475014588 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code VEAW G42 GE 15 9789027281838 06 10.1075/veaw.g42 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code VEAW 02 JB code 0172-7362 02 42.00 01 02 Varieties of English Around the World Varieties of English Around the World 01 01 English in Southeast Asia English in Southeast Asia 1 B01 01 JB code 781114957 Ee-Ling Low Low, Ee-Ling Ee-Ling Low Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 2 B01 01 JB code 86114981 Azirah Hashim Hashim, Azirah Azirah Hashim University of Malaya, Malaysia 01 eng 11 408 03 03 xiv 03 00 394 03 24 JB code LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB code LIN.GERM Germanic linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 10 LAN009000 12 CF/2AB 01 06 02 00 Provides a systematic and comprehensive account of English in Southeast Asia (SEA) based on research by leading scholars in the field. The volume provides a systematic account of the linguistic features across all sub-varieties found within each country. It also includes an extensive bibliography of works on English in SEA. 03 00 This volume provides a first systematic, comprehensive account of English in Southeast Asia (SEA) based on current research by leading scholars in the field. The volume first provides a systematic account of the linguistic features across all sub-varieties found within each country. It also has a section dedicated to the historical context and language planning policies to provide a background to understanding the development of the linguistic features covered in Part I and, finally, the vibrancy of the sociolinguistic and pragmatic realities that govern actual language in use in a wide variety of domains such as the law, education, popular culture, electronic media and actual pragmatic encounters are also given due coverage. This volume also includes an extensive bibliography of works on English in SEA, thus providing a useful and valuable resource for language researchers, linguists, classroom educators, policy makers and anyone interested in the topic of English in SEA or World Englishes as a whole. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/veaw.g42.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027249029.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027249029.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/veaw.g42.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/veaw.g42.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/veaw.g42.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/veaw.g42.hb.png 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.01ack 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.01ack ix x 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.02abb 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.02abb xi xiv 4 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 Abbreviations Abbreviations 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.03int 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.03int 1 12 12 Article 3 01 04 Introduction Introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 676157013 Ee-Ling Low Low, Ee-Ling Ee-Ling Low National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 2 A01 01 JB code 165157014 Azirah Hashim Hashim, Azirah Azirah Hashim University of Malaya, Malaysia 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.04kir 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.04kir 13 32 20 Chapter 4 01 04 Chapter 1. Theoretical issues Chapter 1. Theoretical issues 1 A01 01 JB code 792157015 Andy Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick, Andy Andy Kirkpatrick Griffith University, Australia 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.05pa1 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.05pa1 Section header 5 01 04 Part I. Features Part I. Features 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.06low 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.06low 35 54 20 Chapter 6 01 04 Chapter 2. Singapore English Chapter 2. Singapore English 1 A01 01 JB code 642157016 Ee-Ling Low Low, Ee-Ling Ee-Ling Low National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.07has 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.07has 55 74 20 Chapter 7 01 04 Chapter 3. Malaysian English Chapter 3. Malaysian English 1 A01 01 JB code 268157017 Azirah Hashim Hashim, Azirah Azirah Hashim University of Malaya, Malaysia 2 A01 01 JB code 637157018 Rachel Siew Kuang Tan Tan, Rachel Siew Kuang Rachel Siew Kuang Tan University of Malaya, Malaysia 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.08mcl 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.08mcl 75 90 16 Chapter 8 01 04 Chapter 4. Brunei English Chapter 4. Brunei English 1 A01 01 JB code 135157019 James McLellan McLellan, James James McLellan The University of Waikato, New Zealand 2 A01 01 JB code 724157020 Noor Azam Haji-Othman Haji-Othman, Noor Azam Noor Azam Haji-Othman Universiti Brunei cDrussalam, Brunei 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.09day 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.09day 91 100 10 Chapter 9 01 04 Chapter 5. Philippine English Chapter 5. Philippine English 1 A01 01 JB code 362157021 Danilo Dayag Dayag, Danilo Danilo Dayag De La Salle University, The Philippines 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.10tra 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.10tra 101 112 12 Chapter 10 01 04 Chapter 6. Thai English Chapter 6. Thai English 1 A01 01 JB code 573157022 Wannapa Trakulkasemsuk Trakulkasemsuk, Wannapa Wannapa Trakulkasemsuk Chulalongkorn University, Thailand 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.11hun 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.11hun 113 134 22 Chapter 11 01 04 Chapter 7. Hong Kong English Chapter 7. Hong Kong English 1 A01 01 JB code 165157023 Tony T.N. Hung Hung, Tony T.N. Tony T.N. Hung Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.12pa2 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.12pa2 Section header 12 01 04 Part II. Policy (Historical context & language planning) Part II. Policy (Historical context & language planning) 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.13als 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.13als 137 154 18 Chapter 13 01 04 Chapter 8. The development of English in Singapore Chapter 8. The development of English in Singapore 01 04 Language policy and planning in nation building Language policy and planning in nation building 1 A01 01 JB code 393157024 Lubna Alsagoff Alsagoff, Lubna Lubna Alsagoff National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.14oma 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.14oma 155 174 20 Chapter 14 01 04 Chapter 9. Pragmatics of maintaining English in Malaysia's education system Chapter 9. Pragmatics of maintaining English in Malaysia’s education system 1 A01 01 JB code 135157025 Asmah Haji Omar Haji Omar, Asmah Asmah Haji Omar University of Malaya, Malaysia 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.15jon 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.15jon 175 188 14 Chapter 15 01 04 Chapter 10. Language planning in its historical context in Brunei Darussalam Chapter 10. Language planning in its historical context in Brunei Darussalam 1 A01 01 JB code 595157026 Gary M. Jones Jones, Gary M. Gary M. Jones Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.16mar 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.16mar 189 206 18 Chapter 16 01 04 Chapter 11. Diffusion and directions Chapter 11. Diffusion and directions 01 04 English language policy in the Philippines English language policy in the Philippines 1 A01 01 JB code 840157027 Isabel Pefianco Martin Pefianco Martin, Isabel Isabel Pefianco Martin Ateneo de Manila University, The Philippines 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.17dar 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.17dar 207 220 14 Chapter 17 01 04 Chapter 12. The effect of policy on English language teaching at secondary schools in Thailand Chapter 12. The effect of policy on English language teaching at secondary schools in Thailand 1 A01 01 JB code 2157028 Pornapit Darasawang Darasawang, Pornapit Pornapit Darasawang King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Thailand 2 A01 01 JB code 444157029 Richard Watson Todd Watson Todd, Richard Richard Watson Todd King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Thailand 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.18bol 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.18bol 221 238 18 Chapter 18 01 04 Chapter 13. Language policy and planning in Hong Kong Chapter 13. Language policy and planning in Hong Kong 01 04 The historical context and current realities The historical context and current realities 1 A01 01 JB code 165157030 Kingsley Bolton Bolton, Kingsley Kingsley Bolton City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.19pa3 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.19pa3 Section header 19 01 04 Part III. Language in use Part III. Language in use 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.20pow 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.20pow 241 266 26 Chapter 20 01 04 Chapter 14. English in Southeast Asian law Chapter 14. English in Southeast Asian law 1 A01 01 JB code 49157031 Richard Powell Powell, Richard Richard Powell Nihon University, Japan 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.21mcl 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.21mcl 267 288 22 Chapter 21 01 04 Chapter 15. The view from below Chapter 15. The view from below 01 04 Code-switching and the influence of "substrate" languages in the development of Southeast Asian Englishes Code-switching and the influence of “substrate” languages in the development of Southeast Asian Englishes 1 A01 01 JB code 87157032 James McLellan McLellan, James James McLellan The University of Waikato, New Zealand 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.22dan 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.22dan 289 306 18 Chapter 22 01 04 Chapter 16. Curriculum and world Englishes Chapter 16. Curriculum and world Englishes 01 04 Additive language learning as SLA Paradigm Additive language learning as SLA Paradigm 1 A01 01 JB code 775157033 James D'Angelo D'Angelo, James James D'Angelo Chukyo University, Japan 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.23moo 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.23moo 307 324 18 Chapter 23 01 04 Chapter 17. English in Southeast Asian pop culture Chapter 17. English in Southeast Asian pop culture 1 A01 01 JB code 840157034 Andrew Moody Moody, Andrew Andrew Moody University of Macau, Macau SAR, China 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.24has 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.24has 325 342 18 Chapter 24 01 04 Chapter 18. Language use in the construction of interpersonal relationships Chapter 18. Language use in the construction of interpersonal relationships 01 04 Electronic English in Malaysia Electronic English in Malaysia 1 A01 01 JB code 676157035 Norizah Hassan Hassan, Norizah Norizah Hassan University of Malaya, Malaysia 2 A01 01 JB code 104157036 Azirah Hashim Hashim, Azirah Azirah Hashim University of Malaya, Malaysia 3 A01 01 JB code 737157037 Adriana Sufun Phillip Phillip, Adriana Sufun Adriana Sufun Phillip University of Malaya, Malaysia 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.25lim 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.25lim 343 354 12 Chapter 25 01 04 Chapter 19. Transfers of politeness strategies Chapter 19. Transfers of politeness strategies 01 04 Some preliminary findings Some preliminary findings 1 A01 01 JB code 512157038 Beng Soon Lim Lim, Beng Soon Beng Soon Lim SIM University, Singapore 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.26pa4 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.26pa4 Section header 26 01 04 Part IV. Bibliography Part IV. Bibliography 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.27low 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.27low 357 382 26 Chapter 27 01 04 Chapter 20. Works on English in Southeast Asia Chapter 20. Works on English in Southeast Asia 1 A01 01 JB code 526157039 Ee-Ling Low Low, Ee-Ling Ee-Ling Low National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, cSingapore 2 A01 01 JB code 886157040 Azirah Hashim Hashim, Azirah Azirah Hashim University of Malaya, Malaysia 3 A01 01 JB code 87157041 Ao Ran Ran, Ao Ao Ran National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, cSingapore 4 A01 01 JB code 431157042 Adriana Sufun Phillip Phillip, Adriana Sufun Adriana Sufun Phillip University of Malaya, Malaysia 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.28aut 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.28aut 383 388 6 Miscellaneous 28 01 04 Author index Author index 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.29sub 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.29sub 389 394 6 Miscellaneous 29 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20120124 C 2012 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2012 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027249029 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 95.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 80.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 143.00 USD 798008187 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code VEAW G42 Hb 15 9789027249029 06 10.1075/veaw.g42 13 2011038485 00 BB 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 870 gr 10 01 JB code VEAW 02 0172-7362 02 42.00 01 02 Varieties of English Around the World Varieties of English Around the World 01 01 English in Southeast Asia Features, policy and language in use English in Southeast Asia: Features, policy and language in use 1 B01 01 JB code 781114957 Ee-Ling Low Low, Ee-Ling Ee-Ling Low Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/781114957 2 B01 01 JB code 86114981 Azirah Hashim Hashim, Azirah Azirah Hashim University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/86114981 01 eng 11 408 03 03 xiv 03 00 394 03 01 23 427/.959 03 2012 PE3502.A83 04 English language--Variation--Southeast Asia. 04 Language policy--Southeast Asia. 04 Language planning--Southeast Asia. 10 LAN009000 12 CF/2AB 24 JB code LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB code LIN.GERM Germanic linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 01 06 02 00 Provides a systematic and comprehensive account of English in Southeast Asia (SEA) based on research by leading scholars in the field. The volume provides a systematic account of the linguistic features across all sub-varieties found within each country. It also includes an extensive bibliography of works on English in SEA. 03 00 This volume provides a first systematic, comprehensive account of English in Southeast Asia (SEA) based on current research by leading scholars in the field. The volume first provides a systematic account of the linguistic features across all sub-varieties found within each country. It also has a section dedicated to the historical context and language planning policies to provide a background to understanding the development of the linguistic features covered in Part I and, finally, the vibrancy of the sociolinguistic and pragmatic realities that govern actual language in use in a wide variety of domains such as the law, education, popular culture, electronic media and actual pragmatic encounters are also given due coverage. This volume also includes an extensive bibliography of works on English in SEA, thus providing a useful and valuable resource for language researchers, linguists, classroom educators, policy makers and anyone interested in the topic of English in SEA or World Englishes as a whole. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/veaw.g42.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027249029.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027249029.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/veaw.g42.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/veaw.g42.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/veaw.g42.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/veaw.g42.hb.png 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.01ack 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.01ack ix x 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.02abb 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.02abb xi xiv 4 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 Abbreviations Abbreviations 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.03int 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.03int 1 12 12 Article 3 01 04 Introduction Introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 676157013 Ee-Ling Low Low, Ee-Ling Ee-Ling Low National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/676157013 2 A01 01 JB code 165157014 Azirah Hashim Hashim, Azirah Azirah Hashim University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/165157014 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.04kir 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.04kir 13 32 20 Chapter 4 01 04 Chapter 1. Theoretical issues Chapter 1. Theoretical issues 1 A01 01 JB code 792157015 Andy Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick, Andy Andy Kirkpatrick Griffith University, Australia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/792157015 01 eng 03 00

The chapter begins with a discussion of the linguistic and sociolinguistic motivations that lead to the creation of distinctive linguistic features in new varieties of English. This will include a review of issues connected with language contact, nativisation and the nature of code-mixing. The second part of the chapter will focus on the major issues confronting regional language policy makers associated with the teaching and learning of different languages for different needs. A consideration of the continuing use of local languages given the domain spread of English and regional lingua francas, including the increasingly important Putonghua, concludes the chapter.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.05pa1 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.05pa1 Section header 5 01 04 Part I. Features Part I. Features 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.06low 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.06low 35 54 20 Chapter 6 01 04 Chapter 2. Singapore English Chapter 2. Singapore English 1 A01 01 JB code 642157016 Ee-Ling Low Low, Ee-Ling Ee-Ling Low National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/642157016 01 eng 03 00

This chapter first provides a broad historical overview about how English came to be used in Singapore and landmark language policies are also mentioned to provide an understanding about the status and roles that English has attained in the country. Next, a discussion of the main models for language variation in Singapore (Standard and Colloquial Singapore English) is included. The phonetic/phonological description of English in Singapore takes into account the acoustic research work done to substantiate earlier impressionistic descriptions. Wells’ (1982) lexical word sets are used to provide a standard means of comparing the realization of vowels across the different varieties covered in this volume. The grammatical and lexical description draws on work done by Lim (2004) and Deterding (2007).

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.07has 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.07has 55 74 20 Chapter 7 01 04 Chapter 3. Malaysian English Chapter 3. Malaysian English 1 A01 01 JB code 268157017 Azirah Hashim Hashim, Azirah Azirah Hashim University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/268157017 2 A01 01 JB code 637157018 Rachel Siew Kuang Tan Tan, Rachel Siew Kuang Rachel Siew Kuang Tan University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/637157018 01 eng 03 00

This chapter provides an overview of the status of Malaysian English (MalE) and discusses the phonological, grammatical and lexical features of this variety. It begins by giving the socio-historical and socio-political context in which this variety is found, illustrating the cultural diversity of and regional differences in the country. Features of pronunciation, grammar and lexis are described and exemplified. This is done firstly by providing a description of the vowels, consonants and suprasegmental features found. Secondly, structural nativization at the grammatical level is discussed focussing on noun phrase structure and verb phrase structure. Thirdly, lexis in MalE is highlighted and categorised according to whether they are globally known or locally known, used formally of informally, their ethnic origin as well as their currency.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.08mcl 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.08mcl 75 90 16 Chapter 8 01 04 Chapter 4. Brunei English Chapter 4. Brunei English 1 A01 01 JB code 135157019 James McLellan McLellan, James James McLellan The University of Waikato, New Zealand 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/135157019 2 A01 01 JB code 724157020 Noor Azam Haji-Othman Haji-Othman, Noor Azam Noor Azam Haji-Othman Universiti Brunei cDrussalam, Brunei 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/724157020 01 eng 03 00

This chapter offers a partial synchronic description of some features of Brunei English. This variety can be distinguished from closely-related Englishes in neighbouring Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines through the study of the linguistic ecosystem that prevails in Negara Brunei Darussalam. The distinctiveness of the major in-group code choice of Bruneians, Brunei Malay, from other Malay varieties, is especially salient. Discussion of phonological features draws on recent work by Salbrina Haji Sharbawi (2006, 2009), and on earlier studies by Mossop (1996a, 1996b). The description of the syntax and morphology of Brunei English refers to the work of Cane (1994, 1996), whilst lexical and discoursal features are discussed with reference to work done separately and collaboratively by the authors.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.09day 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.09day 91 100 10 Chapter 9 01 04 Chapter 5. Philippine English Chapter 5. Philippine English 1 A01 01 JB code 362157021 Danilo Dayag Dayag, Danilo Danilo Dayag De La Salle University, The Philippines 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/362157021 01 eng 03 00

Philippine English is a legitimate nativized variety of English. It is the language used by Filipinos in controlling domains such as science and technology, the judiciary, the legislature, bureaucracy, higher education, scholarly discourse, and the like. While it shares some of the linguistic properties ascribed to other varieties of English, especially those used in Asia, it has features that are unique to it. Based on findings of previous empirical studies, this chapter aims to describe the core linguistic features of Philippine English at the phonological (segmental and suprasegmental), lexical, grammatical and discourse levels. It also touches on the international intelligibility of the spoken register of this variety.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.10tra 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.10tra 101 112 12 Chapter 10 01 04 Chapter 6. Thai English Chapter 6. Thai English 1 A01 01 JB code 573157022 Wannapa Trakulkasemsuk Trakulkasemsuk, Wannapa Wannapa Trakulkasemsuk Chulalongkorn University, Thailand 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/573157022 01 eng 03 00

This chapter aims to provide information about Thai English, an English in the Expanding Circle, as a possible emerging variety of world Englishes. Firstly, an overview of English which is a foreign language in Thailand is provided in terms of its use, users, and its influential status. Secondly, distinctive features of Thai English are presented. Finally, a conclusion on how Thai English can be viewed as a new variety of world Englishes is drawn.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.11hun 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.11hun 113 134 22 Chapter 11 01 04 Chapter 7. Hong Kong English Chapter 7. Hong Kong English 1 A01 01 JB code 165157023 Tony T.N. Hung Hung, Tony T.N. Tony T.N. Hung Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/165157023 01 eng 03 00

The status of Hong Kong English (henceforth HKE) as a ‘variety’ is still open to question, between a ‘nascent’ variety of English and a fully-fledged one. The phonology of HKE exhibits a smaller set of vowel and consonant contrasts than native varieties and other notable features include: initial [l]~[n] alternation (as in no~low), reduction of diphthongs before a [+stop] (take, joke, town), etc. Suprasegmental features of HKE include syllable-timed rhythm, distinctive stress patterns and absence of vowel reduction. Lexically, HKE includes novel expressions and grammatical structures often influenced by Cantonese.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.12pa2 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.12pa2 Section header 12 01 04 Part II. Policy (Historical context & language planning) Part II. Policy (Historical context & language planning) 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.13als 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.13als 137 154 18 Chapter 13 01 04 Chapter 8. The development of English in Singapore Chapter 8. The development of English in Singapore 01 04 Language policy and planning in nation building Language policy and planning in nation building 1 A01 01 JB code 393157024 Lubna Alsagoff Alsagoff, Lubna Lubna Alsagoff National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/393157024 01 eng 03 00

Drawing on seminal works in the literature (e.g. Foley et al. 1998; Gupta 1994; Platt & Weber 1980), this chapter presents a historical account of the sociolinguistic landscape of Singapore from the time of post-British colonial rule to the present day. It examines how English use in Singapore has undergone rapid change because of the speed at which Singapore has developed as a nation (Lim & Foley 2004), and the way in which globalization has accentuated the duality of roles of English, as a local bridge language and as a “cash language”. Such development is examined against the background of national language policies enforced through the education system to serve Singapore’s political agenda and economic interest, but which marginalizes the cultural role of English as a local language.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.14oma 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.14oma 155 174 20 Chapter 14 01 04 Chapter 9. Pragmatics of maintaining English in Malaysia's education system Chapter 9. Pragmatics of maintaining English in Malaysia’s education system 1 A01 01 JB code 135157025 Asmah Haji Omar Haji Omar, Asmah Asmah Haji Omar University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/135157025 01 eng 03 00

The Malaysian government’s ruling that Malaysian schools use English as the medium for teaching Science and Mathematics (henceforth TSME) starting January 2003 had engendered various reactions (the switch back to Malay took place in 2010). These reactions, supportive or otherwise, cut across the boundaries of the racial groups: Malays, Chinese and Indians. After independence, English schools became national schools, using Malay as the medium of instruction, with English as a compulsory language, even for the Chinese and Tamil schools. Malay opposition to TSME in English has a nationalistic and historical basis. Chinese opposition finds a basis in cognitive concerns while the Indians seem to be neutral for various reasons. This chapter discusses the perception of TSME in English among Malaysians in the light of national language policy and planning and the government’s intent in achieving Vision 2020.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.15jon 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.15jon 175 188 14 Chapter 15 01 04 Chapter 10. Language planning in its historical context in Brunei Darussalam Chapter 10. Language planning in its historical context in Brunei Darussalam 1 A01 01 JB code 595157026 Gary M. Jones Jones, Gary M. Gary M. Jones Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/595157026 01 eng 03 00

Although Brunei is one of the oldest established states in Southeast Asia, education planning and language planning in particular are recent phenomena. Basic formal education, limited to a small number of boys only, was introduced in 1912 while language planning was only vaguely described in the 1950s and then formally as a language-in-education plan in 1984. This chapter analyses present language planning in relation to its historical context. In particular, it examines why two non-Bruneian languages, Standard Malay and English, emerged as the current mediums of education in the country’s schools. Brunei’s geography, its recent history and current economic and political events all contribute to the present status of language planning in Brunei.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.16mar 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.16mar 189 206 18 Chapter 16 01 04 Chapter 11. Diffusion and directions Chapter 11. Diffusion and directions 01 04 English language policy in the Philippines English language policy in the Philippines 1 A01 01 JB code 840157027 Isabel Pefianco Martin Pefianco Martin, Isabel Isabel Pefianco Martin Ateneo de Manila University, The Philippines 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/840157027 01 eng 03 00

This chapter presents the English language from the viewpoint of language policy. English was first introduced to the Filipinos through the American public school system and, for half a century, the language was systematically promoted as a civilizing tool. Today, beliefs and attitudes about English, as well as the various ways in which the language is used, may be traced to the Filipino experience of American colonial education. A brief survey of the English language policy situation in the Philippines from the American colonial period to contemporary times reveals diffusions in language policy formulation. Such diffusion has resulted in conflicting policies and practices that marginalize Philippine languages and contribute to the further deterioration of education among Filipino children.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.17dar 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.17dar 207 220 14 Chapter 17 01 04 Chapter 12. The effect of policy on English language teaching at secondary schools in Thailand Chapter 12. The effect of policy on English language teaching at secondary schools in Thailand 1 A01 01 JB code 2157028 Pornapit Darasawang Darasawang, Pornapit Pornapit Darasawang King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Thailand 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/2157028 2 A01 01 JB code 444157029 Richard Watson Todd Watson Todd, Richard Richard Watson Todd King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Thailand 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/444157029 01 eng 03 00

In Thailand, education is the main area in which language policy is enacted, and this chapter investigates foreign language policy and practice, especially concerning English, in an attempt to shed light on language policy. We identify seven sources of English language education policy, namely, the National Education Act, national education standards, Ministry of Education recommended textbooks, isolated Ministry of Education initiatives, demand-driven changes in the types of schools, test washback, and decentralised decision making. We show that these sources present conflicting versions of language policy. To examine how the policies are implemented in practice, we interviewed principals and teachers at four representative government secondary schools. The findings show awareness of the various policies but a great diversity in how they are implemented.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.18bol 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.18bol 221 238 18 Chapter 18 01 04 Chapter 13. Language policy and planning in Hong Kong Chapter 13. Language policy and planning in Hong Kong 01 04 The historical context and current realities The historical context and current realities 1 A01 01 JB code 165157030 Kingsley Bolton Bolton, Kingsley Kingsley Bolton City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/165157030 01 eng 03 00

Until 1974, Chinese had no de jure status as an official language of Hong Kong where the colonial government had often claimed to favour a laissez-faire approach to language planning. In the run-up to the resumption of Chinese sovereignty throughout the 1990s, official policy became more interventionist. From 1995, the stated policy of the government has been to promote a “biliterate” and “trilingual” society, and the use of Chinese as a medium of instruction in schools. Immediately after the change in sovereignty, Putonghua became a compulsory school subject. This chapter examines the issue of language planning and policies both from a historical perspective and through a consideration of current policies and practice across the domains of government, law and education in Hong Kong.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.19pa3 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.19pa3 Section header 19 01 04 Part III. Language in use Part III. Language in use 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.20pow 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.20pow 241 266 26 Chapter 20 01 04 Chapter 14. English in Southeast Asian law Chapter 14. English in Southeast Asian law 1 A01 01 JB code 49157031 Richard Powell Powell, Richard Richard Powell Nihon University, Japan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/49157031 01 eng 03 00

To a large extent, the importance of English in a given Southeast Asian legal system reflects the extent to which the polity in which it is situated is perceived as an ESL rather than an EFL society. Thus Singapore, Malaysia, Myanmar and Hong Kong SAR, which were British colonies, Brunei, a former British protectorate, and the Philippines, a former American colony, have all evolved into societies in which an influential section of the population uses English in a variety of local domains and above all in the legal one. Conversely, polities once colonised by non-anglophone countries (Indonesia, Cambodia, Vietnam and Macao SAR) and those that avoided colonisation altogether (Thailand) have legal systems in which English plays a minor role at best.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.21mcl 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.21mcl 267 288 22 Chapter 21 01 04 Chapter 15. The view from below Chapter 15. The view from below 01 04 Code-switching and the influence of "substrate" languages in the development of Southeast Asian Englishes Code-switching and the influence of “substrate” languages in the development of Southeast Asian Englishes 1 A01 01 JB code 87157032 James McLellan McLellan, James James McLellan The University of Waikato, New Zealand 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/87157032 01 eng 03 00

This chapter takes a synchronic approach to the investigation of influences of other languages on Malaysian, Singapore, Philippine and Brunei English. Whilst it would be naïve to describe all features as simply the result of transfer from other languages, it is important to consider the axiom that all Southeast Asian Englishes are spoken and written by people who have access to other languages and for whom English is an add-on. It is suggested that all Southeast Asian Englishes are code-mixed varieties, and the main focus is on aspects of code-switching and on broader issues of language contact and pidginisation. In the discussion section, a framework from code-switching research is outlined for analysis at both text- and sentence-level.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.22dan 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.22dan 289 306 18 Chapter 22 01 04 Chapter 16. Curriculum and world Englishes Chapter 16. Curriculum and world Englishes 01 04 Additive language learning as SLA Paradigm Additive language learning as SLA Paradigm 1 A01 01 JB code 775157033 James D'Angelo D'Angelo, James James D'Angelo Chukyo University, Japan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/775157033 01 eng 03 00

The World Englishes (henceforth WE) paradigm has made possible the recognition of legitimate Outer Circle varieties, with nascent inroads into pedagogy. This has been followed by growing acceptance in the Expanding Circle. Nevertheless there is also resistance, rendering the adoption of a WE approach in the Expanding Circle unresolved. The author outlines the relevance of WE theory to the Inner, Outer and Expanding Circles, and its ramifications for educators and students in those differing contexts, drawing on the work of Kachru, Mufwene, Seidlhofer, and Sridhar. He then looks at how a WE-informed curriculum can be implemented in the Expanding Circle. The chapter also addresses the fundamental teacher-education efforts needed to assure that the theoretical vision of Additive Language Learning is realized in practitioners’ daily implementation.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.23moo 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.23moo 307 324 18 Chapter 23 01 04 Chapter 17. English in Southeast Asian pop culture Chapter 17. English in Southeast Asian pop culture 1 A01 01 JB code 840157034 Andrew Moody Moody, Andrew Andrew Moody University of Macau, Macau SAR, China 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/840157034 01 eng 03 00

Southeast Asian countries are diverse in their histories, ethnic and racial populations, and languages. English in these countries therefore functions within a wide variety of roles and contexts that are not always very similar to one another. One exception to this, however, is the role of English within popular culture. This chapter examines the different ways that English is used across popular culture in Southeast Asia. As the linguistic expressions in popular culture are not “naturally occurring” or spontaneous uses of language, popular culture data have long been overlooked in sociolinguistic descriptions of Englishes. Therefore this chapter also proposes a rationale and methods for the study of pop English in Southeast Asia.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.24has 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.24has 325 342 18 Chapter 24 01 04 Chapter 18. Language use in the construction of interpersonal relationships Chapter 18. Language use in the construction of interpersonal relationships 01 04 Electronic English in Malaysia Electronic English in Malaysia 1 A01 01 JB code 676157035 Norizah Hassan Hassan, Norizah Norizah Hassan University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/676157035 2 A01 01 JB code 104157036 Azirah Hashim Hashim, Azirah Azirah Hashim University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/104157036 3 A01 01 JB code 737157037 Adriana Sufun Phillip Phillip, Adriana Sufun Adriana Sufun Phillip University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/737157037 01 eng 03 00

The Internet has come to dominate our lives and emerged as one of the key communication technologies. Since the Internet is a medium which can be considered revolutionary and is therefore bound to have a profound effect on language, it is crucial to evaluate and study its impact on language. Although many have noted the linguistic changes emerging in online communication, not many have studied the phenomenon and written about it. This study examines the extent to which the Internet fosters diversity of languages or English dominance. In addition, it looks at how standard English competes with various varieties of English in online realms in Malaysia and the complex interrelationship between the Internet and English language variation in Malaysia.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.25lim 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.25lim 343 354 12 Chapter 25 01 04 Chapter 19. Transfers of politeness strategies Chapter 19. Transfers of politeness strategies 01 04 Some preliminary findings Some preliminary findings 1 A01 01 JB code 512157038 Beng Soon Lim Lim, Beng Soon Beng Soon Lim SIM University, Singapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/512157038 01 eng 03 00

This chapter attempts to investigate linguistic politeness in Malay and Malaysian English (henceforth MalE) and has three primary objectives. Firstly, it aims to compare the two systems of politeness through the use of politeness markers in Malay and MalE. Secondly, it sets out to identify the levels of directness and typical politeness markers that are common when Face Threatening Acts (henceforth FTAs) are performed in the two languages amongst educated Malay bilingual speakers in Malaysia. It is hoped that this study will afford a clearer picture of the linguistic permutations of the transfers of directness levels in multilingual Malaysia. Thirdly, the chapter will compare the data obtained for Malay and MalE with that of House and Kasper’s (1981) for British English (henceforth BrE) as the parameters of this chapter have been extensively modelled on those of House and Kasper.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.26pa4 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.26pa4 Section header 26 01 04 Part IV. Bibliography Part IV. Bibliography 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.27low 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.27low 357 382 26 Chapter 27 01 04 Chapter 20. Works on English in Southeast Asia Chapter 20. Works on English in Southeast Asia 1 A01 01 JB code 526157039 Ee-Ling Low Low, Ee-Ling Ee-Ling Low National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, cSingapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/526157039 2 A01 01 JB code 886157040 Azirah Hashim Hashim, Azirah Azirah Hashim University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/886157040 3 A01 01 JB code 87157041 Ao Ran Ran, Ao Ao Ran National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, cSingapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/87157041 4 A01 01 JB code 431157042 Adriana Sufun Phillip Phillip, Adriana Sufun Adriana Sufun Phillip University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/431157042 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.28aut 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.28aut 383 388 6 Miscellaneous 28 01 04 Author index Author index 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.29sub 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.29sub 389 394 6 Miscellaneous 29 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/veaw.g42 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20120124 C 2012 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2012 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD WORLD US CA MX 09 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 21 12 14 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 95.00 EUR 02 00 Unqualified price 02 80.00 01 Z 0 GBP GB US CA MX 01 01 JB 2 John Benjamins Publishing Company +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 21 12 14 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 143.00 USD
896008188 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code VEAW G42 Eb 15 9789027281838 06 10.1075/veaw.g42 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code VEAW 02 0172-7362 02 42.00 01 02 Varieties of English Around the World Varieties of English Around the World 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-linguistics 01 02 Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Linguistics (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-veaw 01 02 Varieties of English Around the World (vols. G1–55, T1–9,1979–2015) 05 02 VEAW (vols. G1–55, T1–9,1979–2015) 01 01 English in Southeast Asia Features, policy and language in use English in Southeast Asia: Features, policy and language in use 1 B01 01 JB code 781114957 Ee-Ling Low Low, Ee-Ling Ee-Ling Low Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/781114957 2 B01 01 JB code 86114981 Azirah Hashim Hashim, Azirah Azirah Hashim University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/86114981 01 eng 11 408 03 03 xiv 03 00 394 03 01 23 427/.959 03 2012 PE3502.A83 04 English language--Variation--Southeast Asia. 04 Language policy--Southeast Asia. 04 Language planning--Southeast Asia. 10 LAN009000 12 CF/2AB 24 JB code LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB code LIN.GERM Germanic linguistics 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 01 06 02 00 Provides a systematic and comprehensive account of English in Southeast Asia (SEA) based on research by leading scholars in the field. The volume provides a systematic account of the linguistic features across all sub-varieties found within each country. It also includes an extensive bibliography of works on English in SEA. 03 00 This volume provides a first systematic, comprehensive account of English in Southeast Asia (SEA) based on current research by leading scholars in the field. The volume first provides a systematic account of the linguistic features across all sub-varieties found within each country. It also has a section dedicated to the historical context and language planning policies to provide a background to understanding the development of the linguistic features covered in Part I and, finally, the vibrancy of the sociolinguistic and pragmatic realities that govern actual language in use in a wide variety of domains such as the law, education, popular culture, electronic media and actual pragmatic encounters are also given due coverage. This volume also includes an extensive bibliography of works on English in SEA, thus providing a useful and valuable resource for language researchers, linguists, classroom educators, policy makers and anyone interested in the topic of English in SEA or World Englishes as a whole. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/veaw.g42.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027249029.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027249029.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/veaw.g42.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/veaw.g42.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/veaw.g42.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/veaw.g42.hb.png 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.01ack 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.01ack ix x 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.02abb 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.02abb xi xiv 4 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 Abbreviations Abbreviations 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.03int 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.03int 1 12 12 Article 3 01 04 Introduction Introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 676157013 Ee-Ling Low Low, Ee-Ling Ee-Ling Low National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/676157013 2 A01 01 JB code 165157014 Azirah Hashim Hashim, Azirah Azirah Hashim University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/165157014 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.04kir 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.04kir 13 32 20 Chapter 4 01 04 Chapter 1. Theoretical issues Chapter 1. Theoretical issues 1 A01 01 JB code 792157015 Andy Kirkpatrick Kirkpatrick, Andy Andy Kirkpatrick Griffith University, Australia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/792157015 01 eng 03 00

The chapter begins with a discussion of the linguistic and sociolinguistic motivations that lead to the creation of distinctive linguistic features in new varieties of English. This will include a review of issues connected with language contact, nativisation and the nature of code-mixing. The second part of the chapter will focus on the major issues confronting regional language policy makers associated with the teaching and learning of different languages for different needs. A consideration of the continuing use of local languages given the domain spread of English and regional lingua francas, including the increasingly important Putonghua, concludes the chapter.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.05pa1 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.05pa1 Section header 5 01 04 Part I. Features Part I. Features 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.06low 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.06low 35 54 20 Chapter 6 01 04 Chapter 2. Singapore English Chapter 2. Singapore English 1 A01 01 JB code 642157016 Ee-Ling Low Low, Ee-Ling Ee-Ling Low National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/642157016 01 eng 03 00

This chapter first provides a broad historical overview about how English came to be used in Singapore and landmark language policies are also mentioned to provide an understanding about the status and roles that English has attained in the country. Next, a discussion of the main models for language variation in Singapore (Standard and Colloquial Singapore English) is included. The phonetic/phonological description of English in Singapore takes into account the acoustic research work done to substantiate earlier impressionistic descriptions. Wells’ (1982) lexical word sets are used to provide a standard means of comparing the realization of vowels across the different varieties covered in this volume. The grammatical and lexical description draws on work done by Lim (2004) and Deterding (2007).

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.07has 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.07has 55 74 20 Chapter 7 01 04 Chapter 3. Malaysian English Chapter 3. Malaysian English 1 A01 01 JB code 268157017 Azirah Hashim Hashim, Azirah Azirah Hashim University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/268157017 2 A01 01 JB code 637157018 Rachel Siew Kuang Tan Tan, Rachel Siew Kuang Rachel Siew Kuang Tan University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/637157018 01 eng 03 00

This chapter provides an overview of the status of Malaysian English (MalE) and discusses the phonological, grammatical and lexical features of this variety. It begins by giving the socio-historical and socio-political context in which this variety is found, illustrating the cultural diversity of and regional differences in the country. Features of pronunciation, grammar and lexis are described and exemplified. This is done firstly by providing a description of the vowels, consonants and suprasegmental features found. Secondly, structural nativization at the grammatical level is discussed focussing on noun phrase structure and verb phrase structure. Thirdly, lexis in MalE is highlighted and categorised according to whether they are globally known or locally known, used formally of informally, their ethnic origin as well as their currency.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.08mcl 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.08mcl 75 90 16 Chapter 8 01 04 Chapter 4. Brunei English Chapter 4. Brunei English 1 A01 01 JB code 135157019 James McLellan McLellan, James James McLellan The University of Waikato, New Zealand 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/135157019 2 A01 01 JB code 724157020 Noor Azam Haji-Othman Haji-Othman, Noor Azam Noor Azam Haji-Othman Universiti Brunei cDrussalam, Brunei 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/724157020 01 eng 03 00

This chapter offers a partial synchronic description of some features of Brunei English. This variety can be distinguished from closely-related Englishes in neighbouring Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines through the study of the linguistic ecosystem that prevails in Negara Brunei Darussalam. The distinctiveness of the major in-group code choice of Bruneians, Brunei Malay, from other Malay varieties, is especially salient. Discussion of phonological features draws on recent work by Salbrina Haji Sharbawi (2006, 2009), and on earlier studies by Mossop (1996a, 1996b). The description of the syntax and morphology of Brunei English refers to the work of Cane (1994, 1996), whilst lexical and discoursal features are discussed with reference to work done separately and collaboratively by the authors.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.09day 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.09day 91 100 10 Chapter 9 01 04 Chapter 5. Philippine English Chapter 5. Philippine English 1 A01 01 JB code 362157021 Danilo Dayag Dayag, Danilo Danilo Dayag De La Salle University, The Philippines 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/362157021 01 eng 03 00

Philippine English is a legitimate nativized variety of English. It is the language used by Filipinos in controlling domains such as science and technology, the judiciary, the legislature, bureaucracy, higher education, scholarly discourse, and the like. While it shares some of the linguistic properties ascribed to other varieties of English, especially those used in Asia, it has features that are unique to it. Based on findings of previous empirical studies, this chapter aims to describe the core linguistic features of Philippine English at the phonological (segmental and suprasegmental), lexical, grammatical and discourse levels. It also touches on the international intelligibility of the spoken register of this variety.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.10tra 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.10tra 101 112 12 Chapter 10 01 04 Chapter 6. Thai English Chapter 6. Thai English 1 A01 01 JB code 573157022 Wannapa Trakulkasemsuk Trakulkasemsuk, Wannapa Wannapa Trakulkasemsuk Chulalongkorn University, Thailand 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/573157022 01 eng 03 00

This chapter aims to provide information about Thai English, an English in the Expanding Circle, as a possible emerging variety of world Englishes. Firstly, an overview of English which is a foreign language in Thailand is provided in terms of its use, users, and its influential status. Secondly, distinctive features of Thai English are presented. Finally, a conclusion on how Thai English can be viewed as a new variety of world Englishes is drawn.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.11hun 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.11hun 113 134 22 Chapter 11 01 04 Chapter 7. Hong Kong English Chapter 7. Hong Kong English 1 A01 01 JB code 165157023 Tony T.N. Hung Hung, Tony T.N. Tony T.N. Hung Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/165157023 01 eng 03 00

The status of Hong Kong English (henceforth HKE) as a ‘variety’ is still open to question, between a ‘nascent’ variety of English and a fully-fledged one. The phonology of HKE exhibits a smaller set of vowel and consonant contrasts than native varieties and other notable features include: initial [l]~[n] alternation (as in no~low), reduction of diphthongs before a [+stop] (take, joke, town), etc. Suprasegmental features of HKE include syllable-timed rhythm, distinctive stress patterns and absence of vowel reduction. Lexically, HKE includes novel expressions and grammatical structures often influenced by Cantonese.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.12pa2 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.12pa2 Section header 12 01 04 Part II. Policy (Historical context & language planning) Part II. Policy (Historical context & language planning) 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.13als 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.13als 137 154 18 Chapter 13 01 04 Chapter 8. The development of English in Singapore Chapter 8. The development of English in Singapore 01 04 Language policy and planning in nation building Language policy and planning in nation building 1 A01 01 JB code 393157024 Lubna Alsagoff Alsagoff, Lubna Lubna Alsagoff National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/393157024 01 eng 03 00

Drawing on seminal works in the literature (e.g. Foley et al. 1998; Gupta 1994; Platt & Weber 1980), this chapter presents a historical account of the sociolinguistic landscape of Singapore from the time of post-British colonial rule to the present day. It examines how English use in Singapore has undergone rapid change because of the speed at which Singapore has developed as a nation (Lim & Foley 2004), and the way in which globalization has accentuated the duality of roles of English, as a local bridge language and as a “cash language”. Such development is examined against the background of national language policies enforced through the education system to serve Singapore’s political agenda and economic interest, but which marginalizes the cultural role of English as a local language.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.14oma 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.14oma 155 174 20 Chapter 14 01 04 Chapter 9. Pragmatics of maintaining English in Malaysia's education system Chapter 9. Pragmatics of maintaining English in Malaysia’s education system 1 A01 01 JB code 135157025 Asmah Haji Omar Haji Omar, Asmah Asmah Haji Omar University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/135157025 01 eng 03 00

The Malaysian government’s ruling that Malaysian schools use English as the medium for teaching Science and Mathematics (henceforth TSME) starting January 2003 had engendered various reactions (the switch back to Malay took place in 2010). These reactions, supportive or otherwise, cut across the boundaries of the racial groups: Malays, Chinese and Indians. After independence, English schools became national schools, using Malay as the medium of instruction, with English as a compulsory language, even for the Chinese and Tamil schools. Malay opposition to TSME in English has a nationalistic and historical basis. Chinese opposition finds a basis in cognitive concerns while the Indians seem to be neutral for various reasons. This chapter discusses the perception of TSME in English among Malaysians in the light of national language policy and planning and the government’s intent in achieving Vision 2020.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.15jon 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.15jon 175 188 14 Chapter 15 01 04 Chapter 10. Language planning in its historical context in Brunei Darussalam Chapter 10. Language planning in its historical context in Brunei Darussalam 1 A01 01 JB code 595157026 Gary M. Jones Jones, Gary M. Gary M. Jones Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/595157026 01 eng 03 00

Although Brunei is one of the oldest established states in Southeast Asia, education planning and language planning in particular are recent phenomena. Basic formal education, limited to a small number of boys only, was introduced in 1912 while language planning was only vaguely described in the 1950s and then formally as a language-in-education plan in 1984. This chapter analyses present language planning in relation to its historical context. In particular, it examines why two non-Bruneian languages, Standard Malay and English, emerged as the current mediums of education in the country’s schools. Brunei’s geography, its recent history and current economic and political events all contribute to the present status of language planning in Brunei.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.16mar 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.16mar 189 206 18 Chapter 16 01 04 Chapter 11. Diffusion and directions Chapter 11. Diffusion and directions 01 04 English language policy in the Philippines English language policy in the Philippines 1 A01 01 JB code 840157027 Isabel Pefianco Martin Pefianco Martin, Isabel Isabel Pefianco Martin Ateneo de Manila University, The Philippines 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/840157027 01 eng 03 00

This chapter presents the English language from the viewpoint of language policy. English was first introduced to the Filipinos through the American public school system and, for half a century, the language was systematically promoted as a civilizing tool. Today, beliefs and attitudes about English, as well as the various ways in which the language is used, may be traced to the Filipino experience of American colonial education. A brief survey of the English language policy situation in the Philippines from the American colonial period to contemporary times reveals diffusions in language policy formulation. Such diffusion has resulted in conflicting policies and practices that marginalize Philippine languages and contribute to the further deterioration of education among Filipino children.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.17dar 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.17dar 207 220 14 Chapter 17 01 04 Chapter 12. The effect of policy on English language teaching at secondary schools in Thailand Chapter 12. The effect of policy on English language teaching at secondary schools in Thailand 1 A01 01 JB code 2157028 Pornapit Darasawang Darasawang, Pornapit Pornapit Darasawang King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Thailand 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/2157028 2 A01 01 JB code 444157029 Richard Watson Todd Watson Todd, Richard Richard Watson Todd King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Thailand 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/444157029 01 eng 03 00

In Thailand, education is the main area in which language policy is enacted, and this chapter investigates foreign language policy and practice, especially concerning English, in an attempt to shed light on language policy. We identify seven sources of English language education policy, namely, the National Education Act, national education standards, Ministry of Education recommended textbooks, isolated Ministry of Education initiatives, demand-driven changes in the types of schools, test washback, and decentralised decision making. We show that these sources present conflicting versions of language policy. To examine how the policies are implemented in practice, we interviewed principals and teachers at four representative government secondary schools. The findings show awareness of the various policies but a great diversity in how they are implemented.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.18bol 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.18bol 221 238 18 Chapter 18 01 04 Chapter 13. Language policy and planning in Hong Kong Chapter 13. Language policy and planning in Hong Kong 01 04 The historical context and current realities The historical context and current realities 1 A01 01 JB code 165157030 Kingsley Bolton Bolton, Kingsley Kingsley Bolton City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/165157030 01 eng 03 00

Until 1974, Chinese had no de jure status as an official language of Hong Kong where the colonial government had often claimed to favour a laissez-faire approach to language planning. In the run-up to the resumption of Chinese sovereignty throughout the 1990s, official policy became more interventionist. From 1995, the stated policy of the government has been to promote a “biliterate” and “trilingual” society, and the use of Chinese as a medium of instruction in schools. Immediately after the change in sovereignty, Putonghua became a compulsory school subject. This chapter examines the issue of language planning and policies both from a historical perspective and through a consideration of current policies and practice across the domains of government, law and education in Hong Kong.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.19pa3 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.19pa3 Section header 19 01 04 Part III. Language in use Part III. Language in use 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.20pow 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.20pow 241 266 26 Chapter 20 01 04 Chapter 14. English in Southeast Asian law Chapter 14. English in Southeast Asian law 1 A01 01 JB code 49157031 Richard Powell Powell, Richard Richard Powell Nihon University, Japan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/49157031 01 eng 03 00

To a large extent, the importance of English in a given Southeast Asian legal system reflects the extent to which the polity in which it is situated is perceived as an ESL rather than an EFL society. Thus Singapore, Malaysia, Myanmar and Hong Kong SAR, which were British colonies, Brunei, a former British protectorate, and the Philippines, a former American colony, have all evolved into societies in which an influential section of the population uses English in a variety of local domains and above all in the legal one. Conversely, polities once colonised by non-anglophone countries (Indonesia, Cambodia, Vietnam and Macao SAR) and those that avoided colonisation altogether (Thailand) have legal systems in which English plays a minor role at best.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.21mcl 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.21mcl 267 288 22 Chapter 21 01 04 Chapter 15. The view from below Chapter 15. The view from below 01 04 Code-switching and the influence of "substrate" languages in the development of Southeast Asian Englishes Code-switching and the influence of “substrate” languages in the development of Southeast Asian Englishes 1 A01 01 JB code 87157032 James McLellan McLellan, James James McLellan The University of Waikato, New Zealand 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/87157032 01 eng 03 00

This chapter takes a synchronic approach to the investigation of influences of other languages on Malaysian, Singapore, Philippine and Brunei English. Whilst it would be naïve to describe all features as simply the result of transfer from other languages, it is important to consider the axiom that all Southeast Asian Englishes are spoken and written by people who have access to other languages and for whom English is an add-on. It is suggested that all Southeast Asian Englishes are code-mixed varieties, and the main focus is on aspects of code-switching and on broader issues of language contact and pidginisation. In the discussion section, a framework from code-switching research is outlined for analysis at both text- and sentence-level.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.22dan 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.22dan 289 306 18 Chapter 22 01 04 Chapter 16. Curriculum and world Englishes Chapter 16. Curriculum and world Englishes 01 04 Additive language learning as SLA Paradigm Additive language learning as SLA Paradigm 1 A01 01 JB code 775157033 James D'Angelo D'Angelo, James James D'Angelo Chukyo University, Japan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/775157033 01 eng 03 00

The World Englishes (henceforth WE) paradigm has made possible the recognition of legitimate Outer Circle varieties, with nascent inroads into pedagogy. This has been followed by growing acceptance in the Expanding Circle. Nevertheless there is also resistance, rendering the adoption of a WE approach in the Expanding Circle unresolved. The author outlines the relevance of WE theory to the Inner, Outer and Expanding Circles, and its ramifications for educators and students in those differing contexts, drawing on the work of Kachru, Mufwene, Seidlhofer, and Sridhar. He then looks at how a WE-informed curriculum can be implemented in the Expanding Circle. The chapter also addresses the fundamental teacher-education efforts needed to assure that the theoretical vision of Additive Language Learning is realized in practitioners’ daily implementation.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.23moo 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.23moo 307 324 18 Chapter 23 01 04 Chapter 17. English in Southeast Asian pop culture Chapter 17. English in Southeast Asian pop culture 1 A01 01 JB code 840157034 Andrew Moody Moody, Andrew Andrew Moody University of Macau, Macau SAR, China 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/840157034 01 eng 03 00

Southeast Asian countries are diverse in their histories, ethnic and racial populations, and languages. English in these countries therefore functions within a wide variety of roles and contexts that are not always very similar to one another. One exception to this, however, is the role of English within popular culture. This chapter examines the different ways that English is used across popular culture in Southeast Asia. As the linguistic expressions in popular culture are not “naturally occurring” or spontaneous uses of language, popular culture data have long been overlooked in sociolinguistic descriptions of Englishes. Therefore this chapter also proposes a rationale and methods for the study of pop English in Southeast Asia.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.24has 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.24has 325 342 18 Chapter 24 01 04 Chapter 18. Language use in the construction of interpersonal relationships Chapter 18. Language use in the construction of interpersonal relationships 01 04 Electronic English in Malaysia Electronic English in Malaysia 1 A01 01 JB code 676157035 Norizah Hassan Hassan, Norizah Norizah Hassan University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/676157035 2 A01 01 JB code 104157036 Azirah Hashim Hashim, Azirah Azirah Hashim University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/104157036 3 A01 01 JB code 737157037 Adriana Sufun Phillip Phillip, Adriana Sufun Adriana Sufun Phillip University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/737157037 01 eng 03 00

The Internet has come to dominate our lives and emerged as one of the key communication technologies. Since the Internet is a medium which can be considered revolutionary and is therefore bound to have a profound effect on language, it is crucial to evaluate and study its impact on language. Although many have noted the linguistic changes emerging in online communication, not many have studied the phenomenon and written about it. This study examines the extent to which the Internet fosters diversity of languages or English dominance. In addition, it looks at how standard English competes with various varieties of English in online realms in Malaysia and the complex interrelationship between the Internet and English language variation in Malaysia.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.25lim 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.25lim 343 354 12 Chapter 25 01 04 Chapter 19. Transfers of politeness strategies Chapter 19. Transfers of politeness strategies 01 04 Some preliminary findings Some preliminary findings 1 A01 01 JB code 512157038 Beng Soon Lim Lim, Beng Soon Beng Soon Lim SIM University, Singapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/512157038 01 eng 03 00

This chapter attempts to investigate linguistic politeness in Malay and Malaysian English (henceforth MalE) and has three primary objectives. Firstly, it aims to compare the two systems of politeness through the use of politeness markers in Malay and MalE. Secondly, it sets out to identify the levels of directness and typical politeness markers that are common when Face Threatening Acts (henceforth FTAs) are performed in the two languages amongst educated Malay bilingual speakers in Malaysia. It is hoped that this study will afford a clearer picture of the linguistic permutations of the transfers of directness levels in multilingual Malaysia. Thirdly, the chapter will compare the data obtained for Malay and MalE with that of House and Kasper’s (1981) for British English (henceforth BrE) as the parameters of this chapter have been extensively modelled on those of House and Kasper.

01 01 JB code veaw.g42.26pa4 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.26pa4 Section header 26 01 04 Part IV. Bibliography Part IV. Bibliography 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.27low 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.27low 357 382 26 Chapter 27 01 04 Chapter 20. Works on English in Southeast Asia Chapter 20. Works on English in Southeast Asia 1 A01 01 JB code 526157039 Ee-Ling Low Low, Ee-Ling Ee-Ling Low National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, cSingapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/526157039 2 A01 01 JB code 886157040 Azirah Hashim Hashim, Azirah Azirah Hashim University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/886157040 3 A01 01 JB code 87157041 Ao Ran Ran, Ao Ao Ran National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, cSingapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/87157041 4 A01 01 JB code 431157042 Adriana Sufun Phillip Phillip, Adriana Sufun Adriana Sufun Phillip University of Malaya, Malaysia 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/431157042 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.28aut 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.28aut 383 388 6 Miscellaneous 28 01 04 Author index Author index 01 eng 01 01 JB code veaw.g42.29sub 06 10.1075/veaw.g42.29sub 389 394 6 Miscellaneous 29 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/veaw.g42 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20120124 C 2012 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2012 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027249029 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027281838 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 95.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 80.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 143.00 USD