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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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201608250354
ONIX title feed
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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Studies in World Language Problems
3
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The Translator as Mediator of Cultures
The
Translator as Mediator of Cultures
01
wlp.3
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/wlp.3
1
B01
Humphrey Tonkin
Tonkin, Humphrey
Humphrey
Tonkin
University of Hartford
2
B01
Maria Esposito Frank
Frank, Maria Esposito
Maria Esposito
Frank
University of Hartford
01
eng
211
x
201
LAN023000
v.2006
CFP
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.LAPO
Language policy
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.BIL
Multilingualism
24
JB Subject Scheme
TRAN.TRANSL
Translation Studies
06
01
If it is bilingualism that transfers information and ideas from culture to culture, it is the translator who systematizes and generalizes this process. The translator serves as a mediator of cultures. In this collection of essays, based on a conference held at the University of Hartford, a group of individuals – professional translators, linguists, and literary scholars – exchange their views on translation and its power to influence literary traditions and to shape cultural and economic identities. The authors explore the implications of their views on the theory and craft of translation, both written and oral, in an era of unsettling globalizing forces.
05
The editors have compiled an interesting and worthwhile addition to the literature of translation theory with this collection containing a felicitous mix of theory and practice.
Ian M. Richmond, in Language Problems and Language Planning, Vol. 35:3 (2011)
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Miscellaneous
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Preface
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14
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Article
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Introduction. Between temples and templates
History’s claims on the translator
1
A01
Probal Dasgupta
Dasgupta, Probal
Probal
Dasgupta
01
The present articulation of history’s claims on translation theory is built around four propositions: (a) The sacred temple, in the ancient first wave of the activity, set up one broadly identifiable type of translation enterprise; (b) The scientific template, in the modern second wave, associated itself with a second type; (c) These enterprises have a missionary element in common that should elicit resistance on our part; (d) The legacy of these missionary enterprises themselves can be recycled, in a swords-to-plowshares transformation, if we post-missionary translators agree to play these enterprises off against each other as we reconfigure the field. The present exposition elaborates these propositions in terms drawn from the substantivist research program in linguistics and cognitive science.
10
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JB code
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Section header
3
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Part 1. Translation and reconciliation
10
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JB code
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17
36
20
Article
4
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1. Translation as reconciliation
A conversation about politics, translation, and multilingualism in South Africa
1
A01
Antjie Krog
Krog, Antjie
Antjie
Krog
2
A01
Rosalind Morris
Morris, Rosalind
Rosalind
Morris
3
A01
Humphrey Tonkin
Tonkin, Humphrey
Humphrey
Tonkin
01
South Africa is an example of the urgent need for translation. In moving away from two official languages to eleven, South Africa, limited in resources and unprepared to handle such linguistic complexity at the level of government, has in effect empowered English as the prestige language. The historically compromised Afrikaner population is witnessing the decline of Afrikaans, even though that language is widely used also by the Cape Coloured population. The writer in Afrikaans is having difficulty being heard at times. At the same time English is dominated by received assumptions that exclude indigenous literary forms and the voices that accompany them. In such an environment, translation should be a national priority, not only to make other voices heard but also to broaden the cultural base of English and to include the other cultures and peoples of South Africa in a multilingual discourse. In this sense, translation might mediate among the South African languages – indeed might be seen as a form of reconciliation in which the periphery talks to the center as well as the center to the periphery, and in which all languages are enriched as a result.
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.05sch
37
52
16
Article
5
01
2. Interpreting at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
Linguistic and cultural challenges
1
A01
Nancy Schweda Nicholson
Schweda Nicholson, Nancy
Nancy
Schweda Nicholson
01
Interpreting services constitute an integral part of the day-to-day activities at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague. At the opening of this paper, a focus on the differences between Civil and Common Law systems and an overview of court interpreting contribute relevant background information. An historical segment treats the creation of the ICTY and its administrative framework, thus providing the backdrop for a detailed look at the ICTY’s working languages and the use of simultaneous interpreting (SI), relay interpreting (RI) and consecutive interpreting (CI) in the courtrooms, deposition venues and Detention Unit. Inasmuch as the ICTY trials are the result of a vicious, lengthy war and ethnic cleansing activities, interpreter stress plays a significant role, both in the courtrooms and in the field. In order to facilitate the functioning of the ICTY and to orient attorneys to the unique work environment there, several training courses were held in The Hague and Montreal from 2003–2006. The ICTY’s legacy lives on as the International Criminal Court (ICC) conducts investigations in Africa and trials in The Hague.
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.06rea
53
72
20
Article
6
01
3. Translating and interpreting sign language
Mediating the DEAF-WORLD
1
A01
Timothy Reagan
Reagan, Timothy
Timothy
Reagan
01
Translating and interpreting signed languages has received relatively little attention outside the applied world of sign language interpretation. In this chapter, the general theme of the translator as the mediator of cultures will be applied to the complex case of signed languages, using ASL and, to a lesser extent, other sign languages, as cases in point. Because of the diversity within signed languages, and the typical lack of overall codification for signed languages, the tasks of translation and interpretation become heavily reliant on the cultural and linguistic knowledge, sensitivity and judgment of the interpreter or translator. In this chapter, I will explore the concept of diversity in signed languages, the special challenges faced by signed language translators and interpreters, the role of culture in deaf-hearing interchanges, and finally, the implications of such points for other translators and interpreters.
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.07poo
73
86
14
Article
7
01
4. Translators in a global community
1
A01
Jonathan Pool
Pool, Jonathan
Jonathan
Pool
01
The popular yet paradoxical idea of a diverse global community raises questions about language and translation. Would a global community with a global language lose its other languages? Would a global community without a global language be able to interact efficiently across thousands of linguistic frontiers? One strategy that might make global community compatible with linguistic diversity is <i>panlingual transparency via aspectual phased translation</i>. With it, translators translate aspects of a discourse at each phase of a multiphase process, rather than translating the discourse in its entirety in a single act. In an initial simple model, communication in a global community relies on translation partitioned into four phases; the translation in each is either <i>linguistic</i> or <i>cultural</i>, but not both. A source discourse is translated culturally (within the source language), then linguistically (from the source language to a global representation), then linguistically (from the global representation to the target languages), then culturally (within the target languages). Such partitioning could elevate productivity by facilitating divisions of labor between professional and lay translators and between human and machine translators, and by letting monolinguals act as translators.
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.08pa2
Section header
8
01
Part 2. Translation and negotiation
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.09edw
89
106
18
Article
9
01
5. The treason of translation?
Bilingualism, linguistic borders and identity
1
A01
John Edwards
Edwards, John
John
Edwards
01
It is perfectly obvious that using a translator or interpreter has practical benefits; it is perhaps less obvious that psychological disadvantages may present themselves. The translator is one whose linguistic competence gives entry to (at least) two language communities, and there may be apprehension. As George Steiner has pointed out, “there is in every act of translation – and specially where it succeeds – a touch of treason. Hoarded dreams, patents of life are being taken across the frontier.” The old Italian proverb is blunter: <i>traduttori traditori</i>. This reflects the familiar idea that concealment is as much a feature of language as is communication. Privacy, the construction of fictionalised myths, legends and stories, and outright dissimulation are at once important and threatened by translation and translators; one contemporary theme here is the “appropriation” of native stories by outsiders, for in many cultures, particularly those with powerful and rich oral traditions, stories <i>belong</i> to the group or, indeed, to some designated story-teller. There is, then, a potential tension between the necessity of translation and its invasive qualities. This chapter suggests some points relevant to this tension – with particular regard to ethnic-group boundaries and the politics of group identity.
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.10col
107
124
18
Article
10
01
6. The poetics of experience
Toward a pragmatic understanding of experience, practice, and translation
1
A01
Vincent Colapietro
Colapietro, Vincent
Vincent
Colapietro
01
The author explores what he calls the <i>poetics of experience</i> (the translation of experience into various forms of expression, linguistic and otherwise) against the backdrop of a pragmatist understanding of human practices. Such an understanding of these practices highlights their historical and thus open-ended character, also the ubiquitous possibility of dramatic alterations in the self-understanding of the participants in these practices. Anything approximating an adequate account of translation in its various senses demands that critical attention be paid to linguistic and literary practices, precisely as historically evolved and evolving affairs. Interlingual and, indeed, other forms of translation generate the need for complex renegotiations involving various aspects of these interwoven practices. Translating a text from one language into another (to take but one example) is far from a simple process of decoding and re-encoding; it is rather a complex practice in which historically established relationships are, in some measure, renegotiated and thereby transformed.
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.11pa3
Section header
11
01
Part 3. Translation and the interpretation of texts
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.12coo
127
138
12
Article
12
01
7. Translation and the rediscovery of the multinational Central European
1
A01
Thomas Cooper
Cooper, Thomas
Thomas
Cooper
01
Since the fall of communism the study of the cultures of Central Europe has been strongly marked by the national paradigm. Cultural artifacts such as works of literature, visual arts and music, as well as forms of dance, have been considered for their role in the construction and perpetuation of distinctive national identities, in part as a means of exploding the myth of a monolithic Eastern Bloc. Relevant as this approach may be to the study of Central Europe, it overlooks ways in which works of art from the region are frequently resistant to the national paradigm. Works of literature, in particular, often incorporate palpable influences from several national traditions, alluding to and participating in a cultural heritage that transcends the borders of language. Translation constitutes one of the primary instruments of this process of influence. The traditional understanding of translation as a bridge between cultures, however, is inadequate in this context, as it reinforces the notion of distinctive national cultures. In the multilingual culture of Central Europe translation figures not simply as a conduit but rather as a form of expression through which a shared multinational culture is sustained.
10
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160
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Article
13
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8. Transcriação / Transcreation
The Brazilian concrete poets and translation
1
A01
K. David Jackson
Jackson, K. David
K. David
Jackson
01
The Brazilian concrete poets Haroldo de Campos (1929–2003) and Augusto de Campos (b. 1931) emphasize creative translation of a synchronic selection of world literature as an integral part of neovanguard poetics and criticism. “Transcriação/transcreation” was the term coined by HC to characterize a new approach to creative literary translation, launched in Brazil with their joint translations of many of the founders of contemporary poetics, Pound, Mallarmé, cummings, Mayakovsky, and Joyce. Departing from a linguistic approach to expressive language, HC applied “transcreation” theory to his translations of Chinese poetry, Japanese haiku, and the biblical book of Genesis, among others. The translators’ goal was phonetic, syntactical, and morphological equivalency, aided by the flexibility of the Brazilian Portuguese language. AC’s translations range from French Provençal poetry to cummings, while HC’s last published translation was a Greek/Portuguese bilingual edition of <i>The Iliad</i>. The theory of transcreation was first applied to a constructivist, linguistic current of twentieth-century vanguard poetics, and more broadly to a synchronic construction of tradition and linguistic analysis in many languages, literatures, and periods. The translations of the Brazilian Concrete poets thus added an essential and influential component to the concept and practice of world literature. Their work as translators made available in Portuguese a more complete and complex reading of poetics grounded in language than was available in many other major languages.
10
01
JB code
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161
168
8
Article
14
01
9. Expression and translation of philosophy
Giorgio Colli, a master of time
1
A01
Marie-José Tramuta
Tramuta, Marie-José
Marie-José
Tramuta
01
Giorgio Colli and Mazzino Montinari won the prestigious Wheatland Prize for Translation in 1987 for their translations and critical edition of the works of Nietzsche. That version in Italian (1960–1975) was the first collection of all of Nietzsche’s works in their entirety. The late and posthumous recognition of their work has been followed in 1995 by the project of the University of Washington to translate the Colli-Montinari critical edition of Nietzsche’s complete works into English, still in progress. But Giorgio Colli is also the author, the passeur, the translator, of <i>Greek Wisdom</i> (1977), a monumental project that aimed to reform Diels and Kranz’s famous edition of <i>Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker</i> with particular attention to the religious antecedents of Presocratic thinking. Colli’s premature death in 1979 interrupted the edition, which ended with the third volume (out of a projected eleven).
10
01
JB code
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169
190
22
Article
15
01
10. The semantics of invention
Translation into Esperanto
1
A01
Humphrey Tonkin
Tonkin, Humphrey
Humphrey
Tonkin
01
The particular challenges of translating <i>Winnie-the-Pooh</i> into a planned language like Esperanto include grappling with culture-specific and idiomatic phraseology, word-play, the choice of proper names, and an audience divided between children and adults. The problem is none the less made simpler because there does exist a literary tradition in Esperanto and particularly a tradition of translation that goes back to the very beginnings of the language: its author Zamenhof translated several major literary works, beginning with <i>Hamlet</i>, published just seven years after the language was launched. He did so in part to increase the flexibility and range of his language. Furthermore, Zamenhof created a past for Esperanto by drawing on the common semantic stock of European languages. Walter Benjamin’s idea of the “pure language,” <i>reine Sprache</i>, lying behind a literary work has an obvious connection with the linguistic creativity of Zamenhof and other planners of languages. In a sense, even the original literature of Esperanto is translated, because Esperanto is a language of bilinguals that mediates between cultures and the languages that convey those cultures. Translating Shakespeare into Esperanto presents particular problems because of the density of meaning in the Shakespearean text and because of the importance of retaining its playability. Historical distance is also an issue, especially when translating into a relatively new language like Esperanto.
10
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JB code
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191
194
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Miscellaneous
16
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Contributors
10
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JB code
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195
202
8
Miscellaneous
17
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Index
02
JBENJAMINS
John Benjamins Publishing Company
01
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam/Philadelphia
NL
04
20100722
2010
John Benjamins
02
WORLD
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9789027228345
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JB
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John Benjamins e-Platform
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jbe-platform.com
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76.00
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135.00
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505008233
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
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9789027228345
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2010013265
BB
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1572-1183
Studies in World Language Problems
3
01
The Translator as Mediator of Cultures
The
Translator as Mediator of Cultures
01
wlp.3
01
https://benjamins.com
02
https://benjamins.com/catalog/wlp.3
1
B01
Humphrey Tonkin
Tonkin, Humphrey
Humphrey
Tonkin
University of Hartford
2
B01
Maria Esposito Frank
Frank, Maria Esposito
Maria Esposito
Frank
University of Hartford
01
eng
211
x
201
LAN023000
v.2006
CFP
2
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.LAPO
Language policy
24
JB Subject Scheme
LIN.BIL
Multilingualism
24
JB Subject Scheme
TRAN.TRANSL
Translation Studies
06
01
If it is bilingualism that transfers information and ideas from culture to culture, it is the translator who systematizes and generalizes this process. The translator serves as a mediator of cultures. In this collection of essays, based on a conference held at the University of Hartford, a group of individuals – professional translators, linguists, and literary scholars – exchange their views on translation and its power to influence literary traditions and to shape cultural and economic identities. The authors explore the implications of their views on the theory and craft of translation, both written and oral, in an era of unsettling globalizing forces.
05
The editors have compiled an interesting and worthwhile addition to the literature of translation theory with this collection containing a felicitous mix of theory and practice.
Ian M. Richmond, in Language Problems and Language Planning, Vol. 35:3 (2011)
04
09
01
https://benjamins.com/covers/475/wlp.3.png
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https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027228345.jpg
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vii
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Miscellaneous
1
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Preface
10
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JB code
wlp.3.02int
1
14
14
Article
2
01
Introduction. Between temples and templates
History’s claims on the translator
1
A01
Probal Dasgupta
Dasgupta, Probal
Probal
Dasgupta
01
The present articulation of history’s claims on translation theory is built around four propositions: (a) The sacred temple, in the ancient first wave of the activity, set up one broadly identifiable type of translation enterprise; (b) The scientific template, in the modern second wave, associated itself with a second type; (c) These enterprises have a missionary element in common that should elicit resistance on our part; (d) The legacy of these missionary enterprises themselves can be recycled, in a swords-to-plowshares transformation, if we post-missionary translators agree to play these enterprises off against each other as we reconfigure the field. The present exposition elaborates these propositions in terms drawn from the substantivist research program in linguistics and cognitive science.
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.03pa1
Section header
3
01
Part 1. Translation and reconciliation
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.04kro
17
36
20
Article
4
01
1. Translation as reconciliation
A conversation about politics, translation, and multilingualism in South Africa
1
A01
Antjie Krog
Krog, Antjie
Antjie
Krog
2
A01
Rosalind Morris
Morris, Rosalind
Rosalind
Morris
3
A01
Humphrey Tonkin
Tonkin, Humphrey
Humphrey
Tonkin
01
South Africa is an example of the urgent need for translation. In moving away from two official languages to eleven, South Africa, limited in resources and unprepared to handle such linguistic complexity at the level of government, has in effect empowered English as the prestige language. The historically compromised Afrikaner population is witnessing the decline of Afrikaans, even though that language is widely used also by the Cape Coloured population. The writer in Afrikaans is having difficulty being heard at times. At the same time English is dominated by received assumptions that exclude indigenous literary forms and the voices that accompany them. In such an environment, translation should be a national priority, not only to make other voices heard but also to broaden the cultural base of English and to include the other cultures and peoples of South Africa in a multilingual discourse. In this sense, translation might mediate among the South African languages – indeed might be seen as a form of reconciliation in which the periphery talks to the center as well as the center to the periphery, and in which all languages are enriched as a result.
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.05sch
37
52
16
Article
5
01
2. Interpreting at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
Linguistic and cultural challenges
1
A01
Nancy Schweda Nicholson
Schweda Nicholson, Nancy
Nancy
Schweda Nicholson
01
Interpreting services constitute an integral part of the day-to-day activities at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in The Hague. At the opening of this paper, a focus on the differences between Civil and Common Law systems and an overview of court interpreting contribute relevant background information. An historical segment treats the creation of the ICTY and its administrative framework, thus providing the backdrop for a detailed look at the ICTY’s working languages and the use of simultaneous interpreting (SI), relay interpreting (RI) and consecutive interpreting (CI) in the courtrooms, deposition venues and Detention Unit. Inasmuch as the ICTY trials are the result of a vicious, lengthy war and ethnic cleansing activities, interpreter stress plays a significant role, both in the courtrooms and in the field. In order to facilitate the functioning of the ICTY and to orient attorneys to the unique work environment there, several training courses were held in The Hague and Montreal from 2003–2006. The ICTY’s legacy lives on as the International Criminal Court (ICC) conducts investigations in Africa and trials in The Hague.
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.06rea
53
72
20
Article
6
01
3. Translating and interpreting sign language
Mediating the DEAF-WORLD
1
A01
Timothy Reagan
Reagan, Timothy
Timothy
Reagan
01
Translating and interpreting signed languages has received relatively little attention outside the applied world of sign language interpretation. In this chapter, the general theme of the translator as the mediator of cultures will be applied to the complex case of signed languages, using ASL and, to a lesser extent, other sign languages, as cases in point. Because of the diversity within signed languages, and the typical lack of overall codification for signed languages, the tasks of translation and interpretation become heavily reliant on the cultural and linguistic knowledge, sensitivity and judgment of the interpreter or translator. In this chapter, I will explore the concept of diversity in signed languages, the special challenges faced by signed language translators and interpreters, the role of culture in deaf-hearing interchanges, and finally, the implications of such points for other translators and interpreters.
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.07poo
73
86
14
Article
7
01
4. Translators in a global community
1
A01
Jonathan Pool
Pool, Jonathan
Jonathan
Pool
01
The popular yet paradoxical idea of a diverse global community raises questions about language and translation. Would a global community with a global language lose its other languages? Would a global community without a global language be able to interact efficiently across thousands of linguistic frontiers? One strategy that might make global community compatible with linguistic diversity is <i>panlingual transparency via aspectual phased translation</i>. With it, translators translate aspects of a discourse at each phase of a multiphase process, rather than translating the discourse in its entirety in a single act. In an initial simple model, communication in a global community relies on translation partitioned into four phases; the translation in each is either <i>linguistic</i> or <i>cultural</i>, but not both. A source discourse is translated culturally (within the source language), then linguistically (from the source language to a global representation), then linguistically (from the global representation to the target languages), then culturally (within the target languages). Such partitioning could elevate productivity by facilitating divisions of labor between professional and lay translators and between human and machine translators, and by letting monolinguals act as translators.
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.08pa2
Section header
8
01
Part 2. Translation and negotiation
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.09edw
89
106
18
Article
9
01
5. The treason of translation?
Bilingualism, linguistic borders and identity
1
A01
John Edwards
Edwards, John
John
Edwards
01
It is perfectly obvious that using a translator or interpreter has practical benefits; it is perhaps less obvious that psychological disadvantages may present themselves. The translator is one whose linguistic competence gives entry to (at least) two language communities, and there may be apprehension. As George Steiner has pointed out, “there is in every act of translation – and specially where it succeeds – a touch of treason. Hoarded dreams, patents of life are being taken across the frontier.” The old Italian proverb is blunter: <i>traduttori traditori</i>. This reflects the familiar idea that concealment is as much a feature of language as is communication. Privacy, the construction of fictionalised myths, legends and stories, and outright dissimulation are at once important and threatened by translation and translators; one contemporary theme here is the “appropriation” of native stories by outsiders, for in many cultures, particularly those with powerful and rich oral traditions, stories <i>belong</i> to the group or, indeed, to some designated story-teller. There is, then, a potential tension between the necessity of translation and its invasive qualities. This chapter suggests some points relevant to this tension – with particular regard to ethnic-group boundaries and the politics of group identity.
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.10col
107
124
18
Article
10
01
6. The poetics of experience
Toward a pragmatic understanding of experience, practice, and translation
1
A01
Vincent Colapietro
Colapietro, Vincent
Vincent
Colapietro
01
The author explores what he calls the <i>poetics of experience</i> (the translation of experience into various forms of expression, linguistic and otherwise) against the backdrop of a pragmatist understanding of human practices. Such an understanding of these practices highlights their historical and thus open-ended character, also the ubiquitous possibility of dramatic alterations in the self-understanding of the participants in these practices. Anything approximating an adequate account of translation in its various senses demands that critical attention be paid to linguistic and literary practices, precisely as historically evolved and evolving affairs. Interlingual and, indeed, other forms of translation generate the need for complex renegotiations involving various aspects of these interwoven practices. Translating a text from one language into another (to take but one example) is far from a simple process of decoding and re-encoding; it is rather a complex practice in which historically established relationships are, in some measure, renegotiated and thereby transformed.
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.11pa3
Section header
11
01
Part 3. Translation and the interpretation of texts
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.12coo
127
138
12
Article
12
01
7. Translation and the rediscovery of the multinational Central European
1
A01
Thomas Cooper
Cooper, Thomas
Thomas
Cooper
01
Since the fall of communism the study of the cultures of Central Europe has been strongly marked by the national paradigm. Cultural artifacts such as works of literature, visual arts and music, as well as forms of dance, have been considered for their role in the construction and perpetuation of distinctive national identities, in part as a means of exploding the myth of a monolithic Eastern Bloc. Relevant as this approach may be to the study of Central Europe, it overlooks ways in which works of art from the region are frequently resistant to the national paradigm. Works of literature, in particular, often incorporate palpable influences from several national traditions, alluding to and participating in a cultural heritage that transcends the borders of language. Translation constitutes one of the primary instruments of this process of influence. The traditional understanding of translation as a bridge between cultures, however, is inadequate in this context, as it reinforces the notion of distinctive national cultures. In the multilingual culture of Central Europe translation figures not simply as a conduit but rather as a form of expression through which a shared multinational culture is sustained.
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.13jac
139
160
22
Article
13
01
8. Transcriação / Transcreation
The Brazilian concrete poets and translation
1
A01
K. David Jackson
Jackson, K. David
K. David
Jackson
01
The Brazilian concrete poets Haroldo de Campos (1929–2003) and Augusto de Campos (b. 1931) emphasize creative translation of a synchronic selection of world literature as an integral part of neovanguard poetics and criticism. “Transcriação/transcreation” was the term coined by HC to characterize a new approach to creative literary translation, launched in Brazil with their joint translations of many of the founders of contemporary poetics, Pound, Mallarmé, cummings, Mayakovsky, and Joyce. Departing from a linguistic approach to expressive language, HC applied “transcreation” theory to his translations of Chinese poetry, Japanese haiku, and the biblical book of Genesis, among others. The translators’ goal was phonetic, syntactical, and morphological equivalency, aided by the flexibility of the Brazilian Portuguese language. AC’s translations range from French Provençal poetry to cummings, while HC’s last published translation was a Greek/Portuguese bilingual edition of <i>The Iliad</i>. The theory of transcreation was first applied to a constructivist, linguistic current of twentieth-century vanguard poetics, and more broadly to a synchronic construction of tradition and linguistic analysis in many languages, literatures, and periods. The translations of the Brazilian Concrete poets thus added an essential and influential component to the concept and practice of world literature. Their work as translators made available in Portuguese a more complete and complex reading of poetics grounded in language than was available in many other major languages.
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.14tra
161
168
8
Article
14
01
9. Expression and translation of philosophy
Giorgio Colli, a master of time
1
A01
Marie-José Tramuta
Tramuta, Marie-José
Marie-José
Tramuta
01
Giorgio Colli and Mazzino Montinari won the prestigious Wheatland Prize for Translation in 1987 for their translations and critical edition of the works of Nietzsche. That version in Italian (1960–1975) was the first collection of all of Nietzsche’s works in their entirety. The late and posthumous recognition of their work has been followed in 1995 by the project of the University of Washington to translate the Colli-Montinari critical edition of Nietzsche’s complete works into English, still in progress. But Giorgio Colli is also the author, the passeur, the translator, of <i>Greek Wisdom</i> (1977), a monumental project that aimed to reform Diels and Kranz’s famous edition of <i>Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker</i> with particular attention to the religious antecedents of Presocratic thinking. Colli’s premature death in 1979 interrupted the edition, which ended with the third volume (out of a projected eleven).
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.15ton
169
190
22
Article
15
01
10. The semantics of invention
Translation into Esperanto
1
A01
Humphrey Tonkin
Tonkin, Humphrey
Humphrey
Tonkin
01
The particular challenges of translating <i>Winnie-the-Pooh</i> into a planned language like Esperanto include grappling with culture-specific and idiomatic phraseology, word-play, the choice of proper names, and an audience divided between children and adults. The problem is none the less made simpler because there does exist a literary tradition in Esperanto and particularly a tradition of translation that goes back to the very beginnings of the language: its author Zamenhof translated several major literary works, beginning with <i>Hamlet</i>, published just seven years after the language was launched. He did so in part to increase the flexibility and range of his language. Furthermore, Zamenhof created a past for Esperanto by drawing on the common semantic stock of European languages. Walter Benjamin’s idea of the “pure language,” <i>reine Sprache</i>, lying behind a literary work has an obvious connection with the linguistic creativity of Zamenhof and other planners of languages. In a sense, even the original literature of Esperanto is translated, because Esperanto is a language of bilinguals that mediates between cultures and the languages that convey those cultures. Translating Shakespeare into Esperanto presents particular problems because of the density of meaning in the Shakespearean text and because of the importance of retaining its playability. Historical distance is also an issue, especially when translating into a relatively new language like Esperanto.
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.16con
191
194
4
Miscellaneous
16
01
Contributors
10
01
JB code
wlp.3.17ind
195
202
8
Miscellaneous
17
01
Index
02
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