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87007660 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code VEAW G39 Eb 15 9789027289407 06 10.1075/veaw.g39 13 2009011793 DG 002 02 01 VEAW 02 0172-7362 Varieties of English Around the World G39 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Comparative Studies in Australian and New Zealand English</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Grammar and beyond</Subtitle> 01 veaw.g39 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/veaw.g39 1 B01 Pam Peters Peters, Pam Pam Peters Macquarie University 2 B01 Peter Collins Collins, Peter Peter Collins University of NSW 3 B01 Adam Smith Smith, Adam Adam Smith Macquarie University 01 eng 418 x 406 LAN009000 v.2006 CF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.COMP Comparative linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This anthology brings together fresh corpus-based research by international scholars. It contrasts southern and northern hemisphere usage on variable elements of morphology and syntax. The nineteen invited papers include topics such as irregular verb parts, pronouns, modal and quasimodal verbs, the perfect tense, the progressive aspect, and mandative subjunctives. Lexicogrammatical elements are discussed: light verbs (e.g. <i>have a look)</i>, informal quantifiers (e.g. <i>heaps of)</i>, <i>no</i>-collocations, concord with <i>government </i>and other group nouns, alternative verb complementation (as with <i>help, prevent)</i>, zero complementizers and connective adverbs (e.g. <i>however)</i>. Selected information-structuring devices are analyzed, e.g. <i>there is/are</i>, <i>like</i> as a discourse marker, final <i>but </i>as a turn-taking device, and swearwords. Australian and New Zealand use of hypocoristics and changes in gendered expressions are also analyzed. The two varieties pattern together in some cases, in others they diverge: Australian English is usually more committed to colloquial variants in speech and writing. The book demonstrates linguistic endonormativity in these two southern hemisphere Englishes. 05 This book provides much carefully analysed data for the scholar. At the same time, it would give senior undergraduates an excellent indication of the range of material that is covered by the linguistic area 'grammar and beyond'. Margaret Maclagan, University of Canterbury, in English World-Wide 33(2): 112-115 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/veaw.g39.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027248992.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027248992.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/veaw.g39.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/veaw.g39.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/veaw.g39.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/veaw.g39.hb.png 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.01lis vii 1 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">List of abbreviations</TitleText> 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.02lis ix x 2 Miscellaneous 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">List of contributors</TitleText> 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.01col 1 10 10 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Prologue</TitleText> 1 A01 Peter Collins Collins, Peter Peter Collins University of New South Wales 01 The characteristic phonological and lexical features of Australian English (AusE) and New Zealand English (NZE) have attracted a good deal of scholarly interest for about half a century, e.g., Mitchell and Delbridge 1965; Ramson 1966; Delbridge et al. 1981; Horvath 1985; Gordon and Deverson 1985; Orsman 1997. This is not surprising, given that it is in these areas that AusE and NZE are generally perceived to differ most significantly from other national varieties. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.p1 Section header 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Section I. Morphology</TitleText> 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.02pet 13 30 18 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Irregular verbs</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Regularization and ongoing variability</Subtitle> 1 A01 Pam Peters Peters, Pam Pam Peters Macquarie University 01 Both language history and mathematical modeling suggest that the English irregular verbs will generally evolve to become more regular. Yet closer investigation of individual verbs and verb groups shows that evolutionary expectations can be overstated. Data from the ICE-corpora for Australian, New Zealand and British English show differing endorsements of nonstandard past tense forms, whether these are long-established ones as for <i>ring/shrink/spring</i>, or latter-day variants such as -<i>t</i> for <i>burn, learn, spell</i>. The data put Australian and New Zealand English closer to each other than either is to British. Australian population surveys show that younger citizens are more inclined to nonstandard/nonstandardized forms. Sociolinguistic and regional preferences may thus run counter to the broad evolutionary trend for English verbs, at least in the short term. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.03qui 31 48 18 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Pronoun forms</TitleText> 1 A01 Heidi Quinn Quinn, Heidi Heidi Quinn University of Canterbury 01 This paper compares the distribution of pronoun case forms (<i>I/me, he/him, she/her, we/us, they/them</i>), non-reflexive <i>myself</i>, and second person plural variants in corpora of New Zealand, Australian, American, and British English, with a view to identifying possible regional differences in pronoun use. While low token numbers prevent a detailed comparison of the four varieties, the corpus data suggest that the use of <i>I</i> and <i>myself</i> in coordinates is most strongly favoured in Australian English. Similarly, possessive <i>me</i> is significantly more frequent in the written Australian English corpus than elsewhere. The second person plural variant <i>y&#8217;all</i> would seem to be confined to American English, whereas <i>yous(e)</i> occurs only in the New Zealand, Australian, and British English corpora. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.04bar 49 70 22 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Hypocoristics in New Zealand and Australian English</TitleText> 1 A01 Dianne Bardsley Bardsley, Dianne Dianne Bardsley New Zealand Dictionary Centre 2 A01 Jane Simpson Simpson, Jane Jane Simpson University of Sydney 01 New Zealand and Australia share a propensity to create new words and hypocoristic forms of existing words by adding -<i>ie</i> and -<i>o</i> suffixes (among others) to a base which is usually monosyllabic. While the creation of new words is driven by the need to refer quickly to new things, the creation of hypocoristic alternatives is driven partly by the desire to identify with a group&#8217;s particular way of talking. The distribution of hypocoristic forms is similar across both countries, except for the greater use of the -<i>o</i> ending in Australia, especially in naming occupations and in fishing. Across different semantic domains there is a greater range of suffixes to be found in proper names (personal, geographic and institutional) than in common nouns. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.p2 Section header 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Section II. Verbs and verb phrases</TitleText> 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.05col 73 88 16 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Modals and quasi-modals</TitleText> 1 A01 Peter Collins Collins, Peter Peter Collins University of New South Wales 01 The findings of the present study of selected modals and quasi-modals in matching corpora of Australian, New Zealand, British and American English reinforce those of diachronic investigations attesting to the rising popularity of the quasi-modals and declining fortunes of the modals in recent decades. That these two developments are connected is suggested by the near symmetrical results obtained across the four regional varieties and across the spoken versus written categories. American English appears to be in the vanguard of change, both in simple frequency terms and in the extent of the gulf in stylistic preferences between the quasi-modals and modals. New Zealand English emerges as the most conservative of the four varieties, with Australian and British English in between. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.06els 89 114 26 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The perfect and the preterite in Australian and New Zealand English</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">perfect and the preterite in Australian and New Zealand English</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Johan Elsness Elsness, Johan Johan Elsness University of Oslo 01 The distinction between the present perfect and the preterite verb forms is one of the comparatively few points of English grammar where clear differences have been noted between the various national varieties, not least between American and British English: it has often been pointed out that the present perfect is used more extensively in the latter variety. This chapter takes up the distribution of the two verb forms in Australian and New Zealand English. A wide use of the present perfect is documented in both antipodean varieties, but especially in Australian English. At the same time a trend is recorded for younger speakers of Australian English to be moving in the direction of the more restrictive American English norm. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.07col 115 124 10 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The progressive</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">progressive</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Peter Collins Collins, Peter Peter Collins University of New South Wales 01 The progressive aspect has enjoyed spectacular growth in English since late Modern English, but its spread has not been uniform across all varieties. The study compared the frequency and uses of the progressive in Australian, New Zealand, British and American English across a range of variables. These included the overall frequency of tokens, the proportion of complex progressive forms, the proportion of special pragmatic uses, the frequency of main clause progressives and the frequency of contracted forms. It was found that the rise of the progressive is most advanced in the two antipodean varieties, with Australian English ahead of New Zealand English, and that of the northern hemisphere pair American English is the more advanced. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.08pet 125 138 14 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The mandative subjunctive in spoken English</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">mandative subjunctive in spoken English</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Pam Peters Peters, Pam Pam Peters Macquarie University 01 Regional variation of the mandative subjunctive has come to light during the twentieth century, with corpus-based research showing it to be standard usage in American English whereas its currency in British English was limited. This research reviews the use of the mandative in spoken data from six ICE-corpora, to show marked regional differences among both settler and indigenized varieties of English. While its currency in spoken data from New Zealand is relatively low, it is on a par with written usage in Australian English, as well as Singaporean and Philippine English. However spoken instances of the mandative are typically found in public and institutional dialogue/monologue, rather than private conversation, so that it cannot be said to have become vernacularised. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.09smi 139 154 16 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Light verbs in Australian, New Zealand and British English</TitleText> 1 A01 Adam Smith Smith, Adam Adam Smith Macquarie University 01 This paper examines regional and register differences in the use of the light verbs <i>give, have, make</i> and <i>take</i> across British, Australian, New Zealand and American English, to see whether statements in the literature such as the US preference for <i>take</i> can be supported. Primary and secondary materials were investigated, in the form of L1 and L2 dictionaries across the regions, and data from the ICE corpora for Britain, Australia and NZ. The dictionary data only partially confirmed regional differences between <i>take</i> and <i>have</i>, while the corpora showed a growing use of the light verb <i>have</i>, with Australian and New Zealand English leading the way. The corpora also demonstrated more frequent and more productive use of the construction in spoken than in written data, which allowed conclusions to be drawn about the interpersonal functions of light verbs. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.p3 Section header 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Section III. Nouns and noun phrases</TitleText> 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.10smi 159 180 22 Article 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Non-numerical quantifiers</TitleText> 1 A01 Adam Smith Smith, Adam Adam Smith Macquarie University 01 This paper looks at non-numerical quantifiers (NNQs), such as <i>a lot of, loads of</i>. The set of quantifiers to be discussed is first identified in relation to their description in major English grammars. Issues of variable noun complementation and verb agreement with the NNQ are identified as being of interest, along with the choice of quantifier and its collocations in different regions (Australian, New Zealand and British English) and registers. Corpus findings for <i>a lot/lots of</i> are compared with other NNQs where the quantifying noun can be singular or plural (ONNQs). An additional set of NNQs was investigated for regional variance. The findings are compared particularly with those for British English, and the status of particular NNQs as vague quantifiers and the process of delexicalization/ degrammaticization is discussed. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.11hol 181 202 22 Article 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">From chairman to chairwoman to chairperson</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Exploring the move from sexist usages to gender neutrality</Subtitle> 1 A01 Janet Holmes Holmes, Janet Janet Holmes Victoria University of Wellington 2 A01 Robert J. Sigley Sigley, Robert J. Robert J. Sigley Daito Bunka University 3 A01 Agnes Terraschke Terraschke, Agnes Agnes Terraschke Macquarie University 01 This paper analyzes data from written and spoken corpora of British, American, Australian and New Zealand English to track social change in patterns of gender-marking. Frequency data for the use of general terms like <i>woman</i> and <i>man</i> are compared across the different regional varieties of written English, and contrasted with spoken corpus data from Australia and New Zealand. Several alternative social interpretations of the data are considered and discussed. The distributional patterns for occupational terms in the corpora are examined with regard to gender pre-modification and post-modification. The results indicate that female roles are often still explicitly linguistically marked, but this could be interpreted as an indication of women&#8217;s entry into formerly male-centric domains. The most recent Australian data suggest a move towards gender neutrality. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.p4 203 290 88 Section header 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Section IV. Clauses and sentences</TitleText> 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.12hun 205 222 18 Article 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Concord with collective nouns in Australian and New Zealand English</TitleText> 1 A01 Marianne Hundt Hundt, Marianne Marianne Hundt University of Zurich 01 In English, nouns like <i>government</i> or <i>team</i> can be used with singular or plural verbs and pronouns. In the twentieth century, there seems to be a growing trend to use singular concord with most collective nouns. This change is particularly pronounced in American English but can also be found in other national varieties of English. The focus of this chapter is variable concord in Australian and New Zealand English. Data for the study come from the relevant components of the International Corpus of English which, unlike the corpora used in most previous studies, offer information on written as well as spoken usage. Somewhat surprisingly, variability in this area of grammar is not, primarily, a question of the regional variety investigated. Instead, it is mainly due to language-internal factors, such as medium (written vs. spoken usage) or the choice of noun (with some nouns preferring singular, others preferring plural concord). 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.13pet 223 240 18 Article 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><i>No</i> in the lexicogrammar of English</TitleText> 1 A01 Pam Peters Peters, Pam Pam Peters Macquarie University 2 A01 Yasmin Funk Funk, Yasmin Yasmin Funk Macquarie University 01 This paper analyzes the continuing uses of <i>no</i> in negative collocations in three varieties of English: Australian, New Zealand and British, using their respective ICE corpora. In all three varieties of English, the use of <i>no</i> as determiner in nominal phrase collocations far outnumbers its use in adverbial collocations, though the latter cluster high in the frequency rankings for both speech and writing. Comparative analysis finds that while Australian English makes more use of <i>no</i> as a reaction signal (<i>No!</i>) and its emphatic counterparts (e.g., <i>No way!</i>), the New Zealand English data present a wider range of freely formed <i>no</i> collocations, especially in writing. Thus the two southern hemisphere varieties diverge, with <i>no</i> increasingly fixed into Australian lexical idiom, while it remains a well-utilized syntactic resource in New Zealand English. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.14kea 241 260 20 Article 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Zero complementizer, syntactic context, and regional variety</TitleText> 1 A01 Kate Kearns Kearns, Kate Kate Kearns University of Canterbury 01 This paper presents empirical findings on the alternation between <i>that</i> and zero complementizer in a range of syntactic environments, including clausal complement to a verb with or without an intervening indirect object or adverbial, complement to an adjective, complement to a noun, <i>it</i>-extraposition sentences, and cleft sentences. The data were taken from British, United States, Australian and New Zealand newspapers. It is shown that Australian and New Zealand English have significantly higher rates of zero complementizer than American and British English, and that the effect of syntactic context on zero rates differs across regional varieties. In particular, New Zealand and Australian English show little or no inhibition of zero in contexts where the complementizer position is not adjacent to a potentially licensing lexical head. New Zealand and Australian English also show comparatively high zero rates in the complements to nouns, but no general syntactic patterns (such as light verb constructions) were found to be involved here. Instead, the higher rates of zero in noun complement clauses appear to be associated with particular collocations. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.15mai 261 274 14 Article 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Infinitival and gerundial complements</TitleText> 1 A01 Christian Mair Mair, Christian Christian Mair Freiburg University 01 The present contribution investigates three patterns of non-finite clausal complementation which are known to be variable in contemporary British and American English, namely the use of bare and <i>to</i>-infinitives with <i>help</i>, the presence or absence of <i>from</i> before gerunds following the verb <i>prevent</i>, and the choice between infinitives and gerunds as complements of <i>begin</i> and <i>start</i>. On the whole, Australian and New Zealand English usage displays a broadly &#8220;British&#8221; profile of variation, and differences between the two antipodean varieties are minor. While not spectacular in themselves, these findings fit quite well into long-term developments that have been shaping the complement-clause system of English in the Late Modern period. Australian and New Zealand English are taking part in these world-wide drifts at a pace comparable to British English. In particular, no rapid recent &#8220;Americanization&#8221; of usage can be observed. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.16pet 275 290 16 Article 22 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Commas and connective adverbs</TitleText> 1 A01 Peter G. Peterson Peterson, Peter G. Peter G. Peterson University of Newcastle 01 This chapter reports the findings of a corpus-based study of the use of three connective adverbs, <i>however</i>, <i>therefore</i> and <i>thus</i>, to introduce a second main clause within a single orthographic sentence (&#8220;run-on sentences&#8221;). It is established that these three items still display in this usage all the criterial syntactic properties of connective adverbs. This usage is more frequent in current written English from Australian and New Zealand English than in British and American English, and much more frequent in unedited writing. The phenomenon is essentially a change in the use of punctuation devices, demonstrating a tendency to treat as a single (orthographic) sentence two clauses that form a closely linked logical sequence. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.p5 291 398 108 Section header 23 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Section V. Discourse</TitleText> 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.17col 293 314 22 Article 24 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Information-packaging constructions</TitleText> 1 A01 Peter Collins Collins, Peter Peter Collins University of New South Wales 01 The study whose findings are reported in this chapter compares the frequencies and uses of five &#8220;information-packaging&#8221; constructions across four Englishes (Australian, New Zealand, British and American) and a range of registers (informal dialogue, learned writing, news reportage, editorials and fiction). antipodean practices are found to pattern more closely with British English (with New Zealanders even more conservative than the British in various respects) than with American English, which displayed resistance to the constructions in the written language but acceptance of them in spoken language. The findings are discussed in the light of recent diachronic trends in British English. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.18mil 315 336 22 Article 25 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><i>Like</i> and other discourse markers</TitleText> 1 A01 Jim Miller Miller, Jim Jim Miller University of Edinburgh 01 This analysis of <i>like</i> as a discourse marker looks at its meaning relative to its position in the clause, and the discoursal context including the type of interaction. The data come from the Australian and New Zealand ICE corpora, and additional transcripts of Australian radio talkback programs. <i>Like</i> is the sixth most frequent discourse marker in the data, found in speech, both scripted and unscripted, but absent from writing. Clause-initial <i>like</i> can be glossed as &#8220;for example&#8221;; clause-medial <i>like</i> is a highlighter; clause-final <i>like</i> has to do with explanations and preventing hearers making incorrect inferences. Clause-final <i>like</i> is attested in novels by Scott and Hogg, and much older than generally thought. In the antipodean corpus data, <i>like</i> is used by speakers ranging from teenagers to 50-year-olds, including manual workers, skilled tradesmen, and various types of professionals. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.19mul 337 358 22 Article 26 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Final <i>but</i> in Australian English conversation</TitleText> 1 A01 Jean Mulder Mulder, Jean Jean Mulder University of Melbourne 2 A01 Sandra A. Thompson Thompson, Sandra A. Sandra A. Thompson University of California, Santa Barbara 3 A01 Cara Penry Williams Penry Williams, Cara Cara Penry Williams University of Melbourne 01 In contemporary Australian English <i>but</i> has progressed through a grammaticization continuum to become a &#8220;fully developed&#8221; final discourse particle. Here we document the place of Final Particle <i>but</i> in Australian English. Firstly, we make a case that it provides further evidence of the mixed origins of Australian English. Secondly, we show how prosody, turn organization, and speaker interaction indicate that Final Particle <i>but</i> marks contrastive content and is a turn-yielding discourse particle. Thirdly, we establish through survey data that its usage in Australian English differs from that in American English and that <i>but</i> as a Final Particle can be seen as a distinctive feature of Australian English. Lastly, we argue that Final Particle <i>but</i> has social meaning and can index &#8220;Australianness&#8221;. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.20all 359 384 26 Article 27 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Swearing</TitleText> 1 A01 Keith Allan Allan, Keith Keith Allan Monash University 2 A01 Kate Burridge Burridge, Kate Kate Burridge Monash University 01 In this chapter, we provide an account of antipodean swearing patterns, drawing on examples from existing written and spoken data banks. As part of this investigation, we consider general questions to do with swearing: what it is, why speakers do it and how swearing patterns have changed over the years. We identify four overlapping functions of swearing: the expletive, abusive, social and stylistic functions. We also consider the shift in social attitudes toward swearing and the repercussions of this for the law. Swearing has always been characterized as an earmark of Australian and New Zealand English. We conclude that it remains an important feature of these varieties, but question just how uniquely antipodean it is. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.21pet 385 398 14 Article 28 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Epilogue</TitleText> 1 A01 Pam Peters Peters, Pam Pam Peters Macquarie University 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.22ind 401 406 6 Article 29 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20090729 2009 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027248992 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 105.00 EUR R 01 00 88.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 158.00 USD S 879007004 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code VEAW G39 Hb 15 9789027248992 13 2009011793 BB 01 VEAW 02 0172-7362 Varieties of English Around the World G39 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Comparative Studies in Australian and New Zealand English</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Grammar and beyond</Subtitle> 01 veaw.g39 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/veaw.g39 1 B01 Pam Peters Peters, Pam Pam Peters Macquarie University 2 B01 Peter Collins Collins, Peter Peter Collins University of NSW 3 B01 Adam Smith Smith, Adam Adam Smith Macquarie University 01 eng 418 x 406 LAN009000 v.2006 CF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.COMP Comparative linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SYNTAX Syntax 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 This anthology brings together fresh corpus-based research by international scholars. It contrasts southern and northern hemisphere usage on variable elements of morphology and syntax. The nineteen invited papers include topics such as irregular verb parts, pronouns, modal and quasimodal verbs, the perfect tense, the progressive aspect, and mandative subjunctives. Lexicogrammatical elements are discussed: light verbs (e.g. <i>have a look)</i>, informal quantifiers (e.g. <i>heaps of)</i>, <i>no</i>-collocations, concord with <i>government </i>and other group nouns, alternative verb complementation (as with <i>help, prevent)</i>, zero complementizers and connective adverbs (e.g. <i>however)</i>. Selected information-structuring devices are analyzed, e.g. <i>there is/are</i>, <i>like</i> as a discourse marker, final <i>but </i>as a turn-taking device, and swearwords. Australian and New Zealand use of hypocoristics and changes in gendered expressions are also analyzed. The two varieties pattern together in some cases, in others they diverge: Australian English is usually more committed to colloquial variants in speech and writing. The book demonstrates linguistic endonormativity in these two southern hemisphere Englishes. 05 This book provides much carefully analysed data for the scholar. At the same time, it would give senior undergraduates an excellent indication of the range of material that is covered by the linguistic area 'grammar and beyond'. Margaret Maclagan, University of Canterbury, in English World-Wide 33(2): 112-115 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/veaw.g39.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027248992.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027248992.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/veaw.g39.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/veaw.g39.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/veaw.g39.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/veaw.g39.hb.png 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.01lis vii 1 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">List of abbreviations</TitleText> 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.02lis ix x 2 Miscellaneous 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">List of contributors</TitleText> 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.01col 1 10 10 Article 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Prologue</TitleText> 1 A01 Peter Collins Collins, Peter Peter Collins University of New South Wales 01 The characteristic phonological and lexical features of Australian English (AusE) and New Zealand English (NZE) have attracted a good deal of scholarly interest for about half a century, e.g., Mitchell and Delbridge 1965; Ramson 1966; Delbridge et al. 1981; Horvath 1985; Gordon and Deverson 1985; Orsman 1997. This is not surprising, given that it is in these areas that AusE and NZE are generally perceived to differ most significantly from other national varieties. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.p1 Section header 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Section I. Morphology</TitleText> 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.02pet 13 30 18 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Irregular verbs</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Regularization and ongoing variability</Subtitle> 1 A01 Pam Peters Peters, Pam Pam Peters Macquarie University 01 Both language history and mathematical modeling suggest that the English irregular verbs will generally evolve to become more regular. Yet closer investigation of individual verbs and verb groups shows that evolutionary expectations can be overstated. Data from the ICE-corpora for Australian, New Zealand and British English show differing endorsements of nonstandard past tense forms, whether these are long-established ones as for <i>ring/shrink/spring</i>, or latter-day variants such as -<i>t</i> for <i>burn, learn, spell</i>. The data put Australian and New Zealand English closer to each other than either is to British. Australian population surveys show that younger citizens are more inclined to nonstandard/nonstandardized forms. Sociolinguistic and regional preferences may thus run counter to the broad evolutionary trend for English verbs, at least in the short term. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.03qui 31 48 18 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Pronoun forms</TitleText> 1 A01 Heidi Quinn Quinn, Heidi Heidi Quinn University of Canterbury 01 This paper compares the distribution of pronoun case forms (<i>I/me, he/him, she/her, we/us, they/them</i>), non-reflexive <i>myself</i>, and second person plural variants in corpora of New Zealand, Australian, American, and British English, with a view to identifying possible regional differences in pronoun use. While low token numbers prevent a detailed comparison of the four varieties, the corpus data suggest that the use of <i>I</i> and <i>myself</i> in coordinates is most strongly favoured in Australian English. Similarly, possessive <i>me</i> is significantly more frequent in the written Australian English corpus than elsewhere. The second person plural variant <i>y&#8217;all</i> would seem to be confined to American English, whereas <i>yous(e)</i> occurs only in the New Zealand, Australian, and British English corpora. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.04bar 49 70 22 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Hypocoristics in New Zealand and Australian English</TitleText> 1 A01 Dianne Bardsley Bardsley, Dianne Dianne Bardsley New Zealand Dictionary Centre 2 A01 Jane Simpson Simpson, Jane Jane Simpson University of Sydney 01 New Zealand and Australia share a propensity to create new words and hypocoristic forms of existing words by adding -<i>ie</i> and -<i>o</i> suffixes (among others) to a base which is usually monosyllabic. While the creation of new words is driven by the need to refer quickly to new things, the creation of hypocoristic alternatives is driven partly by the desire to identify with a group&#8217;s particular way of talking. The distribution of hypocoristic forms is similar across both countries, except for the greater use of the -<i>o</i> ending in Australia, especially in naming occupations and in fishing. Across different semantic domains there is a greater range of suffixes to be found in proper names (personal, geographic and institutional) than in common nouns. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.p2 Section header 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Section II. Verbs and verb phrases</TitleText> 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.05col 73 88 16 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Modals and quasi-modals</TitleText> 1 A01 Peter Collins Collins, Peter Peter Collins University of New South Wales 01 The findings of the present study of selected modals and quasi-modals in matching corpora of Australian, New Zealand, British and American English reinforce those of diachronic investigations attesting to the rising popularity of the quasi-modals and declining fortunes of the modals in recent decades. That these two developments are connected is suggested by the near symmetrical results obtained across the four regional varieties and across the spoken versus written categories. American English appears to be in the vanguard of change, both in simple frequency terms and in the extent of the gulf in stylistic preferences between the quasi-modals and modals. New Zealand English emerges as the most conservative of the four varieties, with Australian and British English in between. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.06els 89 114 26 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The perfect and the preterite in Australian and New Zealand English</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">perfect and the preterite in Australian and New Zealand English</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Johan Elsness Elsness, Johan Johan Elsness University of Oslo 01 The distinction between the present perfect and the preterite verb forms is one of the comparatively few points of English grammar where clear differences have been noted between the various national varieties, not least between American and British English: it has often been pointed out that the present perfect is used more extensively in the latter variety. This chapter takes up the distribution of the two verb forms in Australian and New Zealand English. A wide use of the present perfect is documented in both antipodean varieties, but especially in Australian English. At the same time a trend is recorded for younger speakers of Australian English to be moving in the direction of the more restrictive American English norm. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.07col 115 124 10 Article 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The progressive</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">progressive</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Peter Collins Collins, Peter Peter Collins University of New South Wales 01 The progressive aspect has enjoyed spectacular growth in English since late Modern English, but its spread has not been uniform across all varieties. The study compared the frequency and uses of the progressive in Australian, New Zealand, British and American English across a range of variables. These included the overall frequency of tokens, the proportion of complex progressive forms, the proportion of special pragmatic uses, the frequency of main clause progressives and the frequency of contracted forms. It was found that the rise of the progressive is most advanced in the two antipodean varieties, with Australian English ahead of New Zealand English, and that of the northern hemisphere pair American English is the more advanced. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.08pet 125 138 14 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The mandative subjunctive in spoken English</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">mandative subjunctive in spoken English</TitleWithoutPrefix> 1 A01 Pam Peters Peters, Pam Pam Peters Macquarie University 01 Regional variation of the mandative subjunctive has come to light during the twentieth century, with corpus-based research showing it to be standard usage in American English whereas its currency in British English was limited. This research reviews the use of the mandative in spoken data from six ICE-corpora, to show marked regional differences among both settler and indigenized varieties of English. While its currency in spoken data from New Zealand is relatively low, it is on a par with written usage in Australian English, as well as Singaporean and Philippine English. However spoken instances of the mandative are typically found in public and institutional dialogue/monologue, rather than private conversation, so that it cannot be said to have become vernacularised. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.09smi 139 154 16 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Light verbs in Australian, New Zealand and British English</TitleText> 1 A01 Adam Smith Smith, Adam Adam Smith Macquarie University 01 This paper examines regional and register differences in the use of the light verbs <i>give, have, make</i> and <i>take</i> across British, Australian, New Zealand and American English, to see whether statements in the literature such as the US preference for <i>take</i> can be supported. Primary and secondary materials were investigated, in the form of L1 and L2 dictionaries across the regions, and data from the ICE corpora for Britain, Australia and NZ. The dictionary data only partially confirmed regional differences between <i>take</i> and <i>have</i>, while the corpora showed a growing use of the light verb <i>have</i>, with Australian and New Zealand English leading the way. The corpora also demonstrated more frequent and more productive use of the construction in spoken than in written data, which allowed conclusions to be drawn about the interpersonal functions of light verbs. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.p3 Section header 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Section III. Nouns and noun phrases</TitleText> 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.10smi 159 180 22 Article 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Non-numerical quantifiers</TitleText> 1 A01 Adam Smith Smith, Adam Adam Smith Macquarie University 01 This paper looks at non-numerical quantifiers (NNQs), such as <i>a lot of, loads of</i>. The set of quantifiers to be discussed is first identified in relation to their description in major English grammars. Issues of variable noun complementation and verb agreement with the NNQ are identified as being of interest, along with the choice of quantifier and its collocations in different regions (Australian, New Zealand and British English) and registers. Corpus findings for <i>a lot/lots of</i> are compared with other NNQs where the quantifying noun can be singular or plural (ONNQs). An additional set of NNQs was investigated for regional variance. The findings are compared particularly with those for British English, and the status of particular NNQs as vague quantifiers and the process of delexicalization/ degrammaticization is discussed. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.11hol 181 202 22 Article 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">From chairman to chairwoman to chairperson</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Exploring the move from sexist usages to gender neutrality</Subtitle> 1 A01 Janet Holmes Holmes, Janet Janet Holmes Victoria University of Wellington 2 A01 Robert J. Sigley Sigley, Robert J. Robert J. Sigley Daito Bunka University 3 A01 Agnes Terraschke Terraschke, Agnes Agnes Terraschke Macquarie University 01 This paper analyzes data from written and spoken corpora of British, American, Australian and New Zealand English to track social change in patterns of gender-marking. Frequency data for the use of general terms like <i>woman</i> and <i>man</i> are compared across the different regional varieties of written English, and contrasted with spoken corpus data from Australia and New Zealand. Several alternative social interpretations of the data are considered and discussed. The distributional patterns for occupational terms in the corpora are examined with regard to gender pre-modification and post-modification. The results indicate that female roles are often still explicitly linguistically marked, but this could be interpreted as an indication of women&#8217;s entry into formerly male-centric domains. The most recent Australian data suggest a move towards gender neutrality. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.p4 203 290 88 Section header 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Section IV. Clauses and sentences</TitleText> 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.12hun 205 222 18 Article 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Concord with collective nouns in Australian and New Zealand English</TitleText> 1 A01 Marianne Hundt Hundt, Marianne Marianne Hundt University of Zurich 01 In English, nouns like <i>government</i> or <i>team</i> can be used with singular or plural verbs and pronouns. In the twentieth century, there seems to be a growing trend to use singular concord with most collective nouns. This change is particularly pronounced in American English but can also be found in other national varieties of English. The focus of this chapter is variable concord in Australian and New Zealand English. Data for the study come from the relevant components of the International Corpus of English which, unlike the corpora used in most previous studies, offer information on written as well as spoken usage. Somewhat surprisingly, variability in this area of grammar is not, primarily, a question of the regional variety investigated. Instead, it is mainly due to language-internal factors, such as medium (written vs. spoken usage) or the choice of noun (with some nouns preferring singular, others preferring plural concord). 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.13pet 223 240 18 Article 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><i>No</i> in the lexicogrammar of English</TitleText> 1 A01 Pam Peters Peters, Pam Pam Peters Macquarie University 2 A01 Yasmin Funk Funk, Yasmin Yasmin Funk Macquarie University 01 This paper analyzes the continuing uses of <i>no</i> in negative collocations in three varieties of English: Australian, New Zealand and British, using their respective ICE corpora. In all three varieties of English, the use of <i>no</i> as determiner in nominal phrase collocations far outnumbers its use in adverbial collocations, though the latter cluster high in the frequency rankings for both speech and writing. Comparative analysis finds that while Australian English makes more use of <i>no</i> as a reaction signal (<i>No!</i>) and its emphatic counterparts (e.g., <i>No way!</i>), the New Zealand English data present a wider range of freely formed <i>no</i> collocations, especially in writing. Thus the two southern hemisphere varieties diverge, with <i>no</i> increasingly fixed into Australian lexical idiom, while it remains a well-utilized syntactic resource in New Zealand English. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.14kea 241 260 20 Article 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Zero complementizer, syntactic context, and regional variety</TitleText> 1 A01 Kate Kearns Kearns, Kate Kate Kearns University of Canterbury 01 This paper presents empirical findings on the alternation between <i>that</i> and zero complementizer in a range of syntactic environments, including clausal complement to a verb with or without an intervening indirect object or adverbial, complement to an adjective, complement to a noun, <i>it</i>-extraposition sentences, and cleft sentences. The data were taken from British, United States, Australian and New Zealand newspapers. It is shown that Australian and New Zealand English have significantly higher rates of zero complementizer than American and British English, and that the effect of syntactic context on zero rates differs across regional varieties. In particular, New Zealand and Australian English show little or no inhibition of zero in contexts where the complementizer position is not adjacent to a potentially licensing lexical head. New Zealand and Australian English also show comparatively high zero rates in the complements to nouns, but no general syntactic patterns (such as light verb constructions) were found to be involved here. Instead, the higher rates of zero in noun complement clauses appear to be associated with particular collocations. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.15mai 261 274 14 Article 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Infinitival and gerundial complements</TitleText> 1 A01 Christian Mair Mair, Christian Christian Mair Freiburg University 01 The present contribution investigates three patterns of non-finite clausal complementation which are known to be variable in contemporary British and American English, namely the use of bare and <i>to</i>-infinitives with <i>help</i>, the presence or absence of <i>from</i> before gerunds following the verb <i>prevent</i>, and the choice between infinitives and gerunds as complements of <i>begin</i> and <i>start</i>. On the whole, Australian and New Zealand English usage displays a broadly &#8220;British&#8221; profile of variation, and differences between the two antipodean varieties are minor. While not spectacular in themselves, these findings fit quite well into long-term developments that have been shaping the complement-clause system of English in the Late Modern period. Australian and New Zealand English are taking part in these world-wide drifts at a pace comparable to British English. In particular, no rapid recent &#8220;Americanization&#8221; of usage can be observed. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.16pet 275 290 16 Article 22 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Commas and connective adverbs</TitleText> 1 A01 Peter G. Peterson Peterson, Peter G. Peter G. Peterson University of Newcastle 01 This chapter reports the findings of a corpus-based study of the use of three connective adverbs, <i>however</i>, <i>therefore</i> and <i>thus</i>, to introduce a second main clause within a single orthographic sentence (&#8220;run-on sentences&#8221;). It is established that these three items still display in this usage all the criterial syntactic properties of connective adverbs. This usage is more frequent in current written English from Australian and New Zealand English than in British and American English, and much more frequent in unedited writing. The phenomenon is essentially a change in the use of punctuation devices, demonstrating a tendency to treat as a single (orthographic) sentence two clauses that form a closely linked logical sequence. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.p5 291 398 108 Section header 23 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Section V. Discourse</TitleText> 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.17col 293 314 22 Article 24 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Information-packaging constructions</TitleText> 1 A01 Peter Collins Collins, Peter Peter Collins University of New South Wales 01 The study whose findings are reported in this chapter compares the frequencies and uses of five &#8220;information-packaging&#8221; constructions across four Englishes (Australian, New Zealand, British and American) and a range of registers (informal dialogue, learned writing, news reportage, editorials and fiction). antipodean practices are found to pattern more closely with British English (with New Zealanders even more conservative than the British in various respects) than with American English, which displayed resistance to the constructions in the written language but acceptance of them in spoken language. The findings are discussed in the light of recent diachronic trends in British English. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.18mil 315 336 22 Article 25 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02"><i>Like</i> and other discourse markers</TitleText> 1 A01 Jim Miller Miller, Jim Jim Miller University of Edinburgh 01 This analysis of <i>like</i> as a discourse marker looks at its meaning relative to its position in the clause, and the discoursal context including the type of interaction. The data come from the Australian and New Zealand ICE corpora, and additional transcripts of Australian radio talkback programs. <i>Like</i> is the sixth most frequent discourse marker in the data, found in speech, both scripted and unscripted, but absent from writing. Clause-initial <i>like</i> can be glossed as &#8220;for example&#8221;; clause-medial <i>like</i> is a highlighter; clause-final <i>like</i> has to do with explanations and preventing hearers making incorrect inferences. Clause-final <i>like</i> is attested in novels by Scott and Hogg, and much older than generally thought. In the antipodean corpus data, <i>like</i> is used by speakers ranging from teenagers to 50-year-olds, including manual workers, skilled tradesmen, and various types of professionals. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.19mul 337 358 22 Article 26 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Final <i>but</i> in Australian English conversation</TitleText> 1 A01 Jean Mulder Mulder, Jean Jean Mulder University of Melbourne 2 A01 Sandra A. Thompson Thompson, Sandra A. Sandra A. Thompson University of California, Santa Barbara 3 A01 Cara Penry Williams Penry Williams, Cara Cara Penry Williams University of Melbourne 01 In contemporary Australian English <i>but</i> has progressed through a grammaticization continuum to become a &#8220;fully developed&#8221; final discourse particle. Here we document the place of Final Particle <i>but</i> in Australian English. Firstly, we make a case that it provides further evidence of the mixed origins of Australian English. Secondly, we show how prosody, turn organization, and speaker interaction indicate that Final Particle <i>but</i> marks contrastive content and is a turn-yielding discourse particle. Thirdly, we establish through survey data that its usage in Australian English differs from that in American English and that <i>but</i> as a Final Particle can be seen as a distinctive feature of Australian English. Lastly, we argue that Final Particle <i>but</i> has social meaning and can index &#8220;Australianness&#8221;. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.20all 359 384 26 Article 27 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Swearing</TitleText> 1 A01 Keith Allan Allan, Keith Keith Allan Monash University 2 A01 Kate Burridge Burridge, Kate Kate Burridge Monash University 01 In this chapter, we provide an account of antipodean swearing patterns, drawing on examples from existing written and spoken data banks. As part of this investigation, we consider general questions to do with swearing: what it is, why speakers do it and how swearing patterns have changed over the years. We identify four overlapping functions of swearing: the expletive, abusive, social and stylistic functions. We also consider the shift in social attitudes toward swearing and the repercussions of this for the law. Swearing has always been characterized as an earmark of Australian and New Zealand English. We conclude that it remains an important feature of these varieties, but question just how uniquely antipodean it is. 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.21pet 385 398 14 Article 28 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Epilogue</TitleText> 1 A01 Pam Peters Peters, Pam Pam Peters Macquarie University 10 01 JB code veaw.g39.22ind 401 406 6 Article 29 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20090729 2009 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 915 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 29 16 01 02 JB 1 00 105.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 111.30 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 16 02 02 JB 1 00 88.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 16 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 158.00 USD