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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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eng
01
EUR
87007660
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
VEAW G39 Eb
15
9789027289407
06
10.1075/veaw.g39
13
2009011793
DG
002
02
01
VEAW
02
0172-7362
Varieties of English Around the World
G39
01
Comparative Studies in Australian and New Zealand English
Grammar and beyond
01
veaw.g39
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/veaw.g39
1
B01
Pam Peters
Peters, Pam
Pam
Peters
Macquarie University
2
B01
Peter Collins
Collins, Peter
Peter
Collins
University of NSW
3
B01
Adam Smith
Smith, Adam
Adam
Smith
Macquarie University
01
eng
418
x
406
LAN009000
v.2006
CF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.COMP
Comparative linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.ENG
English linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SOCIO
Sociolinguistics and Dialectology
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
This anthology brings together fresh corpus-based research by international scholars. It contrasts southern and northern hemisphere usage on variable elements of morphology and syntax. The nineteen invited papers include topics such as irregular verb parts, pronouns, modal and quasimodal verbs, the perfect tense, the progressive aspect, and mandative subjunctives. Lexicogrammatical elements are discussed: light verbs (e.g. <i>have a look)</i>, informal quantifiers (e.g. <i>heaps of)</i>, <i>no</i>-collocations, concord with <i>government </i>and other group nouns, alternative verb complementation (as with <i>help, prevent)</i>, zero complementizers and connective adverbs (e.g. <i>however)</i>. Selected information-structuring devices are analyzed, e.g. <i>there is/are</i>, <i>like</i> as a discourse marker, final <i>but </i>as a turn-taking device, and swearwords. Australian and New Zealand use of hypocoristics and changes in gendered expressions are also analyzed. The two varieties pattern together in some cases, in others they diverge: Australian English is usually more committed to colloquial variants in speech and writing. The book demonstrates linguistic endonormativity in these two southern hemisphere Englishes.
05
This book provides much carefully analysed data for the scholar. At the same time, it would give senior undergraduates an excellent indication of the range of material that is covered by the linguistic area 'grammar and beyond'.
Margaret Maclagan, University of Canterbury, in English World-Wide 33(2): 112-115
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veaw.g39.01lis
vii
1
Miscellaneous
1
01
List of abbreviations
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.02lis
ix
x
2
Miscellaneous
2
01
List of contributors
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.01col
1
10
10
Article
3
01
Prologue
1
A01
Peter Collins
Collins, Peter
Peter
Collins
University of New South Wales
01
The characteristic phonological and lexical features of Australian English (AusE) and New Zealand English (NZE) have attracted a good deal of scholarly interest for about half a century, e.g., Mitchell and Delbridge 1965; Ramson 1966; Delbridge et al. 1981; Horvath 1985; Gordon and Deverson 1985; Orsman 1997. This is not surprising, given that it is in these areas that AusE and NZE are generally perceived to differ most significantly from other national varieties.
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.p1
Section header
4
01
Section I. Morphology
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.02pet
13
30
18
Article
5
01
Irregular verbs
Regularization and ongoing variability
1
A01
Pam Peters
Peters, Pam
Pam
Peters
Macquarie University
01
Both language history and mathematical modeling suggest that the English irregular verbs will generally evolve to become more regular. Yet closer investigation of individual verbs and verb groups shows that evolutionary expectations can be overstated. Data from the ICE-corpora for Australian, New Zealand and British English show differing endorsements of nonstandard past tense forms, whether these are long-established ones as for <i>ring/shrink/spring</i>, or latter-day variants such as -<i>t</i> for <i>burn, learn, spell</i>. The data put Australian and New Zealand English closer to each other than either is to British. Australian population surveys show that younger citizens are more inclined to nonstandard/nonstandardized forms. Sociolinguistic and regional preferences may thus run counter to the broad evolutionary trend for English verbs, at least in the short term.
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.03qui
31
48
18
Article
6
01
Pronoun forms
1
A01
Heidi Quinn
Quinn, Heidi
Heidi
Quinn
University of Canterbury
01
This paper compares the distribution of pronoun case forms (<i>I/me, he/him, she/her, we/us, they/them</i>), non-reflexive <i>myself</i>, and second person plural variants in corpora of New Zealand, Australian, American, and British English, with a view to identifying possible regional differences in pronoun use. While low token numbers prevent a detailed comparison of the four varieties, the corpus data suggest that the use of <i>I</i> and <i>myself</i> in coordinates is most strongly favoured in Australian English. Similarly, possessive <i>me</i> is significantly more frequent in the written Australian English corpus than elsewhere. The second person plural variant <i>y’all</i> would seem to be confined to American English, whereas <i>yous(e)</i> occurs only in the New Zealand, Australian, and British English corpora.
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.04bar
49
70
22
Article
7
01
Hypocoristics in New Zealand and Australian English
1
A01
Dianne Bardsley
Bardsley, Dianne
Dianne
Bardsley
New Zealand Dictionary Centre
2
A01
Jane Simpson
Simpson, Jane
Jane
Simpson
University of Sydney
01
New Zealand and Australia share a propensity to create new words and hypocoristic forms of existing words by adding -<i>ie</i> and -<i>o</i> suffixes (among others) to a base which is usually monosyllabic. While the creation of new words is driven by the need to refer quickly to new things, the creation of hypocoristic alternatives is driven partly by the desire to identify with a group’s particular way of talking. The distribution of hypocoristic forms is similar across both countries, except for the greater use of the -<i>o</i> ending in Australia, especially in naming occupations and in fishing. Across different semantic domains there is a greater range of suffixes to be found in proper names (personal, geographic and institutional) than in common nouns.
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.p2
Section header
8
01
Section II. Verbs and verb phrases
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.05col
73
88
16
Article
9
01
Modals and quasi-modals
1
A01
Peter Collins
Collins, Peter
Peter
Collins
University of New South Wales
01
The findings of the present study of selected modals and quasi-modals in matching corpora of Australian, New Zealand, British and American English reinforce those of diachronic investigations attesting to the rising popularity of the quasi-modals and declining fortunes of the modals in recent decades. That these two developments are connected is suggested by the near symmetrical results obtained across the four regional varieties and across the spoken versus written categories. American English appears to be in the vanguard of change, both in simple frequency terms and in the extent of the gulf in stylistic preferences between the quasi-modals and modals. New Zealand English emerges as the most conservative of the four varieties, with Australian and British English in between.
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.06els
89
114
26
Article
10
01
The perfect and the preterite in Australian and New Zealand English
The
perfect and the preterite in Australian and New Zealand English
1
A01
Johan Elsness
Elsness, Johan
Johan
Elsness
University of Oslo
01
The distinction between the present perfect and the preterite verb forms is one of the comparatively few points of English grammar where clear differences have been noted between the various national varieties, not least between American and British English: it has often been pointed out that the present perfect is used more extensively in the latter variety. This chapter takes up the distribution of the two verb forms in Australian and New Zealand English. A wide use of the present perfect is documented in both antipodean varieties, but especially in Australian English. At the same time a trend is recorded for younger speakers of Australian English to be moving in the direction of the more restrictive American English norm.
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.07col
115
124
10
Article
11
01
The progressive
The
progressive
1
A01
Peter Collins
Collins, Peter
Peter
Collins
University of New South Wales
01
The progressive aspect has enjoyed spectacular growth in English since late Modern English, but its spread has not been uniform across all varieties. The study compared the frequency and uses of the progressive in Australian, New Zealand, British and American English across a range of variables. These included the overall frequency of tokens, the proportion of complex progressive forms, the proportion of special pragmatic uses, the frequency of main clause progressives and the frequency of contracted forms. It was found that the rise of the progressive is most advanced in the two antipodean varieties, with Australian English ahead of New Zealand English, and that of the northern hemisphere pair American English is the more advanced.
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.08pet
125
138
14
Article
12
01
The mandative subjunctive in spoken English
The
mandative subjunctive in spoken English
1
A01
Pam Peters
Peters, Pam
Pam
Peters
Macquarie University
01
Regional variation of the mandative subjunctive has come to light during the twentieth century, with corpus-based research showing it to be standard usage in American English whereas its currency in British English was limited. This research reviews the use of the mandative in spoken data from six ICE-corpora, to show marked regional differences among both settler and indigenized varieties of English. While its currency in spoken data from New Zealand is relatively low, it is on a par with written usage in Australian English, as well as Singaporean and Philippine English. However spoken instances of the mandative are typically found in public and institutional dialogue/monologue, rather than private conversation, so that it cannot be said to have become vernacularised.
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.09smi
139
154
16
Article
13
01
Light verbs in Australian, New Zealand and British English
1
A01
Adam Smith
Smith, Adam
Adam
Smith
Macquarie University
01
This paper examines regional and register differences in the use of the light verbs <i>give, have, make</i> and <i>take</i> across British, Australian, New Zealand and American English, to see whether statements in the literature such as the US preference for <i>take</i> can be supported. Primary and secondary materials were investigated, in the form of L1 and L2 dictionaries across the regions, and data from the ICE corpora for Britain, Australia and NZ. The dictionary data only partially confirmed regional differences between <i>take</i> and <i>have</i>, while the corpora showed a growing use of the light verb <i>have</i>, with Australian and New Zealand English leading the way. The corpora also demonstrated more frequent and more productive use of the construction in spoken than in written data, which allowed conclusions to be drawn about the interpersonal functions of light verbs.
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.p3
Section header
14
01
Section III. Nouns and noun phrases
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.10smi
159
180
22
Article
15
01
Non-numerical quantifiers
1
A01
Adam Smith
Smith, Adam
Adam
Smith
Macquarie University
01
This paper looks at non-numerical quantifiers (NNQs), such as <i>a lot of, loads of</i>. The set of quantifiers to be discussed is first identified in relation to their description in major English grammars. Issues of variable noun complementation and verb agreement with the NNQ are identified as being of interest, along with the choice of quantifier and its collocations in different regions (Australian, New Zealand and British English) and registers. Corpus findings for <i>a lot/lots of</i> are compared with other NNQs where the quantifying noun can be singular or plural (ONNQs). An additional set of NNQs was investigated for regional variance. The findings are compared particularly with those for British English, and the status of particular NNQs as vague quantifiers and the process of delexicalization/ degrammaticization is discussed.
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.11hol
181
202
22
Article
16
01
From chairman to chairwoman to chairperson
Exploring the move from sexist usages to gender neutrality
1
A01
Janet Holmes
Holmes, Janet
Janet
Holmes
Victoria University of Wellington
2
A01
Robert J. Sigley
Sigley, Robert J.
Robert J.
Sigley
Daito Bunka University
3
A01
Agnes Terraschke
Terraschke, Agnes
Agnes
Terraschke
Macquarie University
01
This paper analyzes data from written and spoken corpora of British, American, Australian and New Zealand English to track social change in patterns of gender-marking. Frequency data for the use of general terms like <i>woman</i> and <i>man</i> are compared across the different regional varieties of written English, and contrasted with spoken corpus data from Australia and New Zealand. Several alternative social interpretations of the data are considered and discussed. The distributional patterns for occupational terms in the corpora are examined with regard to gender pre-modification and post-modification. The results indicate that female roles are often still explicitly linguistically marked, but this could be interpreted as an indication of women’s entry into formerly male-centric domains. The most recent Australian data suggest a move towards gender neutrality.
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.p4
203
290
88
Section header
17
01
Section IV. Clauses and sentences
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.12hun
205
222
18
Article
18
01
Concord with collective nouns in Australian and New Zealand English
1
A01
Marianne Hundt
Hundt, Marianne
Marianne
Hundt
University of Zurich
01
In English, nouns like <i>government</i> or <i>team</i> can be used with singular or plural verbs and pronouns. In the twentieth century, there seems to be a growing trend to use singular concord with most collective nouns. This change is particularly pronounced in American English but can also be found in other national varieties of English. The focus of this chapter is variable concord in Australian and New Zealand English. Data for the study come from the relevant components of the International Corpus of English which, unlike the corpora used in most previous studies, offer information on written as well as spoken usage. Somewhat surprisingly, variability in this area of grammar is not, primarily, a question of the regional variety investigated. Instead, it is mainly due to language-internal factors, such as medium (written vs. spoken usage) or the choice of noun (with some nouns preferring singular, others preferring plural concord).
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.13pet
223
240
18
Article
19
01
<i>No</i> in the lexicogrammar of English
1
A01
Pam Peters
Peters, Pam
Pam
Peters
Macquarie University
2
A01
Yasmin Funk
Funk, Yasmin
Yasmin
Funk
Macquarie University
01
This paper analyzes the continuing uses of <i>no</i> in negative collocations in three varieties of English: Australian, New Zealand and British, using their respective ICE corpora. In all three varieties of English, the use of <i>no</i> as determiner in nominal phrase collocations far outnumbers its use in adverbial collocations, though the latter cluster high in the frequency rankings for both speech and writing. Comparative analysis finds that while Australian English makes more use of <i>no</i> as a reaction signal (<i>No!</i>) and its emphatic counterparts (e.g., <i>No way!</i>), the New Zealand English data present a wider range of freely formed <i>no</i> collocations, especially in writing. Thus the two southern hemisphere varieties diverge, with <i>no</i> increasingly fixed into Australian lexical idiom, while it remains a well-utilized syntactic resource in New Zealand English.
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.14kea
241
260
20
Article
20
01
Zero complementizer, syntactic context, and regional variety
1
A01
Kate Kearns
Kearns, Kate
Kate
Kearns
University of Canterbury
01
This paper presents empirical findings on the alternation between <i>that</i> and zero complementizer in a range of syntactic environments, including clausal complement to a verb with or without an intervening indirect object or adverbial, complement to an adjective, complement to a noun, <i>it</i>-extraposition sentences, and cleft sentences. The data were taken from British, United States, Australian and New Zealand newspapers. It is shown that Australian and New Zealand English have significantly higher rates of zero complementizer than American and British English, and that the effect of syntactic context on zero rates differs across regional varieties. In particular, New Zealand and Australian English show little or no inhibition of zero in contexts where the complementizer position is not adjacent to a potentially licensing lexical head. New Zealand and Australian English also show comparatively high zero rates in the complements to nouns, but no general syntactic patterns (such as light verb constructions) were found to be involved here. Instead, the higher rates of zero in noun complement clauses appear to be associated with particular collocations.
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.15mai
261
274
14
Article
21
01
Infinitival and gerundial complements
1
A01
Christian Mair
Mair, Christian
Christian
Mair
Freiburg University
01
The present contribution investigates three patterns of non-finite clausal complementation which are known to be variable in contemporary British and American English, namely the use of bare and <i>to</i>-infinitives with <i>help</i>, the presence or absence of <i>from</i> before gerunds following the verb <i>prevent</i>, and the choice between infinitives and gerunds as complements of <i>begin</i> and <i>start</i>. On the whole, Australian and New Zealand English usage displays a broadly “British” profile of variation, and differences between the two antipodean varieties are minor. While not spectacular in themselves, these findings fit quite well into long-term developments that have been shaping the complement-clause system of English in the Late Modern period. Australian and New Zealand English are taking part in these world-wide drifts at a pace comparable to British English. In particular, no rapid recent “Americanization” of usage can be observed.
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.16pet
275
290
16
Article
22
01
Commas and connective adverbs
1
A01
Peter G. Peterson
Peterson, Peter G.
Peter G.
Peterson
University of Newcastle
01
This chapter reports the findings of a corpus-based study of the use of three connective adverbs, <i>however</i>, <i>therefore</i> and <i>thus</i>, to introduce a second main clause within a single orthographic sentence (“run-on sentences”). It is established that these three items still display in this usage all the criterial syntactic properties of connective adverbs. This usage is more frequent in current written English from Australian and New Zealand English than in British and American English, and much more frequent in unedited writing. The phenomenon is essentially a change in the use of punctuation devices, demonstrating a tendency to treat as a single (orthographic) sentence two clauses that form a closely linked logical sequence.
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.p5
291
398
108
Section header
23
01
Section V. Discourse
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.17col
293
314
22
Article
24
01
Information-packaging constructions
1
A01
Peter Collins
Collins, Peter
Peter
Collins
University of New South Wales
01
The study whose findings are reported in this chapter compares the frequencies and uses of five “information-packaging” constructions across four Englishes (Australian, New Zealand, British and American) and a range of registers (informal dialogue, learned writing, news reportage, editorials and fiction). antipodean practices are found to pattern more closely with British English (with New Zealanders even more conservative than the British in various respects) than with American English, which displayed resistance to the constructions in the written language but acceptance of them in spoken language. The findings are discussed in the light of recent diachronic trends in British English.
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.18mil
315
336
22
Article
25
01
<i>Like</i> and other discourse markers
1
A01
Jim Miller
Miller, Jim
Jim
Miller
University of Edinburgh
01
This analysis of <i>like</i> as a discourse marker looks at its meaning relative to its position in the clause, and the discoursal context including the type of interaction. The data come from the Australian and New Zealand ICE corpora, and additional transcripts of Australian radio talkback programs. <i>Like</i> is the sixth most frequent discourse marker in the data, found in speech, both scripted and unscripted, but absent from writing. Clause-initial <i>like</i> can be glossed as “for example”; clause-medial <i>like</i> is a highlighter; clause-final <i>like</i> has to do with explanations and preventing hearers making incorrect inferences. Clause-final <i>like</i> is attested in novels by Scott and Hogg, and much older than generally thought. In the antipodean corpus data, <i>like</i> is used by speakers ranging from teenagers to 50-year-olds, including manual workers, skilled tradesmen, and various types of professionals.
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.19mul
337
358
22
Article
26
01
Final <i>but</i> in Australian English conversation
1
A01
Jean Mulder
Mulder, Jean
Jean
Mulder
University of Melbourne
2
A01
Sandra A. Thompson
Thompson, Sandra A.
Sandra A.
Thompson
University of California, Santa Barbara
3
A01
Cara Penry Williams
Penry Williams, Cara
Cara
Penry Williams
University of Melbourne
01
In contemporary Australian English <i>but</i> has progressed through a grammaticization continuum to become a “fully developed” final discourse particle. Here we document the place of Final Particle <i>but</i> in Australian English. Firstly, we make a case that it provides further evidence of the mixed origins of Australian English. Secondly, we show how prosody, turn organization, and speaker interaction indicate that Final Particle <i>but</i> marks contrastive content and is a turn-yielding discourse particle. Thirdly, we establish through survey data that its usage in Australian English differs from that in American English and that <i>but</i> as a Final Particle can be seen as a distinctive feature of Australian English. Lastly, we argue that Final Particle <i>but</i> has social meaning and can index “Australianness”.
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.20all
359
384
26
Article
27
01
Swearing
1
A01
Keith Allan
Allan, Keith
Keith
Allan
Monash University
2
A01
Kate Burridge
Burridge, Kate
Kate
Burridge
Monash University
01
In this chapter, we provide an account of antipodean swearing patterns, drawing on examples from existing written and spoken data banks. As part of this investigation, we consider general questions to do with swearing: what it is, why speakers do it and how swearing patterns have changed over the years. We identify four overlapping functions of swearing: the expletive, abusive, social and stylistic functions. We also consider the shift in social attitudes toward swearing and the repercussions of this for the law. Swearing has always been characterized as an earmark of Australian and New Zealand English. We conclude that it remains an important feature of these varieties, but question just how uniquely antipodean it is.
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.21pet
385
398
14
Article
28
01
Epilogue
1
A01
Pam Peters
Peters, Pam
Pam
Peters
Macquarie University
10
01
JB code
veaw.g39.22ind
401
406
6
Article
29
01
Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20090729
2009
John Benjamins
02
WORLD
13
15
9789027248992
01
JB
3
John Benjamins e-Platform
03
jbe-platform.com
09
WORLD
21
01
00
105.00
EUR
R
01
00
88.00
GBP
Z
01
gen
00
158.00
USD
S
879007004
03
01
01
JB
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
JB code
VEAW G39 Hb
15
9789027248992
13
2009011793
BB
01
VEAW
02
0172-7362
Varieties of English Around the World
G39
01
Comparative Studies in Australian and New Zealand English
Grammar and beyond
01
veaw.g39
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/veaw.g39
1
B01
Pam Peters
Peters, Pam
Pam
Peters
Macquarie University
2
B01
Peter Collins
Collins, Peter
Peter
Collins
University of NSW
3
B01
Adam Smith
Smith, Adam
Adam
Smith
Macquarie University
01
eng
418
x
406
LAN009000
v.2006
CF
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.COMP
Comparative linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.ENG
English linguistics
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SOCIO
Sociolinguistics and Dialectology
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.SYNTAX
Syntax
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.THEOR
Theoretical linguistics
06
01
This anthology brings together fresh corpus-based research by international scholars. It contrasts southern and northern hemisphere usage on variable elements of morphology and syntax. The nineteen invited papers include topics such as irregular verb parts, pronouns, modal and quasimodal verbs, the perfect tense, the progressive aspect, and mandative subjunctives. Lexicogrammatical elements are discussed: light verbs (e.g. <i>have a look)</i>, informal quantifiers (e.g. <i>heaps of)</i>, <i>no</i>-collocations, concord with <i>government </i>and other group nouns, alternative verb complementation (as with <i>help, prevent)</i>, zero complementizers and connective adverbs (e.g. <i>however)</i>. Selected information-structuring devices are analyzed, e.g. <i>there is/are</i>, <i>like</i> as a discourse marker, final <i>but </i>as a turn-taking device, and swearwords. Australian and New Zealand use of hypocoristics and changes in gendered expressions are also analyzed. The two varieties pattern together in some cases, in others they diverge: Australian English is usually more committed to colloquial variants in speech and writing. The book demonstrates linguistic endonormativity in these two southern hemisphere Englishes.
05
This book provides much carefully analysed data for the scholar. At the same time, it would give senior undergraduates an excellent indication of the range of material that is covered by the linguistic area 'grammar and beyond'.
Margaret Maclagan, University of Canterbury, in English World-Wide 33(2): 112-115
04
09
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vii
1
Miscellaneous
1
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List of abbreviations
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ix
x
2
Miscellaneous
2
01
List of contributors
10
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10
Article
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Prologue
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A01
Peter Collins
Collins, Peter
Peter
Collins
University of New South Wales
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The characteristic phonological and lexical features of Australian English (AusE) and New Zealand English (NZE) have attracted a good deal of scholarly interest for about half a century, e.g., Mitchell and Delbridge 1965; Ramson 1966; Delbridge et al. 1981; Horvath 1985; Gordon and Deverson 1985; Orsman 1997. This is not surprising, given that it is in these areas that AusE and NZE are generally perceived to differ most significantly from other national varieties.
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Section header
4
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Section I. Morphology
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veaw.g39.02pet
13
30
18
Article
5
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Irregular verbs
Regularization and ongoing variability
1
A01
Pam Peters
Peters, Pam
Pam
Peters
Macquarie University
01
Both language history and mathematical modeling suggest that the English irregular verbs will generally evolve to become more regular. Yet closer investigation of individual verbs and verb groups shows that evolutionary expectations can be overstated. Data from the ICE-corpora for Australian, New Zealand and British English show differing endorsements of nonstandard past tense forms, whether these are long-established ones as for <i>ring/shrink/spring</i>, or latter-day variants such as -<i>t</i> for <i>burn, learn, spell</i>. The data put Australian and New Zealand English closer to each other than either is to British. Australian population surveys show that younger citizens are more inclined to nonstandard/nonstandardized forms. Sociolinguistic and regional preferences may thus run counter to the broad evolutionary trend for English verbs, at least in the short term.
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veaw.g39.03qui
31
48
18
Article
6
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Pronoun forms
1
A01
Heidi Quinn
Quinn, Heidi
Heidi
Quinn
University of Canterbury
01
This paper compares the distribution of pronoun case forms (<i>I/me, he/him, she/her, we/us, they/them</i>), non-reflexive <i>myself</i>, and second person plural variants in corpora of New Zealand, Australian, American, and British English, with a view to identifying possible regional differences in pronoun use. While low token numbers prevent a detailed comparison of the four varieties, the corpus data suggest that the use of <i>I</i> and <i>myself</i> in coordinates is most strongly favoured in Australian English. Similarly, possessive <i>me</i> is significantly more frequent in the written Australian English corpus than elsewhere. The second person plural variant <i>y’all</i> would seem to be confined to American English, whereas <i>yous(e)</i> occurs only in the New Zealand, Australian, and British English corpora.
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veaw.g39.04bar
49
70
22
Article
7
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Hypocoristics in New Zealand and Australian English
1
A01
Dianne Bardsley
Bardsley, Dianne
Dianne
Bardsley
New Zealand Dictionary Centre
2
A01
Jane Simpson
Simpson, Jane
Jane
Simpson
University of Sydney
01
New Zealand and Australia share a propensity to create new words and hypocoristic forms of existing words by adding -<i>ie</i> and -<i>o</i> suffixes (among others) to a base which is usually monosyllabic. While the creation of new words is driven by the need to refer quickly to new things, the creation of hypocoristic alternatives is driven partly by the desire to identify with a group’s particular way of talking. The distribution of hypocoristic forms is similar across both countries, except for the greater use of the -<i>o</i> ending in Australia, especially in naming occupations and in fishing. Across different semantic domains there is a greater range of suffixes to be found in proper names (personal, geographic and institutional) than in common nouns.
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Section header
8
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Section II. Verbs and verb phrases
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73
88
16
Article
9
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Modals and quasi-modals
1
A01
Peter Collins
Collins, Peter
Peter
Collins
University of New South Wales
01
The findings of the present study of selected modals and quasi-modals in matching corpora of Australian, New Zealand, British and American English reinforce those of diachronic investigations attesting to the rising popularity of the quasi-modals and declining fortunes of the modals in recent decades. That these two developments are connected is suggested by the near symmetrical results obtained across the four regional varieties and across the spoken versus written categories. American English appears to be in the vanguard of change, both in simple frequency terms and in the extent of the gulf in stylistic preferences between the quasi-modals and modals. New Zealand English emerges as the most conservative of the four varieties, with Australian and British English in between.
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veaw.g39.06els
89
114
26
Article
10
01
The perfect and the preterite in Australian and New Zealand English
The
perfect and the preterite in Australian and New Zealand English
1
A01
Johan Elsness
Elsness, Johan
Johan
Elsness
University of Oslo
01
The distinction between the present perfect and the preterite verb forms is one of the comparatively few points of English grammar where clear differences have been noted between the various national varieties, not least between American and British English: it has often been pointed out that the present perfect is used more extensively in the latter variety. This chapter takes up the distribution of the two verb forms in Australian and New Zealand English. A wide use of the present perfect is documented in both antipodean varieties, but especially in Australian English. At the same time a trend is recorded for younger speakers of Australian English to be moving in the direction of the more restrictive American English norm.
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115
124
10
Article
11
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The progressive
The
progressive
1
A01
Peter Collins
Collins, Peter
Peter
Collins
University of New South Wales
01
The progressive aspect has enjoyed spectacular growth in English since late Modern English, but its spread has not been uniform across all varieties. The study compared the frequency and uses of the progressive in Australian, New Zealand, British and American English across a range of variables. These included the overall frequency of tokens, the proportion of complex progressive forms, the proportion of special pragmatic uses, the frequency of main clause progressives and the frequency of contracted forms. It was found that the rise of the progressive is most advanced in the two antipodean varieties, with Australian English ahead of New Zealand English, and that of the northern hemisphere pair American English is the more advanced.
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veaw.g39.08pet
125
138
14
Article
12
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The mandative subjunctive in spoken English
The
mandative subjunctive in spoken English
1
A01
Pam Peters
Peters, Pam
Pam
Peters
Macquarie University
01
Regional variation of the mandative subjunctive has come to light during the twentieth century, with corpus-based research showing it to be standard usage in American English whereas its currency in British English was limited. This research reviews the use of the mandative in spoken data from six ICE-corpora, to show marked regional differences among both settler and indigenized varieties of English. While its currency in spoken data from New Zealand is relatively low, it is on a par with written usage in Australian English, as well as Singaporean and Philippine English. However spoken instances of the mandative are typically found in public and institutional dialogue/monologue, rather than private conversation, so that it cannot be said to have become vernacularised.
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139
154
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Article
13
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Light verbs in Australian, New Zealand and British English
1
A01
Adam Smith
Smith, Adam
Adam
Smith
Macquarie University
01
This paper examines regional and register differences in the use of the light verbs <i>give, have, make</i> and <i>take</i> across British, Australian, New Zealand and American English, to see whether statements in the literature such as the US preference for <i>take</i> can be supported. Primary and secondary materials were investigated, in the form of L1 and L2 dictionaries across the regions, and data from the ICE corpora for Britain, Australia and NZ. The dictionary data only partially confirmed regional differences between <i>take</i> and <i>have</i>, while the corpora showed a growing use of the light verb <i>have</i>, with Australian and New Zealand English leading the way. The corpora also demonstrated more frequent and more productive use of the construction in spoken than in written data, which allowed conclusions to be drawn about the interpersonal functions of light verbs.
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Section header
14
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Section III. Nouns and noun phrases
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159
180
22
Article
15
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Non-numerical quantifiers
1
A01
Adam Smith
Smith, Adam
Adam
Smith
Macquarie University
01
This paper looks at non-numerical quantifiers (NNQs), such as <i>a lot of, loads of</i>. The set of quantifiers to be discussed is first identified in relation to their description in major English grammars. Issues of variable noun complementation and verb agreement with the NNQ are identified as being of interest, along with the choice of quantifier and its collocations in different regions (Australian, New Zealand and British English) and registers. Corpus findings for <i>a lot/lots of</i> are compared with other NNQs where the quantifying noun can be singular or plural (ONNQs). An additional set of NNQs was investigated for regional variance. The findings are compared particularly with those for British English, and the status of particular NNQs as vague quantifiers and the process of delexicalization/ degrammaticization is discussed.
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181
202
22
Article
16
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From chairman to chairwoman to chairperson
Exploring the move from sexist usages to gender neutrality
1
A01
Janet Holmes
Holmes, Janet
Janet
Holmes
Victoria University of Wellington
2
A01
Robert J. Sigley
Sigley, Robert J.
Robert J.
Sigley
Daito Bunka University
3
A01
Agnes Terraschke
Terraschke, Agnes
Agnes
Terraschke
Macquarie University
01
This paper analyzes data from written and spoken corpora of British, American, Australian and New Zealand English to track social change in patterns of gender-marking. Frequency data for the use of general terms like <i>woman</i> and <i>man</i> are compared across the different regional varieties of written English, and contrasted with spoken corpus data from Australia and New Zealand. Several alternative social interpretations of the data are considered and discussed. The distributional patterns for occupational terms in the corpora are examined with regard to gender pre-modification and post-modification. The results indicate that female roles are often still explicitly linguistically marked, but this could be interpreted as an indication of women’s entry into formerly male-centric domains. The most recent Australian data suggest a move towards gender neutrality.
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290
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Section header
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Section IV. Clauses and sentences
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205
222
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Article
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Concord with collective nouns in Australian and New Zealand English
1
A01
Marianne Hundt
Hundt, Marianne
Marianne
Hundt
University of Zurich
01
In English, nouns like <i>government</i> or <i>team</i> can be used with singular or plural verbs and pronouns. In the twentieth century, there seems to be a growing trend to use singular concord with most collective nouns. This change is particularly pronounced in American English but can also be found in other national varieties of English. The focus of this chapter is variable concord in Australian and New Zealand English. Data for the study come from the relevant components of the International Corpus of English which, unlike the corpora used in most previous studies, offer information on written as well as spoken usage. Somewhat surprisingly, variability in this area of grammar is not, primarily, a question of the regional variety investigated. Instead, it is mainly due to language-internal factors, such as medium (written vs. spoken usage) or the choice of noun (with some nouns preferring singular, others preferring plural concord).
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240
18
Article
19
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<i>No</i> in the lexicogrammar of English
1
A01
Pam Peters
Peters, Pam
Pam
Peters
Macquarie University
2
A01
Yasmin Funk
Funk, Yasmin
Yasmin
Funk
Macquarie University
01
This paper analyzes the continuing uses of <i>no</i> in negative collocations in three varieties of English: Australian, New Zealand and British, using their respective ICE corpora. In all three varieties of English, the use of <i>no</i> as determiner in nominal phrase collocations far outnumbers its use in adverbial collocations, though the latter cluster high in the frequency rankings for both speech and writing. Comparative analysis finds that while Australian English makes more use of <i>no</i> as a reaction signal (<i>No!</i>) and its emphatic counterparts (e.g., <i>No way!</i>), the New Zealand English data present a wider range of freely formed <i>no</i> collocations, especially in writing. Thus the two southern hemisphere varieties diverge, with <i>no</i> increasingly fixed into Australian lexical idiom, while it remains a well-utilized syntactic resource in New Zealand English.
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241
260
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Article
20
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Zero complementizer, syntactic context, and regional variety
1
A01
Kate Kearns
Kearns, Kate
Kate
Kearns
University of Canterbury
01
This paper presents empirical findings on the alternation between <i>that</i> and zero complementizer in a range of syntactic environments, including clausal complement to a verb with or without an intervening indirect object or adverbial, complement to an adjective, complement to a noun, <i>it</i>-extraposition sentences, and cleft sentences. The data were taken from British, United States, Australian and New Zealand newspapers. It is shown that Australian and New Zealand English have significantly higher rates of zero complementizer than American and British English, and that the effect of syntactic context on zero rates differs across regional varieties. In particular, New Zealand and Australian English show little or no inhibition of zero in contexts where the complementizer position is not adjacent to a potentially licensing lexical head. New Zealand and Australian English also show comparatively high zero rates in the complements to nouns, but no general syntactic patterns (such as light verb constructions) were found to be involved here. Instead, the higher rates of zero in noun complement clauses appear to be associated with particular collocations.
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261
274
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Article
21
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Infinitival and gerundial complements
1
A01
Christian Mair
Mair, Christian
Christian
Mair
Freiburg University
01
The present contribution investigates three patterns of non-finite clausal complementation which are known to be variable in contemporary British and American English, namely the use of bare and <i>to</i>-infinitives with <i>help</i>, the presence or absence of <i>from</i> before gerunds following the verb <i>prevent</i>, and the choice between infinitives and gerunds as complements of <i>begin</i> and <i>start</i>. On the whole, Australian and New Zealand English usage displays a broadly “British” profile of variation, and differences between the two antipodean varieties are minor. While not spectacular in themselves, these findings fit quite well into long-term developments that have been shaping the complement-clause system of English in the Late Modern period. Australian and New Zealand English are taking part in these world-wide drifts at a pace comparable to British English. In particular, no rapid recent “Americanization” of usage can be observed.
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275
290
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Article
22
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Commas and connective adverbs
1
A01
Peter G. Peterson
Peterson, Peter G.
Peter G.
Peterson
University of Newcastle
01
This chapter reports the findings of a corpus-based study of the use of three connective adverbs, <i>however</i>, <i>therefore</i> and <i>thus</i>, to introduce a second main clause within a single orthographic sentence (“run-on sentences”). It is established that these three items still display in this usage all the criterial syntactic properties of connective adverbs. This usage is more frequent in current written English from Australian and New Zealand English than in British and American English, and much more frequent in unedited writing. The phenomenon is essentially a change in the use of punctuation devices, demonstrating a tendency to treat as a single (orthographic) sentence two clauses that form a closely linked logical sequence.
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Section header
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Section V. Discourse
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314
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Article
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Information-packaging constructions
1
A01
Peter Collins
Collins, Peter
Peter
Collins
University of New South Wales
01
The study whose findings are reported in this chapter compares the frequencies and uses of five “information-packaging” constructions across four Englishes (Australian, New Zealand, British and American) and a range of registers (informal dialogue, learned writing, news reportage, editorials and fiction). antipodean practices are found to pattern more closely with British English (with New Zealanders even more conservative than the British in various respects) than with American English, which displayed resistance to the constructions in the written language but acceptance of them in spoken language. The findings are discussed in the light of recent diachronic trends in British English.
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315
336
22
Article
25
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<i>Like</i> and other discourse markers
1
A01
Jim Miller
Miller, Jim
Jim
Miller
University of Edinburgh
01
This analysis of <i>like</i> as a discourse marker looks at its meaning relative to its position in the clause, and the discoursal context including the type of interaction. The data come from the Australian and New Zealand ICE corpora, and additional transcripts of Australian radio talkback programs. <i>Like</i> is the sixth most frequent discourse marker in the data, found in speech, both scripted and unscripted, but absent from writing. Clause-initial <i>like</i> can be glossed as “for example”; clause-medial <i>like</i> is a highlighter; clause-final <i>like</i> has to do with explanations and preventing hearers making incorrect inferences. Clause-final <i>like</i> is attested in novels by Scott and Hogg, and much older than generally thought. In the antipodean corpus data, <i>like</i> is used by speakers ranging from teenagers to 50-year-olds, including manual workers, skilled tradesmen, and various types of professionals.
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358
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Article
26
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Final <i>but</i> in Australian English conversation
1
A01
Jean Mulder
Mulder, Jean
Jean
Mulder
University of Melbourne
2
A01
Sandra A. Thompson
Thompson, Sandra A.
Sandra A.
Thompson
University of California, Santa Barbara
3
A01
Cara Penry Williams
Penry Williams, Cara
Cara
Penry Williams
University of Melbourne
01
In contemporary Australian English <i>but</i> has progressed through a grammaticization continuum to become a “fully developed” final discourse particle. Here we document the place of Final Particle <i>but</i> in Australian English. Firstly, we make a case that it provides further evidence of the mixed origins of Australian English. Secondly, we show how prosody, turn organization, and speaker interaction indicate that Final Particle <i>but</i> marks contrastive content and is a turn-yielding discourse particle. Thirdly, we establish through survey data that its usage in Australian English differs from that in American English and that <i>but</i> as a Final Particle can be seen as a distinctive feature of Australian English. Lastly, we argue that Final Particle <i>but</i> has social meaning and can index “Australianness”.
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384
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Article
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Swearing
1
A01
Keith Allan
Allan, Keith
Keith
Allan
Monash University
2
A01
Kate Burridge
Burridge, Kate
Kate
Burridge
Monash University
01
In this chapter, we provide an account of antipodean swearing patterns, drawing on examples from existing written and spoken data banks. As part of this investigation, we consider general questions to do with swearing: what it is, why speakers do it and how swearing patterns have changed over the years. We identify four overlapping functions of swearing: the expletive, abusive, social and stylistic functions. We also consider the shift in social attitudes toward swearing and the repercussions of this for the law. Swearing has always been characterized as an earmark of Australian and New Zealand English. We conclude that it remains an important feature of these varieties, but question just how uniquely antipodean it is.
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385
398
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Article
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Epilogue
1
A01
Pam Peters
Peters, Pam
Pam
Peters
Macquarie University
10
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401
406
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Article
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Index
02
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