182014470 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code VEAW G41 GE 15 9789027287786 06 10.1075/veaw.g41 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code VEAW 02 JB code 0172-7362 02 41.00 01 02 Varieties of English Around the World Varieties of English Around the World 01 01 Varieties of English in Writing Varieties of English in Writing 1 B01 01 JB code 777090204 Raymond Hickey Hickey, Raymond Raymond Hickey University of Duisburg and Essen 01 eng 11 390 03 03 x 03 00 378 03 24 JB code LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB code LIN.GERM Germanic linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB code LIN.WRIT Writing and literacy 10 LAN009000 12 CF/2AB 01 06 02 00 Assesses fictional and non-fictional written texts as linguistic evidence for earlier forms of varieties of English. This title emphasises on the techniques and methodology which can be employed when analysing documents. 03 00 This volume is concerned with assessing fictional and non-fictional written texts as linguistic evidence for earlier forms of varieties of English. These range from Scotland to New Zealand, from Canada to South Africa, covering all the major forms of the English language around the world. Central to the volume is the question of how genuine written representations are. Here the emphasis is on the techniques and methodology which can be employed when analysing documents. The vernacular styles found in written documents and the use of these as a window on earlier spoken modes of different varieties represent a focal concern of the book. Studies of language in literature, which were offered in the past, have been revisited and their findings reassessed in the light of recent advances in variationist linguistics. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/veaw.g41.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027249012.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027249012.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/veaw.g41.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/veaw.g41.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/veaw.g41.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/veaw.g41.hb.png 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.00toc 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.00toc vii vii 1 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Preface Preface 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.02lis 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.02lis ix x 2 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 List of contributors List of contributors 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.01hic 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.01hic 1 14 14 Article 3 01 04 Linguistic evaluation of earlier texts Linguistic evaluation of earlier texts 1 A01 01 JB code 689131224 Raymond Hickey Hickey, Raymond Raymond Hickey University of Duisburg and Essen 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.02cla 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.02cla 15 42 28 Article 4 01 04 Non-standard language in earlier English Non-standard language in earlier English 1 A01 01 JB code 379131225 Claudia Claridge Claridge, Claudia Claudia Claridge University of Duisburg and Essen 2 A01 01 JB code 547131226 Merja Kytö Kytö, Merja Merja Kytö Uppsala University 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.03dur 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.03dur 43 60 18 Article 5 01 04 Assessing non-standard writing in lexicography Assessing non-standard writing in lexicography 1 A01 01 JB code 71131227 Philip Durkin Durkin, Philip Philip Durkin Oxford English Dictionary 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.04wal 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.04wal 61 80 20 Article 6 01 04 Northern English in Writing Northern English in Writing 1 A01 01 JB code 659131228 Katie Wales Wales, Katie Katie Wales University of Nottingham 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.05mel 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.05mel 81 98 18 Article 7 01 04 Southern English in writing Southern English in writing 1 A01 01 JB code 294131229 Gunnel Melchers Melchers, Gunnel Gunnel Melchers University of Stockholm 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.06mcc 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.06mcc 99 120 22 Article 8 01 04 The distinctiveness of Scots The distinctiveness of Scots 01 04 Perceptions and reality Perceptions and reality 1 A01 01 JB code 934131230 J. Derrick McClure McClure, J. Derrick J. Derrick McClure University of Aberdeen 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.07hic 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.07hic 121 138 18 Article 9 01 04 Irish English in early modern drama Irish English in early modern drama 01 04 The birth of a linguistic stereotype The birth of a linguistic stereotype 1 A01 01 JB code 526131231 Raymond Hickey Hickey, Raymond Raymond Hickey University of Duisburg and Essen 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.08mcc 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.08mcc 139 162 24 Article 10 01 04 `[H]ushed and lulled full chimes for pushed and pulled' [H]ushed and lulled full chimes for pushed and pulled 01 04 Writing Ulster English Writing Ulster English 1 A01 01 JB code 152131232 Kevin McCafferty McCafferty, Kevin Kevin McCafferty University of Bergen 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.09min 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.09min 163 196 34 Article 11 01 04 Dialect literature and English in the USA Dialect literature and English in the USA 01 04 Standardization and national linguistic identity Standardization and national linguistic identity 1 A01 01 JB code 792131233 Lisa Cohen Minnick Cohen Minnick, Lisa Lisa Cohen Minnick Western Michigan University 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.10dol 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.10dol 197 222 26 Article 12 01 04 Written sources for Canadian English Written sources for Canadian English 01 04 Phonetic reconstruction and the low-back vowel merger Phonetic reconstruction and the low-back vowel merger 1 A01 01 JB code 676131234 Stefan Dollinger Dollinger, Stefan Stefan Dollinger University of British Columbia 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.11mig 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.11mig 223 244 22 Article 13 01 04 Earlier Caribbean English and Creole in writing Earlier Caribbean English and Creole in writing 1 A01 01 JB code 246131235 Bettina Migge Migge, Bettina Bettina Migge University College Dublin 2 A01 01 JB code 410131236 Susanne Mühleisen Mühleisen, Susanne Susanne Mühleisen University of Bayreuth 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.12sch 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.12sch 245 262 18 Article 14 01 04 Earliest St Helenian English in writing Earliest St Helenian English in writing 01 04 Evidence from the St Helena Consultations (1682-1723) Evidence from the St Helena Consultations (1682–1723) 1 A01 01 JB code 62131237 Daniel Schreier Schreier, Daniel Daniel Schreier University of Zurich 2 A01 01 JB code 213131238 Laura Wright Wright, Laura Laura Wright University of Cambridge 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.13sie 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.13sie 263 294 32 Article 15 01 04 An abundant harvest to the philologer'? An abundant harvest to the philologer’? 01 04 Jeremiah Goldswain, Thomas Shone and nineteenth-century South African English Jeremiah Goldswain, Thomas Shone and nineteenth-century South African English 1 A01 01 JB code 853131239 Lucia Siebers Siebers, Lucia Lucia Siebers University of Regensburg 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.14bur 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.14bur 295 348 54 Article 16 01 04 A peculiar language' A peculiar language’ 01 04 Linguistic evidence for early Australian English Linguistic evidence for early Australian English 1 A01 01 JB code 560131240 Kate Burridge Burridge, Kate Kate Burridge Monash University 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.15gor 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.15gor 349 364 16 Article 17 01 04 Describing and complaining Describing and complaining 01 04 Written evidence of early New Zealand English pronunciation Written evidence of early New Zealand English pronunciation 1 A01 01 JB code 213131241 Elizabeth Gordon Gordon, Elizabeth Elizabeth Gordon University of Canterbury 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.18fea 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.18fea 365 366 2 Miscellaneous 18 01 04 Feature index Feature index 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.19nam 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.19nam 367 370 4 Miscellaneous 19 01 04 Name index Name index 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.20sub 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.20sub 371 378 8 Miscellaneous 20 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20101028 C 2010 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2010 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027249012 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 90.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 76.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 135.00 USD 749005972 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code VEAW G41 Hb 15 9789027249012 06 10.1075/veaw.g41 13 2010025243 00 BB 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 855 gr 10 01 JB code VEAW 02 0172-7362 02 41.00 01 02 Varieties of English Around the World Varieties of English Around the World 01 01 Varieties of English in Writing The written word as linguistic evidence Varieties of English in Writing: The written word as linguistic evidence 1 B01 01 JB code 777090204 Raymond Hickey Hickey, Raymond Raymond Hickey University of Duisburg and Essen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/777090204 01 eng 11 390 03 03 x 03 00 378 03 01 22 427.009 03 2010 PE1074.7 04 English language--Written English. 04 English language--Variation. 04 English language--Social aspects. 04 English language--History. 10 LAN009000 12 CF/2AB 24 JB code LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB code LIN.GERM Germanic linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB code LIN.WRIT Writing and literacy 01 06 02 00 Assesses fictional and non-fictional written texts as linguistic evidence for earlier forms of varieties of English. This title emphasises on the techniques and methodology which can be employed when analysing documents. 03 00 This volume is concerned with assessing fictional and non-fictional written texts as linguistic evidence for earlier forms of varieties of English. These range from Scotland to New Zealand, from Canada to South Africa, covering all the major forms of the English language around the world. Central to the volume is the question of how genuine written representations are. Here the emphasis is on the techniques and methodology which can be employed when analysing documents. The vernacular styles found in written documents and the use of these as a window on earlier spoken modes of different varieties represent a focal concern of the book. Studies of language in literature, which were offered in the past, have been revisited and their findings reassessed in the light of recent advances in variationist linguistics. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/veaw.g41.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027249012.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027249012.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/veaw.g41.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/veaw.g41.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/veaw.g41.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/veaw.g41.hb.png 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.00toc 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.00toc vii vii 1 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Preface Preface 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.02lis 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.02lis ix x 2 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 List of contributors List of contributors 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.01hic 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.01hic 1 14 14 Article 3 01 04 Linguistic evaluation of earlier texts Linguistic evaluation of earlier texts 1 A01 01 JB code 689131224 Raymond Hickey Hickey, Raymond Raymond Hickey University of Duisburg and Essen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/689131224 01 eng 30 00

Assessing non-standard texts from previous centuries of necessity involves examining the notion of ‘standard’ which existed before the present. The modern notion of standard English is an eighteenth-century development which builds on formal usage prior to that. The prescriptivism which arose at this time led to the social marginalisation of dialects and their literature. Works written in dialect or containing dialect can be examined in an attempt to reconstruct vernacular features for different regions at various times. Here the central question is how reliable are the written representations which have been handed down. There are a number of criteria for classifying and evaluating earlier texts. Rendering these explicit helps to prepare the ground for later linguistic analysis.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.02cla 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.02cla 15 42 28 Article 4 01 04 Non-standard language in earlier English Non-standard language in earlier English 1 A01 01 JB code 379131225 Claudia Claridge Claridge, Claudia Claudia Claridge University of Duisburg and Essen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/379131225 2 A01 01 JB code 547131226 Merja Kytö Kytö, Merja Merja Kytö Uppsala University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/547131226 01 eng 30 00

The concept of ‘non-standard’ remains somewhat fuzzy during the Early Modern English period. Language change and especially ongoing standardization can make it difficult to pin down an individual feature at any given time as clearly non-standard. Contemporary views of ‘good’ language, which we also discuss here, need to be taken into account and may lead to a more socially restricted idea of standard and thus a wider area of non-standard. Regionally restricted uses, both with regard to the lexicon and pronunciation, are investigated with the help of (comparing) sources like Ray’s dialect dictionary (1674) and the Corpus of English Dialogues, and shown to be relatively rare in writing. Socio-stylistic variation or evidence for non-standard forms, including lower-class, uneducated, and emotive uses (often called ‘vulgar’ or ‘low’ by contemporaries), is investigated with the help of metacomments, pauper letters and the treatment of taboo usage. Two case-studies on demonstrative them and non-standard third-person subject-verb concord show the features to be very rare in the Corpus of English Dialogues and to occur predominantly in authentic spoken contexts and with lower-ranking speakers. We argue that rarity is an indicator for non-standard status, but also that the status of these features is different from that of modern sociolinguistic markers.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.03dur 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.03dur 43 60 18 Article 5 01 04 Assessing non-standard writing in lexicography Assessing non-standard writing in lexicography 1 A01 01 JB code 71131227 Philip Durkin Durkin, Philip Philip Durkin Oxford English Dictionary 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/71131227 01 eng 30 00

In this chapter I will look at some aspects of the treatment of non-standard and regional varieties in historical dictionaries, especially the OED. I will examine closely the spelling forms found in a series of passages written by non-professional, naïve writers, and the challenges for interpretation, presentation, and labelling which such data pose for a historical dictionary. My main focus will thus be quite narrow, but I hope that this detailed approach will raise issues and challenges which resonate with those faced by other researchers in this area.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.04wal 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.04wal 61 80 20 Article 6 01 04 Northern English in Writing Northern English in Writing 1 A01 01 JB code 659131228 Katie Wales Wales, Katie Katie Wales University of Nottingham 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/659131228 01 eng 30 00

Northern English is an important variety of British English, which has tended to be neglected in textbooks on the history of English. The chapter describes Northern English from the Early Modern period (1500–1900), based on evidence from a wide range of vernacular texts and styles. The first section of the chapter gives an overview of the foundations of Northern English. The second surveys the main types of texts used as data, and discusses also issues of reliability and limitation. In the third section salient features of ‘common core’ Northern English from this period are described, and also noteworthy regional variants, on the levels of phonology, morphology, syntaxt, lexis and discourse. Degrees of resilience or recessiveness are indicated, and particular innovations. The chapter as a whole seeks to confirm the distinctiveness of Northern English north of the Humber; and more generally the richness of vernacular literature as a source of data about dialect speech, much of it as yet under-explored.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.05mel 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.05mel 81 98 18 Article 7 01 04 Southern English in writing Southern English in writing 1 A01 01 JB code 294131229 Gunnel Melchers Melchers, Gunnel Gunnel Melchers University of Stockholm 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/294131229 01 eng 30 00

This chapter deals with written evidence of regional varieties of language representing the middle and southern parts of England. ‘Southern English’ is here taken in a very wide sense, basically equivalent to ‘non-Northern’ and thus constituting a companion piece to the previous chapter. For two reasons, the chapter focuses on data from the nineteenth century: the written evidence is richer and, above all, reliable and detailed contemporary linguistic data collections and descriptions are available, notably the English Dialect Dictionary. Extensive use has also been made of data from the Survey of English Dialects. With regard to linguistic levels, special attention is given to phonological representation. Finally, the significance of genre, motivation and awareness is discussed.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.06mcc 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.06mcc 99 120 22 Article 8 01 04 The distinctiveness of Scots The distinctiveness of Scots 01 04 Perceptions and reality Perceptions and reality 1 A01 01 JB code 934131230 J. Derrick McClure McClure, J. Derrick J. Derrick McClure University of Aberdeen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/934131230 01 eng 30 00

The speech-forms in use at the extreme ends of the Anglo-Saxon dialect continuum eventually acquired the status of national languages in the kingdoms of Scotland and England; and though the Scottish form lost this status in the aftermath of the Union of the Crowns, the substantial differences which still existed between spoken Scots and English were often reflected, albeit crudely and unsystematically, in texts purporting to represent Scottish speech. Later, the differences came to be examined in a more careful and scholarly fashion. Though Scots was never a fully autonomous form, it has been recognised from at least the sixteenth century as integral to Scotland’s cultural identity.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.07hic 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.07hic 121 138 18 Article 9 01 04 Irish English in early modern drama Irish English in early modern drama 01 04 The birth of a linguistic stereotype The birth of a linguistic stereotype 1 A01 01 JB code 526131231 Raymond Hickey Hickey, Raymond Raymond Hickey University of Duisburg and Essen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/526131231 01 eng 30 00

A number of dramatic texts are scrutinised here for the linguistic analysis of Irish English in the early modern period. A broad range of different plays by authors from the late sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries are examined to determine if the non-standard spellings contained in these texts could have reflected genuine features of spoken Irish English at the time of writing. The analysis shows that some of the features which the textual record reveals have disappeared entirely while others have been confined to specific varieties in certain phonotactic environments while yet others persist in general Irish English today. The texts considered are furthermore useful when determining the earliest attestations for known features of Irish English.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.08mcc 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.08mcc 139 162 24 Article 10 01 04 `[H]ushed and lulled full chimes for pushed and pulled' [H]ushed and lulled full chimes for pushed and pulled 01 04 Writing Ulster English Writing Ulster English 1 A01 01 JB code 152131232 Kevin McCafferty McCafferty, Kevin Kevin McCafferty University of Bergen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/152131232 01 eng 30 00

The history of Northern Irish English is rather episodic because studies of written Ulster English tend to be case studies of particular writers, texts or text types, and only a small number of linguistic features have been examined. This chapter surveys work done on this variety of English based on literary and letter data, commentaries and folklore collections. There is a brief discussion of ways of systematically approaching texts and principles to be applied in studying written texts. Recent and ongoing developments using synchronic and diachronic corpora containing written texts from the region are also discussed.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.09min 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.09min 163 196 34 Article 11 01 04 Dialect literature and English in the USA Dialect literature and English in the USA 01 04 Standardization and national linguistic identity Standardization and national linguistic identity 1 A01 01 JB code 792131233 Lisa Cohen Minnick Cohen Minnick, Lisa Lisa Cohen Minnick Western Michigan University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/792131233 01 eng 30 00

This chapter analyzes the role of literary dialect in attempts to establish a distinctly American language and especially to authorize and enforce a preferred standard. The roles of gender, race, and linguistic diversity are key considerations to the analysis in light of popular nineteenth-century assumptions that conflated ideas about a preferred national language variety with developing ideologies about national identity. This chapter outlines the ways that these assumptions found voice in the national discourse, including via the deployment of literary dialect, which both documented and participated in that discourse.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.10dol 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.10dol 197 222 26 Article 12 01 04 Written sources for Canadian English Written sources for Canadian English 01 04 Phonetic reconstruction and the low-back vowel merger Phonetic reconstruction and the low-back vowel merger 1 A01 01 JB code 676131234 Stefan Dollinger Dollinger, Stefan Stefan Dollinger University of British Columbia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/676131234 01 eng 30 00

The study of Canadian English has, for the most part, relied on synchronic data and description. Via the apparent-time method and earlier linguistic studies, evidence is available for the most part of the twentieth century. This paper provides possible pathways towards examining pre-twentieth century evidence for Canadian English. Using principles of sociohistorical research, the paper offers an outline of how to make the best use of existing data by combining evidence from both literary and authentic written sources. As a test case, central focus is given to the reconstruction of a pivotal Canadian feature, the low-back vowel merger. Texts are used, in conjunction with secondary materials, such as Canadian informants in linguistic atlas data, accounts of settlement history and anecdotal evidence, to show the possibilities and limitations of written evidence in historical phonetics and phonology. As a test case, the approach, which is complemented by a rudimentary sketch of sources across the country, is intended to be easily transferrable to other linguistic levels.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.11mig 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.11mig 223 244 22 Article 13 01 04 Earlier Caribbean English and Creole in writing Earlier Caribbean English and Creole in writing 1 A01 01 JB code 246131235 Bettina Migge Migge, Bettina Bettina Migge University College Dublin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/246131235 2 A01 01 JB code 410131236 Susanne Mühleisen Mühleisen, Susanne Susanne Mühleisen University of Bayreuth 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/410131236 01 eng 30 00

In research on Creoles, historical written texts have in recent decades been fruitfully employed to shed light on the diachronic development of these languages and the nature of Creole genesis. They have so far been much less frequently used to derive social information about these communities and to improve our understanding of the sociolinguistics and stylistic structure of these languages. This paper surveys linguistic research on early written texts in the anglophone Caribbean and takes a critical look at the theories and methods employed to study these texts. It emphases the sociolinguistic value of the texts and provides some exemplary analyses of early Creole documents.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.12sch 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.12sch 245 262 18 Article 14 01 04 Earliest St Helenian English in writing Earliest St Helenian English in writing 01 04 Evidence from the St Helena Consultations (1682-1723) Evidence from the St Helena Consultations (1682–1723) 1 A01 01 JB code 62131237 Daniel Schreier Schreier, Daniel Daniel Schreier University of Zurich 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/62131237 2 A01 01 JB code 213131238 Laura Wright Wright, Laura Laura Wright University of Cambridge 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/213131238 01 eng 30 00

The early formation phase of St Helenian English saw input of a standard-like variety of English, non-standard Southern English as well as of restructured varieties of English and other languages (Portuguese, French, Malagasy). This chapter analyses some of the earliest records available, the St Helena Consultations, compiled between 1682 and 1723. It aims at documenting the presence and function of these varieties on the island and retraces their importance for the evolution of a local variety on St Helena.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.13sie 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.13sie 263 294 32 Article 15 01 04 An abundant harvest to the philologer'? An abundant harvest to the philologer’? 01 04 Jeremiah Goldswain, Thomas Shone and nineteenth-century South African English Jeremiah Goldswain, Thomas Shone and nineteenth-century South African English 1 A01 01 JB code 853131239 Lucia Siebers Siebers, Lucia Lucia Siebers University of Regensburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/853131239 01 eng 30 00

This article examines two early sources for nineteenth century South African English, Jeremiah Goldswain’s Chronicle and the Journal of Thomas Shone. Their writings provide evidence for the vernacular of the 1820s settlers and can be considered as representing different stages on the non-standard continuum due to their different social backgrounds. While Goldswain represents the prototypical semi-literate writer whose non-standard orthography offers insights into the settlers’ sociolect (e.g. /h/-dropping, hypercorrect /h/), Shone’s writing is to be found nearer to the standard end with only occasional examples of phonologically significant spellings. However, their use of non-standard grammatical features is remarkably similar. A detailed analysis of was/were variation reveals that the same linguistic constraints are in operation.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.14bur 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.14bur 295 348 54 Article 16 01 04 A peculiar language' A peculiar language’ 01 04 Linguistic evidence for early Australian English Linguistic evidence for early Australian English 1 A01 01 JB code 560131240 Kate Burridge Burridge, Kate Kate Burridge Monash University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/560131240 01 eng 30 00

In his A Letter from Sydney of 1829, Edward Wakefield described the language he encountered in the new colony as “peculiar” (in other words, it was distinctive). This paper aims at contributing to our understanding of the linguistic processes that were going on at that time, particularly the survival techniques of those features that went on to thrive in the new variety. It will draw on evidence from nineteenth century New South Wales. While no recordings of this speech are available and reliable written evidence is scarce, we are lucky to have a collection of ‘verbatim’ vernacular texts from this period (Corbyn 1854). These texts give us a rare glimpse of the linguistic input from the Englishes that were around during that decisive period, particularly with respect to the phonological level. While it is clear that a range of accent types would have always existed in the colony, we do not know much about the characteristics of these early forms, nor indeed do we know much about the manner in which they later evolved and differentiated.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.15gor 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.15gor 349 364 16 Article 17 01 04 Describing and complaining Describing and complaining 01 04 Written evidence of early New Zealand English pronunciation Written evidence of early New Zealand English pronunciation 1 A01 01 JB code 213131241 Elizabeth Gordon Gordon, Elizabeth Elizabeth Gordon University of Canterbury 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/213131241 01 eng 30 00

This chapter considers the written evidence of New Zealand pronunciation provided in 1887 by Samuel McBurney a self-taught phonetician, and the evidence from complaints about pronunciation in the early New Zealand School Inspectors’ Reports, and the literary journal The Triad. This written evidence has been compared with data of spoken New Zealand English obtained from recordings collected in the 1940s of old New Zealanders born in the 1850s–1890s. Some features present in the recordings were commented on in the written accounts; others were not commented on. This enables us to establish which features were the result of innovation, and which were conservative, and which had reached a level of public awareness at the time. The comparison of written and spoken data shows that the written reports reliably reflect the spoken data.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.18fea 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.18fea 365 366 2 Miscellaneous 18 01 04 Feature index Feature index 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.19nam 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.19nam 367 370 4 Miscellaneous 19 01 04 Name index Name index 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.20sub 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.20sub 371 378 8 Miscellaneous 20 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/veaw.g41 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20101028 C 2010 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2010 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD WORLD US CA MX 09 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 21 6 14 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 90.00 EUR 02 00 Unqualified price 02 76.00 01 Z 0 GBP GB US CA MX 01 01 JB 2 John Benjamins Publishing Company +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 21 6 14 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 135.00 USD
957008351 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code VEAW G41 Eb 15 9789027287786 06 10.1075/veaw.g41 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code VEAW 02 0172-7362 02 41.00 01 02 Varieties of English Around the World Varieties of English Around the World 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-linguistics 01 02 Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Linguistics (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-veaw 01 02 Varieties of English Around the World (vols. G1–55, T1–9,1979–2015) 05 02 VEAW (vols. G1–55, T1–9,1979–2015) 01 01 Varieties of English in Writing The written word as linguistic evidence Varieties of English in Writing: The written word as linguistic evidence 1 B01 01 JB code 777090204 Raymond Hickey Hickey, Raymond Raymond Hickey University of Duisburg and Essen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/777090204 01 eng 11 390 03 03 x 03 00 378 03 01 22 427.009 03 2010 PE1074.7 04 English language--Written English. 04 English language--Variation. 04 English language--Social aspects. 04 English language--History. 10 LAN009000 12 CF/2AB 24 JB code LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB code LIN.GERM Germanic linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 24 JB code LIN.WRIT Writing and literacy 01 06 02 00 Assesses fictional and non-fictional written texts as linguistic evidence for earlier forms of varieties of English. This title emphasises on the techniques and methodology which can be employed when analysing documents. 03 00 This volume is concerned with assessing fictional and non-fictional written texts as linguistic evidence for earlier forms of varieties of English. These range from Scotland to New Zealand, from Canada to South Africa, covering all the major forms of the English language around the world. Central to the volume is the question of how genuine written representations are. Here the emphasis is on the techniques and methodology which can be employed when analysing documents. The vernacular styles found in written documents and the use of these as a window on earlier spoken modes of different varieties represent a focal concern of the book. Studies of language in literature, which were offered in the past, have been revisited and their findings reassessed in the light of recent advances in variationist linguistics. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/veaw.g41.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027249012.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027249012.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/veaw.g41.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/veaw.g41.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/veaw.g41.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/veaw.g41.hb.png 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.00toc 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.00toc vii vii 1 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Preface Preface 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.02lis 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.02lis ix x 2 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 List of contributors List of contributors 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.01hic 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.01hic 1 14 14 Article 3 01 04 Linguistic evaluation of earlier texts Linguistic evaluation of earlier texts 1 A01 01 JB code 689131224 Raymond Hickey Hickey, Raymond Raymond Hickey University of Duisburg and Essen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/689131224 01 eng 30 00

Assessing non-standard texts from previous centuries of necessity involves examining the notion of ‘standard’ which existed before the present. The modern notion of standard English is an eighteenth-century development which builds on formal usage prior to that. The prescriptivism which arose at this time led to the social marginalisation of dialects and their literature. Works written in dialect or containing dialect can be examined in an attempt to reconstruct vernacular features for different regions at various times. Here the central question is how reliable are the written representations which have been handed down. There are a number of criteria for classifying and evaluating earlier texts. Rendering these explicit helps to prepare the ground for later linguistic analysis.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.02cla 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.02cla 15 42 28 Article 4 01 04 Non-standard language in earlier English Non-standard language in earlier English 1 A01 01 JB code 379131225 Claudia Claridge Claridge, Claudia Claudia Claridge University of Duisburg and Essen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/379131225 2 A01 01 JB code 547131226 Merja Kytö Kytö, Merja Merja Kytö Uppsala University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/547131226 01 eng 30 00

The concept of ‘non-standard’ remains somewhat fuzzy during the Early Modern English period. Language change and especially ongoing standardization can make it difficult to pin down an individual feature at any given time as clearly non-standard. Contemporary views of ‘good’ language, which we also discuss here, need to be taken into account and may lead to a more socially restricted idea of standard and thus a wider area of non-standard. Regionally restricted uses, both with regard to the lexicon and pronunciation, are investigated with the help of (comparing) sources like Ray’s dialect dictionary (1674) and the Corpus of English Dialogues, and shown to be relatively rare in writing. Socio-stylistic variation or evidence for non-standard forms, including lower-class, uneducated, and emotive uses (often called ‘vulgar’ or ‘low’ by contemporaries), is investigated with the help of metacomments, pauper letters and the treatment of taboo usage. Two case-studies on demonstrative them and non-standard third-person subject-verb concord show the features to be very rare in the Corpus of English Dialogues and to occur predominantly in authentic spoken contexts and with lower-ranking speakers. We argue that rarity is an indicator for non-standard status, but also that the status of these features is different from that of modern sociolinguistic markers.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.03dur 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.03dur 43 60 18 Article 5 01 04 Assessing non-standard writing in lexicography Assessing non-standard writing in lexicography 1 A01 01 JB code 71131227 Philip Durkin Durkin, Philip Philip Durkin Oxford English Dictionary 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/71131227 01 eng 30 00

In this chapter I will look at some aspects of the treatment of non-standard and regional varieties in historical dictionaries, especially the OED. I will examine closely the spelling forms found in a series of passages written by non-professional, naïve writers, and the challenges for interpretation, presentation, and labelling which such data pose for a historical dictionary. My main focus will thus be quite narrow, but I hope that this detailed approach will raise issues and challenges which resonate with those faced by other researchers in this area.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.04wal 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.04wal 61 80 20 Article 6 01 04 Northern English in Writing Northern English in Writing 1 A01 01 JB code 659131228 Katie Wales Wales, Katie Katie Wales University of Nottingham 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/659131228 01 eng 30 00

Northern English is an important variety of British English, which has tended to be neglected in textbooks on the history of English. The chapter describes Northern English from the Early Modern period (1500–1900), based on evidence from a wide range of vernacular texts and styles. The first section of the chapter gives an overview of the foundations of Northern English. The second surveys the main types of texts used as data, and discusses also issues of reliability and limitation. In the third section salient features of ‘common core’ Northern English from this period are described, and also noteworthy regional variants, on the levels of phonology, morphology, syntaxt, lexis and discourse. Degrees of resilience or recessiveness are indicated, and particular innovations. The chapter as a whole seeks to confirm the distinctiveness of Northern English north of the Humber; and more generally the richness of vernacular literature as a source of data about dialect speech, much of it as yet under-explored.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.05mel 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.05mel 81 98 18 Article 7 01 04 Southern English in writing Southern English in writing 1 A01 01 JB code 294131229 Gunnel Melchers Melchers, Gunnel Gunnel Melchers University of Stockholm 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/294131229 01 eng 30 00

This chapter deals with written evidence of regional varieties of language representing the middle and southern parts of England. ‘Southern English’ is here taken in a very wide sense, basically equivalent to ‘non-Northern’ and thus constituting a companion piece to the previous chapter. For two reasons, the chapter focuses on data from the nineteenth century: the written evidence is richer and, above all, reliable and detailed contemporary linguistic data collections and descriptions are available, notably the English Dialect Dictionary. Extensive use has also been made of data from the Survey of English Dialects. With regard to linguistic levels, special attention is given to phonological representation. Finally, the significance of genre, motivation and awareness is discussed.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.06mcc 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.06mcc 99 120 22 Article 8 01 04 The distinctiveness of Scots The distinctiveness of Scots 01 04 Perceptions and reality Perceptions and reality 1 A01 01 JB code 934131230 J. Derrick McClure McClure, J. Derrick J. Derrick McClure University of Aberdeen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/934131230 01 eng 30 00

The speech-forms in use at the extreme ends of the Anglo-Saxon dialect continuum eventually acquired the status of national languages in the kingdoms of Scotland and England; and though the Scottish form lost this status in the aftermath of the Union of the Crowns, the substantial differences which still existed between spoken Scots and English were often reflected, albeit crudely and unsystematically, in texts purporting to represent Scottish speech. Later, the differences came to be examined in a more careful and scholarly fashion. Though Scots was never a fully autonomous form, it has been recognised from at least the sixteenth century as integral to Scotland’s cultural identity.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.07hic 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.07hic 121 138 18 Article 9 01 04 Irish English in early modern drama Irish English in early modern drama 01 04 The birth of a linguistic stereotype The birth of a linguistic stereotype 1 A01 01 JB code 526131231 Raymond Hickey Hickey, Raymond Raymond Hickey University of Duisburg and Essen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/526131231 01 eng 30 00

A number of dramatic texts are scrutinised here for the linguistic analysis of Irish English in the early modern period. A broad range of different plays by authors from the late sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries are examined to determine if the non-standard spellings contained in these texts could have reflected genuine features of spoken Irish English at the time of writing. The analysis shows that some of the features which the textual record reveals have disappeared entirely while others have been confined to specific varieties in certain phonotactic environments while yet others persist in general Irish English today. The texts considered are furthermore useful when determining the earliest attestations for known features of Irish English.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.08mcc 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.08mcc 139 162 24 Article 10 01 04 `[H]ushed and lulled full chimes for pushed and pulled' [H]ushed and lulled full chimes for pushed and pulled 01 04 Writing Ulster English Writing Ulster English 1 A01 01 JB code 152131232 Kevin McCafferty McCafferty, Kevin Kevin McCafferty University of Bergen 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/152131232 01 eng 30 00

The history of Northern Irish English is rather episodic because studies of written Ulster English tend to be case studies of particular writers, texts or text types, and only a small number of linguistic features have been examined. This chapter surveys work done on this variety of English based on literary and letter data, commentaries and folklore collections. There is a brief discussion of ways of systematically approaching texts and principles to be applied in studying written texts. Recent and ongoing developments using synchronic and diachronic corpora containing written texts from the region are also discussed.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.09min 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.09min 163 196 34 Article 11 01 04 Dialect literature and English in the USA Dialect literature and English in the USA 01 04 Standardization and national linguistic identity Standardization and national linguistic identity 1 A01 01 JB code 792131233 Lisa Cohen Minnick Cohen Minnick, Lisa Lisa Cohen Minnick Western Michigan University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/792131233 01 eng 30 00

This chapter analyzes the role of literary dialect in attempts to establish a distinctly American language and especially to authorize and enforce a preferred standard. The roles of gender, race, and linguistic diversity are key considerations to the analysis in light of popular nineteenth-century assumptions that conflated ideas about a preferred national language variety with developing ideologies about national identity. This chapter outlines the ways that these assumptions found voice in the national discourse, including via the deployment of literary dialect, which both documented and participated in that discourse.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.10dol 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.10dol 197 222 26 Article 12 01 04 Written sources for Canadian English Written sources for Canadian English 01 04 Phonetic reconstruction and the low-back vowel merger Phonetic reconstruction and the low-back vowel merger 1 A01 01 JB code 676131234 Stefan Dollinger Dollinger, Stefan Stefan Dollinger University of British Columbia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/676131234 01 eng 30 00

The study of Canadian English has, for the most part, relied on synchronic data and description. Via the apparent-time method and earlier linguistic studies, evidence is available for the most part of the twentieth century. This paper provides possible pathways towards examining pre-twentieth century evidence for Canadian English. Using principles of sociohistorical research, the paper offers an outline of how to make the best use of existing data by combining evidence from both literary and authentic written sources. As a test case, central focus is given to the reconstruction of a pivotal Canadian feature, the low-back vowel merger. Texts are used, in conjunction with secondary materials, such as Canadian informants in linguistic atlas data, accounts of settlement history and anecdotal evidence, to show the possibilities and limitations of written evidence in historical phonetics and phonology. As a test case, the approach, which is complemented by a rudimentary sketch of sources across the country, is intended to be easily transferrable to other linguistic levels.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.11mig 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.11mig 223 244 22 Article 13 01 04 Earlier Caribbean English and Creole in writing Earlier Caribbean English and Creole in writing 1 A01 01 JB code 246131235 Bettina Migge Migge, Bettina Bettina Migge University College Dublin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/246131235 2 A01 01 JB code 410131236 Susanne Mühleisen Mühleisen, Susanne Susanne Mühleisen University of Bayreuth 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/410131236 01 eng 30 00

In research on Creoles, historical written texts have in recent decades been fruitfully employed to shed light on the diachronic development of these languages and the nature of Creole genesis. They have so far been much less frequently used to derive social information about these communities and to improve our understanding of the sociolinguistics and stylistic structure of these languages. This paper surveys linguistic research on early written texts in the anglophone Caribbean and takes a critical look at the theories and methods employed to study these texts. It emphases the sociolinguistic value of the texts and provides some exemplary analyses of early Creole documents.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.12sch 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.12sch 245 262 18 Article 14 01 04 Earliest St Helenian English in writing Earliest St Helenian English in writing 01 04 Evidence from the St Helena Consultations (1682-1723) Evidence from the St Helena Consultations (1682–1723) 1 A01 01 JB code 62131237 Daniel Schreier Schreier, Daniel Daniel Schreier University of Zurich 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/62131237 2 A01 01 JB code 213131238 Laura Wright Wright, Laura Laura Wright University of Cambridge 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/213131238 01 eng 30 00

The early formation phase of St Helenian English saw input of a standard-like variety of English, non-standard Southern English as well as of restructured varieties of English and other languages (Portuguese, French, Malagasy). This chapter analyses some of the earliest records available, the St Helena Consultations, compiled between 1682 and 1723. It aims at documenting the presence and function of these varieties on the island and retraces their importance for the evolution of a local variety on St Helena.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.13sie 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.13sie 263 294 32 Article 15 01 04 An abundant harvest to the philologer'? An abundant harvest to the philologer’? 01 04 Jeremiah Goldswain, Thomas Shone and nineteenth-century South African English Jeremiah Goldswain, Thomas Shone and nineteenth-century South African English 1 A01 01 JB code 853131239 Lucia Siebers Siebers, Lucia Lucia Siebers University of Regensburg 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/853131239 01 eng 30 00

This article examines two early sources for nineteenth century South African English, Jeremiah Goldswain’s Chronicle and the Journal of Thomas Shone. Their writings provide evidence for the vernacular of the 1820s settlers and can be considered as representing different stages on the non-standard continuum due to their different social backgrounds. While Goldswain represents the prototypical semi-literate writer whose non-standard orthography offers insights into the settlers’ sociolect (e.g. /h/-dropping, hypercorrect /h/), Shone’s writing is to be found nearer to the standard end with only occasional examples of phonologically significant spellings. However, their use of non-standard grammatical features is remarkably similar. A detailed analysis of was/were variation reveals that the same linguistic constraints are in operation.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.14bur 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.14bur 295 348 54 Article 16 01 04 A peculiar language' A peculiar language’ 01 04 Linguistic evidence for early Australian English Linguistic evidence for early Australian English 1 A01 01 JB code 560131240 Kate Burridge Burridge, Kate Kate Burridge Monash University 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/560131240 01 eng 30 00

In his A Letter from Sydney of 1829, Edward Wakefield described the language he encountered in the new colony as “peculiar” (in other words, it was distinctive). This paper aims at contributing to our understanding of the linguistic processes that were going on at that time, particularly the survival techniques of those features that went on to thrive in the new variety. It will draw on evidence from nineteenth century New South Wales. While no recordings of this speech are available and reliable written evidence is scarce, we are lucky to have a collection of ‘verbatim’ vernacular texts from this period (Corbyn 1854). These texts give us a rare glimpse of the linguistic input from the Englishes that were around during that decisive period, particularly with respect to the phonological level. While it is clear that a range of accent types would have always existed in the colony, we do not know much about the characteristics of these early forms, nor indeed do we know much about the manner in which they later evolved and differentiated.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.15gor 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.15gor 349 364 16 Article 17 01 04 Describing and complaining Describing and complaining 01 04 Written evidence of early New Zealand English pronunciation Written evidence of early New Zealand English pronunciation 1 A01 01 JB code 213131241 Elizabeth Gordon Gordon, Elizabeth Elizabeth Gordon University of Canterbury 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/213131241 01 eng 30 00

This chapter considers the written evidence of New Zealand pronunciation provided in 1887 by Samuel McBurney a self-taught phonetician, and the evidence from complaints about pronunciation in the early New Zealand School Inspectors’ Reports, and the literary journal The Triad. This written evidence has been compared with data of spoken New Zealand English obtained from recordings collected in the 1940s of old New Zealanders born in the 1850s–1890s. Some features present in the recordings were commented on in the written accounts; others were not commented on. This enables us to establish which features were the result of innovation, and which were conservative, and which had reached a level of public awareness at the time. The comparison of written and spoken data shows that the written reports reliably reflect the spoken data.

01 01 JB code veaw.g41.18fea 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.18fea 365 366 2 Miscellaneous 18 01 04 Feature index Feature index 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.19nam 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.19nam 367 370 4 Miscellaneous 19 01 04 Name index Name index 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g41.20sub 06 10.1075/veaw.g41.20sub 371 378 8 Miscellaneous 20 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/veaw.g41 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20101028 C 2010 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2010 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027249012 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027287786 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 90.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 76.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 135.00 USD