04 The ontogeny of complex verb phrases The ontogeny of complex verb phrases 01 04 How children learn to negotiate fact and desire How children learn to negotiate fact and desire 1 A01 01 JB code 109105680 T. Givón Givón, T. T. Givón University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/109105680 01 eng 03 00

This paper investigate the acquisition of V-complement constructions (complex VPs) by English-speaking children ca. age 1;8-to-2;9. It suggests that the child acquires these constructions during intensive epistemic or deontic modal negotiations with the adult. In the earliest stage, the main-plus-complement construction is spread over adjacent child-adult or adult-child conversational turns ( Ochs et al. 1979). The early precursor of the complex VP construction is thus paratactic, with the two clauses falling under separate intonation contours. Only later on is the construction condensed into a complex syntactic construction under a single intonation contour, produced by the child alone. The early use of these constructions is as direct speech acts, be they epistemic or deontic (Diessel 2005), whereby the semantic focus resides in the complement clause, and the main clause acts as a modal operator. But this is true of both the children and their adult interlocutors, and is also characteristic, at the text-frequency level, of adult oral language (Thomson 2001). However, this characterization of complex VPs is semantic rather than syntactic.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.16par 06 10.1075/tsl.85.16par Section header 16 01 04 Part III. Cognition and neurology Part III. Cognition and neurology 01 eng 01 01 JB code tsl.85.14syn 06 10.1075/tsl.85.14syn 391 404 14 Article 17 01 04 Syntactic complexity versus concatenation in a verbal production task Syntactic complexity versus concatenation in a verbal production task 1 A01 01 JB code 681105681 Marjorie Barker Barker, Marjorie Marjorie Barker University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/681105681 2 A01 01 JB code 864105682 Eric Pederson Pederson, Eric Eric Pederson University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/864105682 01 eng 03 00

We tested whether the speaker’s communicative intent drives the selection of grammatical constructions. Participants viewed complex human action video stimuli and were asked to respond in detail to a single question for each video concerning either what had happened (eliciting descriptions) or why a particular event had occurred (eliciting explanations). We predicted that responses to the why questions would contain more syntactically complex constructions (specifically verbal complements), while responses to the what questions would be more concatenated. The experimental results with these stimuli did not uphold the first part of the hypothesis: complexity in the form of syntactic embedding was statistically equivalent under both conditions. However, there was significantly more concatenation in the form of coordination in the what condition.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.15the 06 10.1075/tsl.85.15the 405 432 28 Article 18 01 04 The emergence of linguistic complexity The emergence of linguistic complexity 1 A01 01 JB code 224105683 Brian MacWhinney MacWhinney, Brian Brian MacWhinney Carnegie Mellon University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/224105683 01 eng 03 00

Linguists have often argued that recursion produces linguistic complexity. However, recursion itself preexisting processes such as lexical insertion, lexical combination, memory stacks, and methods of interpretation. In the brain, recursion is an emergent property of a set of adaptations that involve at least six processing systems. Linguistic complexity arises from the interplay of all six of these systems. The complexity of this neuronal support means that the full complexity of human language could not have arisen fortuitously at some single moment in evolution. However, there is evidence that some pieces of the six systems supporting complexity have developed more recently than others.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.16cog 06 10.1075/tsl.85.16cog 433 460 28 Article 19 01 04 Cognitive and neural underpinnings of syntactic complexity Cognitive and neural underpinnings of syntactic complexity 1 A01 01 JB code 633105684 Diego Fernandez-Duque Fernandez-Duque, Diego Diego Fernandez-Duque Villanova University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/633105684 01 eng 03 00

Based on a review of the neuroimaging literature, I argue that the resources allocated for processing syntactically complex sentences (i.e., object-extracted relative clauses) are domain-general. Overlapping brain areas are activated by OR clauses and by effortful executive tasks, such as storing information in verbal working memory, resolving conflict among competing representations, and switching one’s mindset. A re-conceptualization of ‘syntactic complexity’ in terms of executive functions provides a useful framework in which to explore its links to relational complexity and to cognitive neuroscience, in general. As such, this approach should prove useful to linguists and cognitive scientists alike.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.17neu 06 10.1075/tsl.85.17neu 461 490 30 Article 20 01 04 Neural mechanisms of recursive processing in cognitive and linguistic complexity Neural mechanisms of recursive processing in cognitive and linguistic complexity 1 A01 01 JB code 928105685 Don M. Tucker Tucker, Don M. Don M. Tucker University of Oregon NeuroInformatics Center 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/928105685 2 A01 01 JB code 78105686 Phan Luu Luu, Phan Phan Luu University of Oregon NeuroInformatics Center 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/78105686 3 A01 01 JB code 276105687 Catherine Poulsen Poulsen, Catherine Catherine Poulsen University of Oregon NeuroInformatics Center 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/276105687 01 eng 03 00

Cognition in the human brain requires processes of memory consolidation and retrieval that are carried out across reentrant connections between limbic cortex and multiple network levels of the neocortex. Given this layered architecture, and the point-to-point reentrance of the connections, cognition is likely to be recursive, changing its internal representations dynamically with each cycle of consolidation. To provide structure and constancy within this dynamic interplay, language operations appear to draw on the capacity for inhibitory specification emergent within the ventral, paleocortical corticolimbic pathways. We propose that inhibitory specification has been essential to regulate the dynamism of recursive consolidation, supporting the evolution of both the object qualities of words and the regularized structure of grammar.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.18syn 06 10.1075/tsl.85.18syn 491 506 16 Article 21 01 04 Syntactic complexity in the brain Syntactic complexity in the brain 1 A01 01 JB code 700105688 Angela D. Friederici Friederici, Angela D. Angela D. Friederici Max Plance Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/700105688 2 A01 01 JB code 782105689 Jens Brauer Brauer, Jens Jens Brauer Max Plance Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/782105689 01 eng 03 00

The current chapter considers neuronal circuits in the human brain that represent a neuroanatomical basis for the processing of syntactic complexities. We will present data from event-related brain potential studies and from functional and structural brain imaging studies to elucidate the brain’s underpinnings for syntactic processing. The data shall indicate that the processing of syntactic dependencies is subserved by two distinct networks of brain areas, one involving the deep frontal operculum and the anterior part of the superior temporal gyrus (STG), holding responsible for the processing of local dependencies, the other involving Broca’s area and the posterior part of the STG, holding responsible for the processing of hierarchical dependencies. Structural brain data are referred that identify two separate neural fiber pathways for these two networks. These findings are supported by ontogenetic and phylogenetic comparison. The data suggest functional and structural separation for the processing of different levels of syntactic complexity.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.22par 06 10.1075/tsl.85.22par Section header 22 01 04 Part IV. Biology and evolution Part IV. Biology and evolution 01 eng 01 01 JB code tsl.85.19neu 06 10.1075/tsl.85.19neu 509 530 22 Article 23 01 04 Neural plasticity Neural plasticity 01 04 The driving force underlying the complexity of the brain The driving force underlying the complexity of the brain 1 A01 01 JB code 370105690 Nathan Tublitz Tublitz, Nathan Nathan Tublitz University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/370105690 01 eng 03 00

The ability of the human nervous system to process information, perform complicated simultaneous mental and physical tasks, and express feelings and emotions is peerless. Because of its complexity, the human brain is the seminal achievement of biological evolution on our planet. This paper focuses on one aspect of brain complexity, neural plasticity, the ability of the nervous system to alter its output in response to changing stimuli. Several examples of neuroplasticity at the molecular, cellular, systems and cognitive levels are presented, all of which have physiological and behavioral consequences. The examples presented provide a basis for the premise that neural complexity arose from the need to perform complex functions. These examples also lend support for the notion that complex adaptive functions are subdivided into separate neural pathways which are oftentimes anatomically distinct.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.20rec 06 10.1075/tsl.85.20rec 531 544 14 Article 24 01 04 Recursion Recursion 01 04 Core of complexity or artifact of analysis? Core of complexity or artifact of analysis? 1 A01 01 JB code 695105691 Derek Bickerton Bickerton, Derek Derek Bickerton University of Hawaii 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/695105691 01 eng 01 01 JB code tsl.85.25ind 06 10.1075/tsl.85.25ind 545 553 9 Miscellaneous 25 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/tsl.85 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20090422 C 2009 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2009 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD WORLD US CA MX 09 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 21 6 10 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 36.00 EUR 02 00 Unqualified price 02 30.00 01 Z 0 GBP GB US CA MX 01 01 JB 2 John Benjamins Publishing Company +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 21 6 10 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 54.00 USD
195012237 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code TSL 85 GE 15 9789027290144 06 10.1075/tsl.85 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code TSL 02 JB code 0167-7373 02 85.00 01 02 Typological Studies in Language Typological Studies in Language 01 01 Syntactic Complexity Syntactic Complexity 1 B01 01 JB code 565098698 T. Givón Givón, T. T. Givón University of Oregon 2 B01 01 JB code 914098699 Masayoshi Shibatani Shibatani, Masayoshi Masayoshi Shibatani Rice University 01 eng 11 559 03 03 vi 03 00 553 03 24 JB code LIN.EVO Evolution of language 24 JB code LIN.LA Language acquisition 24 JB code LIN.PSYLIN Psycholinguistics 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 10 LAN009000 12 CFD 01 06 03 00 Complex hierarchic syntax is considered one of the hallmarks of human language. The highest level of syntactic complexity, recursive-embedded clauses, has been singled out by some for a special status as the apex of the uniquely-human language faculty – evolutionary but somehow immune to adaptive selection. This volume, coming out of a symposium held at Rice University in March 2008, tackles syntactic complexity from multiple developmental perspectives. We take it for granted that grammar is an adaptive instrument of communication, assembled upon the pre-existing platform of pre-linguistic cognition. Most of the papers in the volume deal with the two grand developmental trends of human language: diachrony, the communal enterprise directly responsible for fashioning synchronic morpho-syntax; and ontogeny, the individual endeavor directly responsible for the acquisition of competent grammatical performance. The genesis of syntactic complexity along these two developmental trends is considered alongside with the cognition and neurology of grammar and of syntactic complexity, and the evolutionary relevance of diachrony, ontogeny and pidginization is argued on general bio-evolutionary grounds. Lastly, several of the contributions to the volume suggest that recursive embedding is not in itself an adaptive target, but rather the by-product of two distinct adaptive gambits: the recruitment of conjoined clauses as modal operators on other clauses and the subsequent condensation of paratactic into syntactic structures. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/tsl.85.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027229991.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027229991.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/tsl.85.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/tsl.85.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/tsl.85.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/tsl.85.hb.png 01 01 JB code tsl.85.01int 06 10.1075/tsl.85.01int 1 20 20 Article 1 01 04 Introduction Introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 618105666 T. Givón Givón, T. T. Givón University of Oregon 01 01 JB code tsl.85.02par 06 10.1075/tsl.85.02par Section header 2 01 04 Part I. Diachrony Part I. Diachrony 01 01 JB code tsl.85.02fro 06 10.1075/tsl.85.02fro 23 52 30 Article 3 01 04 From nominal to clausal morphosyntax From nominal to clausal morphosyntax 01 04 Complexity via expansion Complexity via expansion 1 A01 01 JB code 78105667 Bernd Heine Heine, Bernd Bernd Heine Universität zu Köln 01 01 JB code tsl.85.03ree 06 10.1075/tsl.85.03ree 53 80 28 Article 4 01 04 Re(e)volving complexity Re(e)volving complexity 01 04 Adding intonation Adding intonation 1 A01 01 JB code 632105668 Marianne Mithun Mithun, Marianne Marianne Mithun University of California 01 01 JB code tsl.85.04mul 06 10.1075/tsl.85.04mul 81 118 38 Article 5 01 04 Multiple routes to clause union Multiple routes to clause union 01 04 The diachrony of complex verb phrases The diachrony of complex verb phrases 1 A01 01 JB code 994105669 T. Givón Givón, T. T. Givón University of Oregon 01 01 JB code tsl.85.05ont 06 10.1075/tsl.85.05ont 119 144 26 Article 6 01 04 On the origins of serial verb constructions in Kalam On the origins of serial verb constructions in Kalam 1 A01 01 JB code 355105670 Andrew Pawley Pawley, Andrew Andrew Pawley Australian National University 01 01 JB code tsl.85.06aqu 06 10.1075/tsl.85.06aqu 145 162 18 Article 7 01 04 A quantitative approach to the development of complex predicates A quantitative approach to the development of complex predicates 01 04 The case of Swedish Pseudo-Coordination with sitta "sit" The case of Swedish Pseudo-Coordination with sitta “sit” 1 A01 01 JB code 718105671 Martin Hilpert Hilpert, Martin Martin Hilpert Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies 2 A01 01 JB code 11105672 Christian Koops Koops, Christian Christian Koops Rice University 01 01 JB code tsl.85.07ele 06 10.1075/tsl.85.07ele 163 198 36 Article 8 01 04 Elements of complex structures, where recursion isn't Elements of complex structures, where recursion isn’t 01 04 The case of relativization The case of relativization 1 A01 01 JB code 340105673 Masayoshi Shibatani Shibatani, Masayoshi Masayoshi Shibatani Rice University 01 01 JB code tsl.85.08nom 06 10.1075/tsl.85.08nom 199 214 16 Article 9 01 04 Nominalization and the origin of subordination Nominalization and the origin of subordination 1 A01 01 JB code 729105674 Guy Deutscher Deutscher, Guy Guy Deutscher 01 01 JB code tsl.85.09the 06 10.1075/tsl.85.09the 215 238 24 Article 10 01 04 The co-evolution of syntactic and pragmatic complexity The co-evolution of syntactic and pragmatic complexity 01 04 Diachronic and cross-linguistic aspects of pseudoclefts Diachronic and cross-linguistic aspects of pseudoclefts 1 A01 01 JB code 176105675 Christian Koops Koops, Christian Christian Koops Rice University 2 A01 01 JB code 433105676 Martin Hilpert Hilpert, Martin Martin Hilpert Freiburg Institute for Advanced studies 01 01 JB code tsl.85.10two 06 10.1075/tsl.85.10two 239 248 10 Article 11 01 04 Two pathways of grammatical evolution Two pathways of grammatical evolution 1 A01 01 JB code 816105677 Östen Dahl Dahl, Östen Östen Dahl 01 01 JB code tsl.85.12par 06 10.1075/tsl.85.12par Section header 12 01 04 Part II. Child language Part II. Child language 01 01 JB code tsl.85.11ont 06 10.1075/tsl.85.11ont 251 276 26 Article 13 01 04 On the role of frequency and similarity in the acquisition of subject and non-subject relative clauses On the role of frequency and similarity in the acquisition of subject and non-subject relative clauses 1 A01 01 JB code 276105678 Holger Diessel Diessel, Holger Holger Diessel University of Jena 01 01 JB code tsl.85.12sta 06 10.1075/tsl.85.12sta 277 310 34 Article 14 01 04 `Starting small' effects in the acquisition of early relative constructions in Spanish Starting small’ effects in the acquisition of early relative constructions in Spanish 1 A01 01 JB code 700105679 Cecilia Rojas-Nieto Rojas-Nieto, Cecilia Cecilia Rojas-Nieto Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 01 01 JB code tsl.85.13the 06 10.1075/tsl.85.13the 311 388 78 Article 15 01 04 The ontogeny of complex verb phrases The ontogeny of complex verb phrases 01 04 How children learn to negotiate fact and desire How children learn to negotiate fact and desire 1 A01 01 JB code 109105680 T. Givón Givón, T. T. Givón University of Oregon 01 01 JB code tsl.85.16par 06 10.1075/tsl.85.16par Section header 16 01 04 Part III. Cognition and neurology Part III. Cognition and neurology 01 01 JB code tsl.85.14syn 06 10.1075/tsl.85.14syn 391 404 14 Article 17 01 04 Syntactic complexity versus concatenation in a verbal production task Syntactic complexity versus concatenation in a verbal production task 1 A01 01 JB code 681105681 Marjorie Barker Barker, Marjorie Marjorie Barker University of Oregon 2 A01 01 JB code 864105682 Eric Pederson Pederson, Eric Eric Pederson University of Oregon 01 01 JB code tsl.85.15the 06 10.1075/tsl.85.15the 405 432 28 Article 18 01 04 The emergence of linguistic complexity The emergence of linguistic complexity 1 A01 01 JB code 224105683 Brian MacWhinney MacWhinney, Brian Brian MacWhinney Carnegie Mellon University 01 01 JB code tsl.85.16cog 06 10.1075/tsl.85.16cog 433 460 28 Article 19 01 04 Cognitive and neural underpinnings of syntactic complexity Cognitive and neural underpinnings of syntactic complexity 1 A01 01 JB code 633105684 Diego Fernandez-Duque Fernandez-Duque, Diego Diego Fernandez-Duque Villanova University 01 01 JB code tsl.85.17neu 06 10.1075/tsl.85.17neu 461 490 30 Article 20 01 04 Neural mechanisms of recursive processing in cognitive and linguistic complexity Neural mechanisms of recursive processing in cognitive and linguistic complexity 1 A01 01 JB code 928105685 Don M. Tucker Tucker, Don M. Don M. Tucker University of Oregon NeuroInformatics Center 2 A01 01 JB code 78105686 Phan Luu Luu, Phan Phan Luu University of Oregon NeuroInformatics Center 3 A01 01 JB code 276105687 Catherine Poulsen Poulsen, Catherine Catherine Poulsen University of Oregon NeuroInformatics Center 01 01 JB code tsl.85.18syn 06 10.1075/tsl.85.18syn 491 506 16 Article 21 01 04 Syntactic complexity in the brain Syntactic complexity in the brain 1 A01 01 JB code 700105688 Angela D. Friederici Friederici, Angela D. Angela D. Friederici Max Plance Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences 2 A01 01 JB code 782105689 Jens Brauer Brauer, Jens Jens Brauer Max Plance Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences 01 01 JB code tsl.85.22par 06 10.1075/tsl.85.22par Section header 22 01 04 Part IV. Biology and evolution Part IV. Biology and evolution 01 01 JB code tsl.85.19neu 06 10.1075/tsl.85.19neu 509 530 22 Article 23 01 04 Neural plasticity Neural plasticity 01 04 The driving force underlying the complexity of the brain The driving force underlying the complexity of the brain 1 A01 01 JB code 370105690 Nathan Tublitz Tublitz, Nathan Nathan Tublitz University of Oregon 01 01 JB code tsl.85.20rec 06 10.1075/tsl.85.20rec 531 544 14 Article 24 01 04 Recursion Recursion 01 04 Core of complexity or artifact of analysis? Core of complexity or artifact of analysis? 1 A01 01 JB code 695105691 Derek Bickerton Bickerton, Derek Derek Bickerton University of Hawaii 01 01 JB code tsl.85.25ind 06 10.1075/tsl.85.25ind 545 553 9 Miscellaneous 25 01 04 Index Index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20090422 C 2009 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2009 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027230003 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 36.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 30.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 54.00 USD 253007157 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code TSL 85 Hb 15 9789027229991 06 10.1075/tsl.85 13 2008053096 00 BB 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 1155 gr 10 01 JB code TSL 02 0167-7373 02 85.00 01 02 Typological Studies in Language Typological Studies in Language 01 01 Syntactic Complexity Diachrony, acquisition, neuro-cognition, evolution Syntactic Complexity: Diachrony, acquisition, neuro-cognition, evolution 1 B01 01 JB code 565098698 T. Givón Givón, T. T. Givón University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/565098698 2 B01 01 JB code 914098699 Masayoshi Shibatani Shibatani, Masayoshi Masayoshi Shibatani Rice University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/914098699 01 eng 11 559 03 03 vi 03 00 553 03 01 22 415 03 2009 P291 04 Grammar, Comparative and general--Syntax. 10 LAN009000 12 CFD 24 JB code LIN.EVO Evolution of language 24 JB code LIN.LA Language acquisition 24 JB code LIN.PSYLIN Psycholinguistics 24 JB code LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB code LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 01 06 03 00 Complex hierarchic syntax is considered one of the hallmarks of human language. The highest level of syntactic complexity, recursive-embedded clauses, has been singled out by some for a special status as the apex of the uniquely-human language faculty – evolutionary but somehow immune to adaptive selection. This volume, coming out of a symposium held at Rice University in March 2008, tackles syntactic complexity from multiple developmental perspectives. We take it for granted that grammar is an adaptive instrument of communication, assembled upon the pre-existing platform of pre-linguistic cognition. Most of the papers in the volume deal with the two grand developmental trends of human language: diachrony, the communal enterprise directly responsible for fashioning synchronic morpho-syntax; and ontogeny, the individual endeavor directly responsible for the acquisition of competent grammatical performance. The genesis of syntactic complexity along these two developmental trends is considered alongside with the cognition and neurology of grammar and of syntactic complexity, and the evolutionary relevance of diachrony, ontogeny and pidginization is argued on general bio-evolutionary grounds. Lastly, several of the contributions to the volume suggest that recursive embedding is not in itself an adaptive target, but rather the by-product of two distinct adaptive gambits: the recruitment of conjoined clauses as modal operators on other clauses and the subsequent condensation of paratactic into syntactic structures. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/tsl.85.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027229991.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027229991.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/tsl.85.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/tsl.85.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/tsl.85.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/tsl.85.hb.png 01 01 JB code tsl.85.01int 06 10.1075/tsl.85.01int 1 20 20 Article 1 01 04 Introduction Introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 618105666 T. Givón Givón, T. T. Givón University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/618105666 01 eng 01 01 JB code tsl.85.02par 06 10.1075/tsl.85.02par Section header 2 01 04 Part I. Diachrony Part I. Diachrony 01 eng 01 01 JB code tsl.85.02fro 06 10.1075/tsl.85.02fro 23 52 30 Article 3 01 04 From nominal to clausal morphosyntax From nominal to clausal morphosyntax 01 04 Complexity via expansion Complexity via expansion 1 A01 01 JB code 78105667 Bernd Heine Heine, Bernd Bernd Heine Universität zu Köln 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/78105667 01 eng 03 00

The study of the rise of syntactic complexity, in particular of clause subordination and recursive language structures has more recently become the topic of intense discussion. The present paper builds on the reconstruction of grammatical evolution as proposed in Heine and Kuteva (2007) to present a scenario of how new forms of clause subordination may arise. Taking examples from attested cases of grammatical development as well as using evidence that has become available on grammaticalization in African languages, it is argued that there are two major pathways leading to the emergence of clause subordination: either via the integration of coordinate clauses or via the expansion of existing clauses. The concern of this paper is exclusively with the latter pathway.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.03ree 06 10.1075/tsl.85.03ree 53 80 28 Article 4 01 04 Re(e)volving complexity Re(e)volving complexity 01 04 Adding intonation Adding intonation 1 A01 01 JB code 632105668 Marianne Mithun Mithun, Marianne Marianne Mithun University of California 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/632105668 01 eng 03 00

A fruitful methodology for tracing the development of grammatical complexity has been the examination of centuries of written texts. Yet written documents necessarily remain silent about the prosody of the evolving constructions. An awareness of prosodic patterns can further our understanding of the emergence of complex constructions in several ways. The focus here is on early stages of development of individual constructions within a language, first when prosody is the only indication of complex structure, then when emerging marked constructions are still very young. Processes of development are illustrated with developing complement and relative constructions in Mohawk.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.04mul 06 10.1075/tsl.85.04mul 81 118 38 Article 5 01 04 Multiple routes to clause union Multiple routes to clause union 01 04 The diachrony of complex verb phrases The diachrony of complex verb phrases 1 A01 01 JB code 994105669 T. Givón Givón, T. T. Givón University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/994105669 01 eng 03 00

This paper investigates the diachronic pathways that lead to the rise of complex predications. It suggests that the great variety of complex predicate constructions can be traced back to two major pathways. Both pathways begin their life as paratactic verb-complement constructions (complex VPs) under separate intonation contours. Both then condense into syntactic V-complement construction under a single intonation contour. In the first type, the complement clause begins as chained (conjoined) to the main clause, and the chain then condensed into a serial verb construction. In the second type, a finite main clause and a non-finite (nominalized) object clause undergo a similar condensation. Both types can then go on to create morphologically complex lexical verbs. Both thus share the general diachronic trend of parataxis-to-syntaxis to lexis, albeit with somewhat different synchronic properties of both the syntactic and lexical product.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.05ont 06 10.1075/tsl.85.05ont 119 144 26 Article 6 01 04 On the origins of serial verb constructions in Kalam On the origins of serial verb constructions in Kalam 1 A01 01 JB code 355105670 Andrew Pawley Pawley, Andrew Andrew Pawley Australian National University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/355105670 01 eng 03 00

In Kalam, a Trans New Guinea language spoken in Papua New Guinea, there are two main types of serial verb construction (SVC), showing different degrees of morphosyntactic complexity. Compact SVCs contain from two to four verb roots that form a single, semantically and syntactically very tight-knit verb phrase. Narrative SVCs depict a sequence of events that make up a familiar episode. They contain from two to five small verb phrases, compressed into a single clause–lik e construction. The paper will discuss the functions and origins of these two constructions and reflect on the paradox that while condensing multi-clause constructions into a single clause may simplify the task of speech planning it has creates a clause type of exceptional complexity.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.06aqu 06 10.1075/tsl.85.06aqu 145 162 18 Article 7 01 04 A quantitative approach to the development of complex predicates A quantitative approach to the development of complex predicates 01 04 The case of Swedish Pseudo-Coordination with sitta "sit" The case of Swedish Pseudo-Coordination with sitta “sit” 1 A01 01 JB code 718105671 Martin Hilpert Hilpert, Martin Martin Hilpert Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/718105671 2 A01 01 JB code 11105672 Christian Koops Koops, Christian Christian Koops Rice University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/11105672 01 eng 03 00

This paper traces the historical development of the Swedish Pseudo-Coordination construction with the posture verb sitta “sit”. In Swedish a small number of verbs, including posture verbs such as sitta, are used in coordination with another verb to convey that the described event has an extended duration or is in progress. Quantitative evidence from Swedish historical corpora suggests that the construction has, even after it established itself as a grammatical construction, undergone a number of gradual changes in the course of the past five centuries. As part of the Pseudo-Coordination construction, the verb sitta has changed its argument structure, and the entire construction has increased in syntactic cohesion.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.07ele 06 10.1075/tsl.85.07ele 163 198 36 Article 8 01 04 Elements of complex structures, where recursion isn't Elements of complex structures, where recursion isn’t 01 04 The case of relativization The case of relativization 1 A01 01 JB code 340105673 Masayoshi Shibatani Shibatani, Masayoshi Masayoshi Shibatani Rice University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/340105673 01 eng 03 00

In their recent work, Hauser, Chomsky and Fitch (2002:1569) suggest that recursion “is the only uniquely human component of the faculty of language”. In both generative and typological studies, the relativization site has been considered to be one of the places where recursion of sentences takes place. This paper examines a number of wide-spread patterns of relativization around the globe and argues that what have been identified as relative clauses/sentences are in fact nominalized entities, lacking some crucial properties of both full clauses and sentences. It is furthermore shown that these nominalized forms are neither syntactically nor semantically subordinate to the nominal head they modify.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.08nom 06 10.1075/tsl.85.08nom 199 214 16 Article 9 01 04 Nominalization and the origin of subordination Nominalization and the origin of subordination 1 A01 01 JB code 729105674 Guy Deutscher Deutscher, Guy Guy Deutscher 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/729105674 01 eng 03 00

This paper argues that the paths portrayed in recent literature as the genesis of subordination are only superficial rearrangements of existing subordination, while the real syntactic-cognitive underpinnings of subordination are overlooked. (Derivational) nominalization, the ability to derive a noun from a verb, is shown as the core element in the channel of ‘expansion’, and may also be behind the genesis of relative clauses that are claimed to arise through ‘integration’. And yet, the origins of nominalization are little researched and understood, and thus accounts of the genesis of subordination are robbed of much of their explanatory power. One way is suggested to account for the genesis of nominalization without already presupposing it, based on back-formation from the process of verbalization.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.09the 06 10.1075/tsl.85.09the 215 238 24 Article 10 01 04 The co-evolution of syntactic and pragmatic complexity The co-evolution of syntactic and pragmatic complexity 01 04 Diachronic and cross-linguistic aspects of pseudoclefts Diachronic and cross-linguistic aspects of pseudoclefts 1 A01 01 JB code 176105675 Christian Koops Koops, Christian Christian Koops Rice University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/176105675 2 A01 01 JB code 433105676 Martin Hilpert Hilpert, Martin Martin Hilpert Freiburg Institute for Advanced studies 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/433105676 01 eng 03 00

This chapter examines the diachronic rise of a syntactically and pragmatically complex construction type: pseudoclefts. Given that cleft constructions combine available components of grammar — relative clauses and copular clauses — do they arise in full-fledged form? If they emerge gradually, what constrains their development? We first present a corpus-based analysis of the history of English pseudoclefts and develop qualitative and quantitative measures to identify properties of pseudoclefts at different developmental stages. We then apply the same measures of grammaticalization in a synchronic comparison of pseudoclefts in contemporary spoken and written German, Swedish, and English in order to test their cross-linguistic validity. We find that pseudoclefts develop gradually in a process driven by the pragmatic exploitation of their presuppositional structure (Lambrecht 1994).

01 01 JB code tsl.85.10two 06 10.1075/tsl.85.10two 239 248 10 Article 11 01 04 Two pathways of grammatical evolution Two pathways of grammatical evolution 1 A01 01 JB code 816105677 Östen Dahl Dahl, Östen Östen Dahl 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/816105677 01 eng 03 00

Givon has suggested three stages that characterize the diachronic rise of complex constructions: Parataxis, Syntaxis and Lexis. In this paper, it is argued that rather than having three distinct stages of grammatical evolution with a linear increase of tightness, we have to postulate different kinds of integrative processes, which tend to be interwoven with each other in complex ways, both in that they tend to take place at the same time and in that they partly presuppose each other: a. paratactic constructions → syntactic constructions b. syntactic constructions → inflectionally marked words c. syntactic constructions → morphologically complex words In particular, then, there is an intimate relationship between (a) and (b), which means that inflectional morphology not only arises together with the phenomena that Givon labels “Syntaxis” but also to a significant extent is restricted to it.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.12par 06 10.1075/tsl.85.12par Section header 12 01 04 Part II. Child language Part II. Child language 01 eng 01 01 JB code tsl.85.11ont 06 10.1075/tsl.85.11ont 251 276 26 Article 13 01 04 On the role of frequency and similarity in the acquisition of subject and non-subject relative clauses On the role of frequency and similarity in the acquisition of subject and non-subject relative clauses 1 A01 01 JB code 276105678 Holger Diessel Diessel, Holger Holger Diessel University of Jena 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/276105678 01 eng 03 00

Frequency and similarity are important determinants for the acquisition of children’s early item-based constructions. This paper argues that frequency and similarity are equally important for the development of more complex and intricate grammatical phenomena such as relative clauses. Specifically, the paper shows that the acquisition of relative clauses is crucially determined by the similarity between particular types of relative clauses and simple SVO constructions. Two specific hypotheses are proposed: First, since subject relatives have the same word order as ordinary SVO clauses, they usually cause fewer difficulties in comprehension studies than non-subject relatives. Second, while non-subject relatives are structurally distinct from SVO clauses, semantically they are expressed by prototypical transitive constructions, which arguably helps the child to learn this type of relative clause.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.12sta 06 10.1075/tsl.85.12sta 277 310 34 Article 14 01 04 `Starting small' effects in the acquisition of early relative constructions in Spanish Starting small’ effects in the acquisition of early relative constructions in Spanish 1 A01 01 JB code 700105679 Cecilia Rojas-Nieto Rojas-Nieto, Cecilia Cecilia Rojas-Nieto Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/700105679 01 eng 03 00

This paper builds on previous Usage-based accounts of developing sentence complexity (Diessel 2004; Diessel & Tomasello 2000, 2001), considering early relative constructions (RC) in Spanish. RCs development shows various “starting small” processes (Elman 1993): Most CRs show no embedding; they are dialogical co-constructional results or take an absolute position and not intonation integration to any verbal frame. When embedded, constructional frames are lexically biased with an open slot for Head RC insertion. CRs internal structure is mostly similar to independent clause type, with no gap nor genuine ‘relative’ function for the relative pronoun. In sum, CRs show an exemplar based acquisition and individually preferred constructional frames. All these phenomena point towards a non linear, experience based learning, affected by frequency and oriented by function.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.13the 06 10.1075/tsl.85.13the 311 388 78 Article 15 01 04 The ontogeny of complex verb phrases The ontogeny of complex verb phrases 01 04 How children learn to negotiate fact and desire How children learn to negotiate fact and desire 1 A01 01 JB code 109105680 T. Givón Givón, T. T. Givón University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/109105680 01 eng 03 00

This paper investigate the acquisition of V-complement constructions (complex VPs) by English-speaking children ca. age 1;8-to-2;9. It suggests that the child acquires these constructions during intensive epistemic or deontic modal negotiations with the adult. In the earliest stage, the main-plus-complement construction is spread over adjacent child-adult or adult-child conversational turns ( Ochs et al. 1979). The early precursor of the complex VP construction is thus paratactic, with the two clauses falling under separate intonation contours. Only later on is the construction condensed into a complex syntactic construction under a single intonation contour, produced by the child alone. The early use of these constructions is as direct speech acts, be they epistemic or deontic (Diessel 2005), whereby the semantic focus resides in the complement clause, and the main clause acts as a modal operator. But this is true of both the children and their adult interlocutors, and is also characteristic, at the text-frequency level, of adult oral language (Thomson 2001). However, this characterization of complex VPs is semantic rather than syntactic.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.16par 06 10.1075/tsl.85.16par Section header 16 01 04 Part III. Cognition and neurology Part III. Cognition and neurology 01 eng 01 01 JB code tsl.85.14syn 06 10.1075/tsl.85.14syn 391 404 14 Article 17 01 04 Syntactic complexity versus concatenation in a verbal production task Syntactic complexity versus concatenation in a verbal production task 1 A01 01 JB code 681105681 Marjorie Barker Barker, Marjorie Marjorie Barker University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/681105681 2 A01 01 JB code 864105682 Eric Pederson Pederson, Eric Eric Pederson University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/864105682 01 eng 03 00

We tested whether the speaker’s communicative intent drives the selection of grammatical constructions. Participants viewed complex human action video stimuli and were asked to respond in detail to a single question for each video concerning either what had happened (eliciting descriptions) or why a particular event had occurred (eliciting explanations). We predicted that responses to the why questions would contain more syntactically complex constructions (specifically verbal complements), while responses to the what questions would be more concatenated. The experimental results with these stimuli did not uphold the first part of the hypothesis: complexity in the form of syntactic embedding was statistically equivalent under both conditions. However, there was significantly more concatenation in the form of coordination in the what condition.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.15the 06 10.1075/tsl.85.15the 405 432 28 Article 18 01 04 The emergence of linguistic complexity The emergence of linguistic complexity 1 A01 01 JB code 224105683 Brian MacWhinney MacWhinney, Brian Brian MacWhinney Carnegie Mellon University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/224105683 01 eng 03 00

Linguists have often argued that recursion produces linguistic complexity. However, recursion itself preexisting processes such as lexical insertion, lexical combination, memory stacks, and methods of interpretation. In the brain, recursion is an emergent property of a set of adaptations that involve at least six processing systems. Linguistic complexity arises from the interplay of all six of these systems. The complexity of this neuronal support means that the full complexity of human language could not have arisen fortuitously at some single moment in evolution. However, there is evidence that some pieces of the six systems supporting complexity have developed more recently than others.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.16cog 06 10.1075/tsl.85.16cog 433 460 28 Article 19 01 04 Cognitive and neural underpinnings of syntactic complexity Cognitive and neural underpinnings of syntactic complexity 1 A01 01 JB code 633105684 Diego Fernandez-Duque Fernandez-Duque, Diego Diego Fernandez-Duque Villanova University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/633105684 01 eng 03 00

Based on a review of the neuroimaging literature, I argue that the resources allocated for processing syntactically complex sentences (i.e., object-extracted relative clauses) are domain-general. Overlapping brain areas are activated by OR clauses and by effortful executive tasks, such as storing information in verbal working memory, resolving conflict among competing representations, and switching one’s mindset. A re-conceptualization of ‘syntactic complexity’ in terms of executive functions provides a useful framework in which to explore its links to relational complexity and to cognitive neuroscience, in general. As such, this approach should prove useful to linguists and cognitive scientists alike.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.17neu 06 10.1075/tsl.85.17neu 461 490 30 Article 20 01 04 Neural mechanisms of recursive processing in cognitive and linguistic complexity Neural mechanisms of recursive processing in cognitive and linguistic complexity 1 A01 01 JB code 928105685 Don M. Tucker Tucker, Don M. Don M. Tucker University of Oregon NeuroInformatics Center 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/928105685 2 A01 01 JB code 78105686 Phan Luu Luu, Phan Phan Luu University of Oregon NeuroInformatics Center 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/78105686 3 A01 01 JB code 276105687 Catherine Poulsen Poulsen, Catherine Catherine Poulsen University of Oregon NeuroInformatics Center 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/276105687 01 eng 03 00

Cognition in the human brain requires processes of memory consolidation and retrieval that are carried out across reentrant connections between limbic cortex and multiple network levels of the neocortex. Given this layered architecture, and the point-to-point reentrance of the connections, cognition is likely to be recursive, changing its internal representations dynamically with each cycle of consolidation. To provide structure and constancy within this dynamic interplay, language operations appear to draw on the capacity for inhibitory specification emergent within the ventral, paleocortical corticolimbic pathways. We propose that inhibitory specification has been essential to regulate the dynamism of recursive consolidation, supporting the evolution of both the object qualities of words and the regularized structure of grammar.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.18syn 06 10.1075/tsl.85.18syn 491 506 16 Article 21 01 04 Syntactic complexity in the brain Syntactic complexity in the brain 1 A01 01 JB code 700105688 Angela D. Friederici Friederici, Angela D. Angela D. Friederici Max Plance Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/700105688 2 A01 01 JB code 782105689 Jens Brauer Brauer, Jens Jens Brauer Max Plance Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/782105689 01 eng 03 00

The current chapter considers neuronal circuits in the human brain that represent a neuroanatomical basis for the processing of syntactic complexities. We will present data from event-related brain potential studies and from functional and structural brain imaging studies to elucidate the brain’s underpinnings for syntactic processing. The data shall indicate that the processing of syntactic dependencies is subserved by two distinct networks of brain areas, one involving the deep frontal operculum and the anterior part of the superior temporal gyrus (STG), holding responsible for the processing of local dependencies, the other involving Broca’s area and the posterior part of the STG, holding responsible for the processing of hierarchical dependencies. Structural brain data are referred that identify two separate neural fiber pathways for these two networks. These findings are supported by ontogenetic and phylogenetic comparison. The data suggest functional and structural separation for the processing of different levels of syntactic complexity.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.22par 06 10.1075/tsl.85.22par Section header 22 01 04 Part IV. Biology and evolution Part IV. Biology and evolution 01 eng 01 01 JB code tsl.85.19neu 06 10.1075/tsl.85.19neu 509 530 22 Article 23 01 04 Neural plasticity Neural plasticity 01 04 The driving force underlying the complexity of the brain The driving force underlying the complexity of the brain 1 A01 01 JB code 370105690 Nathan Tublitz Tublitz, Nathan Nathan Tublitz University of Oregon 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/370105690 01 eng 03 00

The ability of the human nervous system to process information, perform complicated simultaneous mental and physical tasks, and express feelings and emotions is peerless. Because of its complexity, the human brain is the seminal achievement of biological evolution on our planet. This paper focuses on one aspect of brain complexity, neural plasticity, the ability of the nervous system to alter its output in response to changing stimuli. Several examples of neuroplasticity at the molecular, cellular, systems and cognitive levels are presented, all of which have physiological and behavioral consequences. The examples presented provide a basis for the premise that neural complexity arose from the need to perform complex functions. These examples also lend support for the notion that complex adaptive functions are subdivided into separate neural pathways which are oftentimes anatomically distinct.

01 01 JB code tsl.85.20rec 06 10.1075/tsl.85.20rec 531 544 14 Article 24 01 04 Recursion Recursion 01 04 Core of complexity or artifact of analysis? Core of complexity or artifact of analysis? 1 A01 01 JB code 695105691 Derek Bickerton Bickerton, Derek Derek Bickerton University of Hawaii 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/695105691 01 eng 01 01 JB code tsl.85.25ind 06 10.1075/tsl.85.25ind 545 553 9 Miscellaneous 25 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/tsl.85 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20090422 C 2009 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2009 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD WORLD US CA MX 09 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 21 19 16 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 110.00 EUR 02 00 Unqualified price 02 92.00 01 Z 0 GBP GB US CA MX 01 01 JB 2 John Benjamins Publishing Company +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 21 19 16 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 165.00 USD