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475008234 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code WLP 3 Eb 15 9789027288059 06 10.1075/wlp.3 13 2010013265 DG 002 02 01 WLP 02 1572-1183 Studies in World Language Problems 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The Translator as Mediator of Cultures</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">Translator as Mediator of Cultures</TitleWithoutPrefix> 01 wlp.3 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/wlp.3 1 B01 Humphrey Tonkin Tonkin, Humphrey Humphrey Tonkin University of Hartford 2 B01 Maria Esposito Frank Frank, Maria Esposito Maria Esposito Frank University of Hartford 01 eng 211 x 201 LAN023000 v.2006 CFP 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.LAPO Language policy 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.BIL Multilingualism 24 JB Subject Scheme TRAN.TRANSL Translation Studies 06 01 If it is bilingualism that transfers information and ideas from culture to culture, it is the translator who systematizes and generalizes this process. The translator serves as a mediator of cultures. In this collection of essays, based on a conference held at the University of Hartford, a group of individuals – professional translators, linguists, and literary scholars – exchange their views on translation and its power to influence literary traditions and to shape cultural and economic identities. The authors explore the implications of their views on the theory and craft of translation, both written and oral, in an era of unsettling globalizing forces. 05 The editors have compiled an interesting and worthwhile addition to the literature of translation theory with this collection containing a felicitous mix of theory and practice. Ian M. Richmond, in Language Problems and Language Planning, Vol. 35:3 (2011) 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/wlp.3.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027228345.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027228345.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/wlp.3.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/wlp.3.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/wlp.3.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/wlp.3.hb.png 10 01 JB code wlp.3.01pre vii x 4 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Preface</TitleText> 10 01 JB code wlp.3.02int 1 14 14 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction. Between temples and templates</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">History&#8217;s claims on the translator</Subtitle> 1 A01 Probal Dasgupta Dasgupta, Probal Probal Dasgupta 01 The present articulation of history&#8217;s claims on translation theory is built around four propositions: (a) The sacred temple, in the ancient first wave of the activity, set up one broadly identifiable type of translation enterprise; (b) The scientific template, in the modern second wave, associated itself with a second type; (c) These enterprises have a missionary element in common that should elicit resistance on our part; (d) The legacy of these missionary enterprises themselves can be recycled, in a swords-to-plowshares transformation, if we post-missionary translators agree to play these enterprises off against each other as we reconfigure the field. The present exposition elaborates these propositions in terms drawn from the substantivist research program in linguistics and cognitive science. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.03pa1 Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part 1. Translation and reconciliation</TitleText> 10 01 JB code wlp.3.04kro 17 36 20 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">1. Translation as reconciliation</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A conversation about politics, translation, and multilingualism in South Africa</Subtitle> 1 A01 Antjie Krog Krog, Antjie Antjie Krog 2 A01 Rosalind Morris Morris, Rosalind Rosalind Morris 3 A01 Humphrey Tonkin Tonkin, Humphrey Humphrey Tonkin 01 South Africa is an example of the urgent need for translation. In moving away from two official languages to eleven, South Africa, limited in resources and unprepared to handle such linguistic complexity at the level of government, has in effect empowered English as the prestige language. The historically compromised Afrikaner population is witnessing the decline of Afrikaans, even though that language is widely used also by the Cape Coloured population. The writer in Afrikaans is having difficulty being heard at times. At the same time English is dominated by received assumptions that exclude indigenous literary forms and the voices that accompany them. In such an environment, translation should be a national priority, not only to make other voices heard but also to broaden the cultural base of English and to include the other cultures and peoples of South Africa in a multilingual discourse. In this sense, translation might mediate among the South African languages &#8211; indeed might be seen as a form of reconciliation in which the periphery talks to the center as well as the center to the periphery, and in which all languages are enriched as a result. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.05sch 37 52 16 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">2. Interpreting at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Linguistic and cultural challenges</Subtitle> 1 A01 Nancy Schweda Nicholson Schweda Nicholson, Nancy Nancy Schweda Nicholson 01 Interpreting services constitute an integral part of the day-to-day activities at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague. At the opening of this paper, a focus on the differences between Civil and Common Law systems and an overview of court interpreting contribute relevant background information. An historical segment treats the creation of the ICTY and its administrative framework, thus providing the backdrop for a detailed look at the ICTY&#8217;s working languages and the use of simultaneous interpreting (SI), relay interpreting (RI) and consecutive interpreting (CI) in the courtrooms, deposition venues and Detention Unit. Inasmuch as the ICTY trials are the result of a vicious, lengthy war and ethnic cleansing activities, interpreter stress plays a significant role, both in the courtrooms and in the field. In order to facilitate the functioning of the ICTY and to orient attorneys to the unique work environment there, several training courses were held in The Hague and Montreal from 2003&#8211;2006. The ICTY&#8217;s legacy lives on as the International Criminal Court (ICC) conducts investigations in Africa and trials in The Hague. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.06rea 53 72 20 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">3. Translating and interpreting sign language</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Mediating the DEAF-WORLD</Subtitle> 1 A01 Timothy Reagan Reagan, Timothy Timothy Reagan 01 Translating and interpreting signed languages has received relatively little attention outside the applied world of sign language interpretation. In this chapter, the general theme of the translator as the mediator of cultures will be applied to the complex case of signed languages, using ASL and, to a lesser extent, other sign languages, as cases in point. Because of the diversity within signed languages, and the typical lack of overall codification for signed languages, the tasks of translation and interpretation become heavily reliant on the cultural and linguistic knowledge, sensitivity and judgment of the interpreter or translator. In this chapter, I will explore the concept of diversity in signed languages, the special challenges faced by signed language translators and interpreters, the role of culture in deaf-hearing interchanges, and finally, the implications of such points for other translators and interpreters. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.07poo 73 86 14 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">4. Translators in a global community</TitleText> 1 A01 Jonathan Pool Pool, Jonathan Jonathan Pool 01 The popular yet paradoxical idea of a diverse global community raises questions about language and translation. Would a global community with a global language lose its other languages? Would a global community without a global language be able to interact efficiently across thousands of linguistic frontiers? One strategy that might make global community compatible with linguistic diversity is <i>panlingual transparency via aspectual phased translation</i>. With it, translators translate aspects of a discourse at each phase of a multiphase process, rather than translating the discourse in its entirety in a single act. In an initial simple model, communication in a global community relies on translation partitioned into four phases; the translation in each is either <i>linguistic</i> or <i>cultural</i>, but not both. A source discourse is translated culturally (within the source language), then linguistically (from the source language to a global representation), then linguistically (from the global representation to the target languages), then culturally (within the target languages). Such partitioning could elevate productivity by facilitating divisions of labor between professional and lay translators and between human and machine translators, and by letting monolinguals act as translators. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.08pa2 Section header 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part 2. Translation and negotiation</TitleText> 10 01 JB code wlp.3.09edw 89 106 18 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">5. The treason of translation?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Bilingualism, linguistic borders and identity</Subtitle> 1 A01 John Edwards Edwards, John John Edwards 01 It is perfectly obvious that using a translator or interpreter has practical benefits; it is perhaps less obvious that psychological disadvantages may present themselves. The translator is one whose linguistic competence gives entry to (at least) two language communities, and there may be apprehension. As George Steiner has pointed out, &#8220;there is in every act of translation &#8211; and specially where it succeeds &#8211; a touch of treason. Hoarded dreams, patents of life are being taken across the frontier.&#8221; The old Italian proverb is blunter: <i>traduttori traditori</i>. This reflects the familiar idea that concealment is as much a feature of language as is communication. Privacy, the construction of fictionalised myths, legends and stories, and outright dissimulation are at once important and threatened by translation and translators; one contemporary theme here is the &#8220;appropriation&#8221; of native stories by outsiders, for in many cultures, particularly those with powerful and rich oral traditions, stories <i>belong</i> to the group or, indeed, to some designated story-teller. There is, then, a potential tension between the necessity of translation and its invasive qualities. This chapter suggests some points relevant to this tension &#8211; with particular regard to ethnic-group boundaries and the politics of group identity. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.10col 107 124 18 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">6. The poetics of experience</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Toward a pragmatic understanding of experience, practice, and translation</Subtitle> 1 A01 Vincent Colapietro Colapietro, Vincent Vincent Colapietro 01 The author explores what he calls the <i>poetics of experience</i> (the translation of experience into various forms of expression, linguistic and otherwise) against the backdrop of a pragmatist understanding of human practices. Such an understanding of these practices highlights their historical and thus open-ended character, also the ubiquitous possibility of dramatic alterations in the self-understanding of the participants in these practices. Anything approximating an adequate account of translation in its various senses demands that critical attention be paid to linguistic and literary practices, precisely as historically evolved and evolving affairs. Interlingual and, indeed, other forms of translation generate the need for complex renegotiations involving various aspects of these interwoven practices. Translating a text from one language into another (to take but one example) is far from a simple process of decoding and re-encoding; it is rather a complex practice in which historically established relationships are, in some measure, renegotiated and thereby transformed. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.11pa3 Section header 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part 3. Translation and the interpretation of texts</TitleText> 10 01 JB code wlp.3.12coo 127 138 12 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">7. Translation and the rediscovery of the multinational Central European</TitleText> 1 A01 Thomas Cooper Cooper, Thomas Thomas Cooper 01 Since the fall of communism the study of the cultures of Central Europe has been strongly marked by the national paradigm. Cultural artifacts such as works of literature, visual arts and music, as well as forms of dance, have been considered for their role in the construction and perpetuation of distinctive national identities, in part as a means of exploding the myth of a monolithic Eastern Bloc. Relevant as this approach may be to the study of Central Europe, it overlooks ways in which works of art from the region are frequently resistant to the national paradigm. Works of literature, in particular, often incorporate palpable influences from several national traditions, alluding to and participating in a cultural heritage that transcends the borders of language. Translation constitutes one of the primary instruments of this process of influence. The traditional understanding of translation as a bridge between cultures, however, is inadequate in this context, as it reinforces the notion of distinctive national cultures. In the multilingual culture of Central Europe translation figures not simply as a conduit but rather as a form of expression through which a shared multinational culture is sustained. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.13jac 139 160 22 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">8. Transcriação / Transcreation</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The Brazilian concrete poets and translation</Subtitle> 1 A01 K. David Jackson Jackson, K. David K. David Jackson 01 The Brazilian concrete poets Haroldo de Campos (1929&#8211;2003) and Augusto de Campos (b. 1931) emphasize creative translation of a synchronic selection of world literature as an integral part of neovanguard poetics and criticism. &#8220;Transcria&#231;&#227;o/transcreation&#8221; was the term coined by HC to characterize a new approach to creative literary translation, launched in Brazil with their joint translations of many of the founders of contemporary poetics, Pound, Mallarm&#233;, cummings, Mayakovsky, and Joyce. Departing from a linguistic approach to expressive language, HC applied &#8220;transcreation&#8221; theory to his translations of Chinese poetry, Japanese haiku, and the biblical book of Genesis, among others. The translators&#8217; goal was phonetic, syntactical, and morphological equivalency, aided by the flexibility of the Brazilian Portuguese language. AC&#8217;s translations range from French Proven&#231;al poetry to cummings, while HC&#8217;s last published translation was a Greek/Portuguese bilingual edition of <i>The Iliad</i>. The theory of transcreation was first applied to a constructivist, linguistic current of twentieth-century vanguard poetics, and more broadly to a synchronic construction of tradition and linguistic analysis in many languages, literatures, and periods. The translations of the Brazilian Concrete poets thus added an essential and influential component to the concept and practice of world literature. Their work as translators made available in Portuguese a more complete and complex reading of poetics grounded in language than was available in many other major languages. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.14tra 161 168 8 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">9. Expression and translation of philosophy</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Giorgio Colli, a master of time</Subtitle> 1 A01 Marie-José Tramuta Tramuta, Marie-José Marie-José Tramuta 01 Giorgio Colli and Mazzino Montinari won the prestigious Wheatland Prize for Translation in 1987 for their translations and critical edition of the works of Nietzsche. That version in Italian (1960&#8211;1975) was the first collection of all of Nietzsche&#8217;s works in their entirety. The late and posthumous recognition of their work has been followed in 1995 by the project of the University of Washington to translate the Colli-Montinari critical edition of Nietzsche&#8217;s complete works into English, still in progress. But Giorgio Colli is also the author, the passeur, the translator, of <i>Greek Wisdom</i> (1977), a monumental project that aimed to reform Diels and Kranz&#8217;s famous edition of <i>Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker</i> with particular attention to the religious antecedents of Presocratic thinking. Colli&#8217;s premature death in 1979 interrupted the edition, which ended with the third volume (out of a projected eleven). 10 01 JB code wlp.3.15ton 169 190 22 Article 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">10. The semantics of invention</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Translation into Esperanto</Subtitle> 1 A01 Humphrey Tonkin Tonkin, Humphrey Humphrey Tonkin 01 The particular challenges of translating <i>Winnie-the-Pooh</i> into a planned language like Esperanto include grappling with culture-specific and idiomatic phraseology, word-play, the choice of proper names, and an audience divided between children and adults. The problem is none the less made simpler because there does exist a literary tradition in Esperanto and particularly a tradition of translation that goes back to the very beginnings of the language: its author Zamenhof translated several major literary works, beginning with <i>Hamlet</i>, published just seven years after the language was launched. He did so in part to increase the flexibility and range of his language. Furthermore, Zamenhof created a past for Esperanto by drawing on the common semantic stock of European languages. Walter Benjamin&#8217;s idea of the &#8220;pure language,&#8221; <i>reine Sprache</i>, lying behind a literary work has an obvious connection with the linguistic creativity of Zamenhof and other planners of languages. In a sense, even the original literature of Esperanto is translated, because Esperanto is a language of bilinguals that mediates between cultures and the languages that convey those cultures. Translating Shakespeare into Esperanto presents particular problems because of the density of meaning in the Shakespearean text and because of the importance of retaining its playability. Historical distance is also an issue, especially when translating into a relatively new language like Esperanto. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.16con 191 194 4 Miscellaneous 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Contributors</TitleText> 10 01 JB code wlp.3.17ind 195 202 8 Miscellaneous 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20100722 2010 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027228345 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 90.00 EUR R 01 00 76.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 135.00 USD S 505008233 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code WLP 3 Hb 15 9789027228345 13 2010013265 BB 01 WLP 02 1572-1183 Studies in World Language Problems 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">The Translator as Mediator of Cultures</TitleText> <TitlePrefix>The </TitlePrefix> <TitleWithoutPrefix textformat="02">Translator as Mediator of Cultures</TitleWithoutPrefix> 01 wlp.3 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/wlp.3 1 B01 Humphrey Tonkin Tonkin, Humphrey Humphrey Tonkin University of Hartford 2 B01 Maria Esposito Frank Frank, Maria Esposito Maria Esposito Frank University of Hartford 01 eng 211 x 201 LAN023000 v.2006 CFP 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.LAPO Language policy 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.BIL Multilingualism 24 JB Subject Scheme TRAN.TRANSL Translation Studies 06 01 If it is bilingualism that transfers information and ideas from culture to culture, it is the translator who systematizes and generalizes this process. The translator serves as a mediator of cultures. In this collection of essays, based on a conference held at the University of Hartford, a group of individuals – professional translators, linguists, and literary scholars – exchange their views on translation and its power to influence literary traditions and to shape cultural and economic identities. The authors explore the implications of their views on the theory and craft of translation, both written and oral, in an era of unsettling globalizing forces. 05 The editors have compiled an interesting and worthwhile addition to the literature of translation theory with this collection containing a felicitous mix of theory and practice. Ian M. Richmond, in Language Problems and Language Planning, Vol. 35:3 (2011) 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/wlp.3.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027228345.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027228345.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/wlp.3.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/wlp.3.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/wlp.3.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/wlp.3.hb.png 10 01 JB code wlp.3.01pre vii x 4 Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Preface</TitleText> 10 01 JB code wlp.3.02int 1 14 14 Article 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction. Between temples and templates</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">History&#8217;s claims on the translator</Subtitle> 1 A01 Probal Dasgupta Dasgupta, Probal Probal Dasgupta 01 The present articulation of history&#8217;s claims on translation theory is built around four propositions: (a) The sacred temple, in the ancient first wave of the activity, set up one broadly identifiable type of translation enterprise; (b) The scientific template, in the modern second wave, associated itself with a second type; (c) These enterprises have a missionary element in common that should elicit resistance on our part; (d) The legacy of these missionary enterprises themselves can be recycled, in a swords-to-plowshares transformation, if we post-missionary translators agree to play these enterprises off against each other as we reconfigure the field. The present exposition elaborates these propositions in terms drawn from the substantivist research program in linguistics and cognitive science. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.03pa1 Section header 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part 1. Translation and reconciliation</TitleText> 10 01 JB code wlp.3.04kro 17 36 20 Article 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">1. Translation as reconciliation</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A conversation about politics, translation, and multilingualism in South Africa</Subtitle> 1 A01 Antjie Krog Krog, Antjie Antjie Krog 2 A01 Rosalind Morris Morris, Rosalind Rosalind Morris 3 A01 Humphrey Tonkin Tonkin, Humphrey Humphrey Tonkin 01 South Africa is an example of the urgent need for translation. In moving away from two official languages to eleven, South Africa, limited in resources and unprepared to handle such linguistic complexity at the level of government, has in effect empowered English as the prestige language. The historically compromised Afrikaner population is witnessing the decline of Afrikaans, even though that language is widely used also by the Cape Coloured population. The writer in Afrikaans is having difficulty being heard at times. At the same time English is dominated by received assumptions that exclude indigenous literary forms and the voices that accompany them. In such an environment, translation should be a national priority, not only to make other voices heard but also to broaden the cultural base of English and to include the other cultures and peoples of South Africa in a multilingual discourse. In this sense, translation might mediate among the South African languages &#8211; indeed might be seen as a form of reconciliation in which the periphery talks to the center as well as the center to the periphery, and in which all languages are enriched as a result. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.05sch 37 52 16 Article 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">2. Interpreting at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Linguistic and cultural challenges</Subtitle> 1 A01 Nancy Schweda Nicholson Schweda Nicholson, Nancy Nancy Schweda Nicholson 01 Interpreting services constitute an integral part of the day-to-day activities at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague. At the opening of this paper, a focus on the differences between Civil and Common Law systems and an overview of court interpreting contribute relevant background information. An historical segment treats the creation of the ICTY and its administrative framework, thus providing the backdrop for a detailed look at the ICTY&#8217;s working languages and the use of simultaneous interpreting (SI), relay interpreting (RI) and consecutive interpreting (CI) in the courtrooms, deposition venues and Detention Unit. Inasmuch as the ICTY trials are the result of a vicious, lengthy war and ethnic cleansing activities, interpreter stress plays a significant role, both in the courtrooms and in the field. In order to facilitate the functioning of the ICTY and to orient attorneys to the unique work environment there, several training courses were held in The Hague and Montreal from 2003&#8211;2006. The ICTY&#8217;s legacy lives on as the International Criminal Court (ICC) conducts investigations in Africa and trials in The Hague. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.06rea 53 72 20 Article 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">3. Translating and interpreting sign language</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Mediating the DEAF-WORLD</Subtitle> 1 A01 Timothy Reagan Reagan, Timothy Timothy Reagan 01 Translating and interpreting signed languages has received relatively little attention outside the applied world of sign language interpretation. In this chapter, the general theme of the translator as the mediator of cultures will be applied to the complex case of signed languages, using ASL and, to a lesser extent, other sign languages, as cases in point. Because of the diversity within signed languages, and the typical lack of overall codification for signed languages, the tasks of translation and interpretation become heavily reliant on the cultural and linguistic knowledge, sensitivity and judgment of the interpreter or translator. In this chapter, I will explore the concept of diversity in signed languages, the special challenges faced by signed language translators and interpreters, the role of culture in deaf-hearing interchanges, and finally, the implications of such points for other translators and interpreters. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.07poo 73 86 14 Article 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">4. Translators in a global community</TitleText> 1 A01 Jonathan Pool Pool, Jonathan Jonathan Pool 01 The popular yet paradoxical idea of a diverse global community raises questions about language and translation. Would a global community with a global language lose its other languages? Would a global community without a global language be able to interact efficiently across thousands of linguistic frontiers? One strategy that might make global community compatible with linguistic diversity is <i>panlingual transparency via aspectual phased translation</i>. With it, translators translate aspects of a discourse at each phase of a multiphase process, rather than translating the discourse in its entirety in a single act. In an initial simple model, communication in a global community relies on translation partitioned into four phases; the translation in each is either <i>linguistic</i> or <i>cultural</i>, but not both. A source discourse is translated culturally (within the source language), then linguistically (from the source language to a global representation), then linguistically (from the global representation to the target languages), then culturally (within the target languages). Such partitioning could elevate productivity by facilitating divisions of labor between professional and lay translators and between human and machine translators, and by letting monolinguals act as translators. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.08pa2 Section header 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part 2. Translation and negotiation</TitleText> 10 01 JB code wlp.3.09edw 89 106 18 Article 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">5. The treason of translation?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Bilingualism, linguistic borders and identity</Subtitle> 1 A01 John Edwards Edwards, John John Edwards 01 It is perfectly obvious that using a translator or interpreter has practical benefits; it is perhaps less obvious that psychological disadvantages may present themselves. The translator is one whose linguistic competence gives entry to (at least) two language communities, and there may be apprehension. As George Steiner has pointed out, &#8220;there is in every act of translation &#8211; and specially where it succeeds &#8211; a touch of treason. Hoarded dreams, patents of life are being taken across the frontier.&#8221; The old Italian proverb is blunter: <i>traduttori traditori</i>. This reflects the familiar idea that concealment is as much a feature of language as is communication. Privacy, the construction of fictionalised myths, legends and stories, and outright dissimulation are at once important and threatened by translation and translators; one contemporary theme here is the &#8220;appropriation&#8221; of native stories by outsiders, for in many cultures, particularly those with powerful and rich oral traditions, stories <i>belong</i> to the group or, indeed, to some designated story-teller. There is, then, a potential tension between the necessity of translation and its invasive qualities. This chapter suggests some points relevant to this tension &#8211; with particular regard to ethnic-group boundaries and the politics of group identity. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.10col 107 124 18 Article 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">6. The poetics of experience</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Toward a pragmatic understanding of experience, practice, and translation</Subtitle> 1 A01 Vincent Colapietro Colapietro, Vincent Vincent Colapietro 01 The author explores what he calls the <i>poetics of experience</i> (the translation of experience into various forms of expression, linguistic and otherwise) against the backdrop of a pragmatist understanding of human practices. Such an understanding of these practices highlights their historical and thus open-ended character, also the ubiquitous possibility of dramatic alterations in the self-understanding of the participants in these practices. Anything approximating an adequate account of translation in its various senses demands that critical attention be paid to linguistic and literary practices, precisely as historically evolved and evolving affairs. Interlingual and, indeed, other forms of translation generate the need for complex renegotiations involving various aspects of these interwoven practices. Translating a text from one language into another (to take but one example) is far from a simple process of decoding and re-encoding; it is rather a complex practice in which historically established relationships are, in some measure, renegotiated and thereby transformed. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.11pa3 Section header 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Part 3. Translation and the interpretation of texts</TitleText> 10 01 JB code wlp.3.12coo 127 138 12 Article 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">7. Translation and the rediscovery of the multinational Central European</TitleText> 1 A01 Thomas Cooper Cooper, Thomas Thomas Cooper 01 Since the fall of communism the study of the cultures of Central Europe has been strongly marked by the national paradigm. Cultural artifacts such as works of literature, visual arts and music, as well as forms of dance, have been considered for their role in the construction and perpetuation of distinctive national identities, in part as a means of exploding the myth of a monolithic Eastern Bloc. Relevant as this approach may be to the study of Central Europe, it overlooks ways in which works of art from the region are frequently resistant to the national paradigm. Works of literature, in particular, often incorporate palpable influences from several national traditions, alluding to and participating in a cultural heritage that transcends the borders of language. Translation constitutes one of the primary instruments of this process of influence. The traditional understanding of translation as a bridge between cultures, however, is inadequate in this context, as it reinforces the notion of distinctive national cultures. In the multilingual culture of Central Europe translation figures not simply as a conduit but rather as a form of expression through which a shared multinational culture is sustained. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.13jac 139 160 22 Article 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">8. Transcriação / Transcreation</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The Brazilian concrete poets and translation</Subtitle> 1 A01 K. David Jackson Jackson, K. David K. David Jackson 01 The Brazilian concrete poets Haroldo de Campos (1929&#8211;2003) and Augusto de Campos (b. 1931) emphasize creative translation of a synchronic selection of world literature as an integral part of neovanguard poetics and criticism. &#8220;Transcria&#231;&#227;o/transcreation&#8221; was the term coined by HC to characterize a new approach to creative literary translation, launched in Brazil with their joint translations of many of the founders of contemporary poetics, Pound, Mallarm&#233;, cummings, Mayakovsky, and Joyce. Departing from a linguistic approach to expressive language, HC applied &#8220;transcreation&#8221; theory to his translations of Chinese poetry, Japanese haiku, and the biblical book of Genesis, among others. The translators&#8217; goal was phonetic, syntactical, and morphological equivalency, aided by the flexibility of the Brazilian Portuguese language. AC&#8217;s translations range from French Proven&#231;al poetry to cummings, while HC&#8217;s last published translation was a Greek/Portuguese bilingual edition of <i>The Iliad</i>. The theory of transcreation was first applied to a constructivist, linguistic current of twentieth-century vanguard poetics, and more broadly to a synchronic construction of tradition and linguistic analysis in many languages, literatures, and periods. The translations of the Brazilian Concrete poets thus added an essential and influential component to the concept and practice of world literature. Their work as translators made available in Portuguese a more complete and complex reading of poetics grounded in language than was available in many other major languages. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.14tra 161 168 8 Article 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">9. Expression and translation of philosophy</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Giorgio Colli, a master of time</Subtitle> 1 A01 Marie-José Tramuta Tramuta, Marie-José Marie-José Tramuta 01 Giorgio Colli and Mazzino Montinari won the prestigious Wheatland Prize for Translation in 1987 for their translations and critical edition of the works of Nietzsche. That version in Italian (1960&#8211;1975) was the first collection of all of Nietzsche&#8217;s works in their entirety. The late and posthumous recognition of their work has been followed in 1995 by the project of the University of Washington to translate the Colli-Montinari critical edition of Nietzsche&#8217;s complete works into English, still in progress. But Giorgio Colli is also the author, the passeur, the translator, of <i>Greek Wisdom</i> (1977), a monumental project that aimed to reform Diels and Kranz&#8217;s famous edition of <i>Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker</i> with particular attention to the religious antecedents of Presocratic thinking. Colli&#8217;s premature death in 1979 interrupted the edition, which ended with the third volume (out of a projected eleven). 10 01 JB code wlp.3.15ton 169 190 22 Article 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">10. The semantics of invention</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Translation into Esperanto</Subtitle> 1 A01 Humphrey Tonkin Tonkin, Humphrey Humphrey Tonkin 01 The particular challenges of translating <i>Winnie-the-Pooh</i> into a planned language like Esperanto include grappling with culture-specific and idiomatic phraseology, word-play, the choice of proper names, and an audience divided between children and adults. The problem is none the less made simpler because there does exist a literary tradition in Esperanto and particularly a tradition of translation that goes back to the very beginnings of the language: its author Zamenhof translated several major literary works, beginning with <i>Hamlet</i>, published just seven years after the language was launched. He did so in part to increase the flexibility and range of his language. Furthermore, Zamenhof created a past for Esperanto by drawing on the common semantic stock of European languages. Walter Benjamin&#8217;s idea of the &#8220;pure language,&#8221; <i>reine Sprache</i>, lying behind a literary work has an obvious connection with the linguistic creativity of Zamenhof and other planners of languages. In a sense, even the original literature of Esperanto is translated, because Esperanto is a language of bilinguals that mediates between cultures and the languages that convey those cultures. Translating Shakespeare into Esperanto presents particular problems because of the density of meaning in the Shakespearean text and because of the importance of retaining its playability. Historical distance is also an issue, especially when translating into a relatively new language like Esperanto. 10 01 JB code wlp.3.16con 191 194 4 Miscellaneous 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Contributors</TitleText> 10 01 JB code wlp.3.17ind 195 202 8 Miscellaneous 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20100722 2010 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 520 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 4 22 01 02 JB 1 00 90.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 95.40 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 22 02 02 JB 1 00 76.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 3 22 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 135.00 USD