156008336 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code WLP 4 Eb 15 9789027272133 06 10.1075/wlp.4 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code WLP 02 1572-1183 02 4.00 01 02 Studies in World Language Problems Studies in World Language Problems 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-all 01 02 Complete backlist (3,208 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Complete backlist (1967–2015) 11 01 JB code jbe-2015-linguistics 01 02 Subject collection: Linguistics (2,773 titles, 1967–2015) 05 02 Linguistics (1967–2015) 01 01 The Politics of English South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Asia Pacific The Politics of English: South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Asia Pacific 1 B01 01 JB code 738118500 Lionel Wee Wee, Lionel Lionel Wee National University of Singapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/738118500 2 B01 01 JB code 749118502 Robbie B.H. Goh Goh, Robbie B.H. Robbie B.H. Goh National University of Singapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/749118502 3 B01 01 JB code 359118501 Lisa Lim Lim, Lisa Lisa Lim University of Hong Kong 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/359118501 01 eng 11 332 03 03 ix 03 00 322 03 01 23 306.44095 03 2013 PE3501 04 English language--Political aspects--Asia. 04 English language--Variation--Asia. 04 English language--Asia--Usage. 04 English language--Foreign countries. 04 Language and culture--Asia. 10 LAN009000 12 CF/2AB 24 JB code LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB code LIN.LAPO Language policy 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 01 06 02 00 Explores the increasingly important roles that English plays in Asia, including its contribution to economic growth, national imaginaries and creative writing. This book includes chapters that illustrate diversity by focusing on countries from South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Asia Pacific. 03 00 This volume brings together contributions that explore the increasingly important roles that English plays in Asia, including its contribution to economic growth, national imaginaries and creative writing. These are issues that are political in a broad sense, but the diversity of Asian contexts also means that the social, political and cultural ramifications of the spread of English into Asia will have to be understood in relation to the challenges facing specific societies. The chapters in the book collectively illustrate this diversity by focusing on countries from South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Asia Pacific. Each country has two contributions devoted to it: one paper provides an overview of the country’s language policy and its positioning of English, and another provides a critical discussion of creative expressions involving the use of English. Taken together, the papers in the volume detail the most recent developments concerning the politics of English in Asia. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/wlp.4.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027228352.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027228352.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/wlp.4.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/wlp.4.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/wlp.4.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/wlp.4.hb.png 01 01 JB code wlp.4.01pre 06 10.1075/wlp.4.01pre vii x 4 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Preface Preface 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.4.02pen 06 10.1075/wlp.4.02pen 1 18 18 Article 2 01 04 1. Language policies, language ideologies and local language practices 1. Language policies, language ideologies and local language practices 1 A01 01 JB code 670184975 Alastair Pennycook Pennycook, Alastair Alastair Pennycook 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/670184975 01 eng 03 00

Discussing a number of examples of language practices in different Asian contexts – from a job advertisement for English teachers in Vietnam, to injunctions to speak good English in Singapore, from mission statements on a Philippine convent wall, to an article about temple elephants in India – this paper argues that it is not so much language as language ideology that is the object of language policy. While ostensibly dealing with the distribution and regulation of languages, language policies are generally about something else entirely, be it educational, ideological or cultural regulation. Local language practices, meanwhile, may appear to be subject to language policies, but since language policies are always about a different understanding of language, it is this understanding rather than the practices themselves, that are at stake. By insisting on the plannability of language, state authorities insist that a sterile and state-serving view of language is the language ideology we should adhere to. State language policies, therefore, have more to do with the regulation of language ideologies than with the regulation of local language practices, which, despite attempts to contain them, always exceed confinement.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.03p1 06 10.1075/wlp.4.03p1 Section header 3 01 04 Part I. South Asia Part I. South Asia 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.4.04roy 06 10.1075/wlp.4.04roy 21 36 16 Article 4 01 04 2. The politics of Hinglish 2. The politics of Hinglish 1 A01 01 JB code 608184976 Anjali Gera Roy Roy, Anjali Gera Anjali Gera Roy 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/608184976 01 eng 03 00

After being subjected to ‘the imperialism of language’ for centuries like other colonized people through the media, education and other instruments of colonial power, educated Indians have ‘decolonized’ English through the invention of a new hybrid formed through the mixing of English with Hindi, which was followed by mixing with other Indian languages. Although Indian English has always been used out of innocence or ignorance and has been normalized as a register of English, Hinglish, a mix of Hindi and English, was first used to great effect by a film tabloid called Stardust in the 1970s under the editorship of the popular fiction writer Shobha De(nee Rajadhyaksha) and entered the vocabulary of educated, middle class speakers. But it was only when Salman Rushdie employed a non-Standard register of English, a mix of Hindi/Urdu with English, in his novel Midnight’s Children (1980) that Hinglish acquired literary respectability. Through comparing “the stylish language of Bollywood, of FM radio and of national advertising” with the “aspirational language” of speakers of bhashas[Modern Indian languages] disdainfully described as “vernacs[vernaculars]” by elite speakers of English, this essay focuses on cultural politics of different varieties of Hinglish in India to argue that while ushering in linguistic democraticization, Hinglish has not been able to bridge social difference.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.05vai 06 10.1075/wlp.4.05vai 37 60 24 Article 5 01 04 3. Globalization and multilingualism 3. Globalization and multilingualism 01 04 Text types in the linguistic ecology of Delhi Text types in the linguistic ecology of Delhi 1 A01 01 JB code 215184977 Viniti Vaish Vaish, Viniti Viniti Vaish 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/215184977 01 eng 03 00

Though the main story of globalization in Applied Linguistics is the spread of global English and the loss of indigenous languages, this paper emphasizes the less commonly known view that globalization supports multilingualism. I argue that despite the onslaught of globalization in India, there is language maintenance and not language shift. In keeping with the contentions of Dor (2004), Soh (2005), and Bhatia and Richie (2004), the entrenchment of Hindi is explored in detail. Using a grounded process of data analysis, 200 photos and artefacts depicting the linguistic ecology of Delhi are qualitatively analyzed. Though in the monoliterate text the spread of English is palpable, all other biliterate text types are illustrations of the entrenched nature of Hindi.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.06lim 06 10.1075/wlp.4.06lim 61 80 20 Article 6 01 04 4. Kaduva of privileged power, instrument of rural empowerment? 4. Kaduva of privileged power, instrument of rural empowerment? 01 04 The politics of English (and Sinhala and Tamil) in Sri Lanka The politics of English (and Sinhala and Tamil) in Sri Lanka 1 A01 01 JB code 677184978 Lisa Lim Lim, Lisa Lisa Lim 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/677184978 01 eng 03 00

The politics of English is inseparable from the politics of other languages in multicultural, multilingual (South and Southeast) Asia; in few other places is this more painfully felt than Sri Lanka, where ethnolinguistic issues have embroiled the country in civil war for a quarter of a century. A source of this conflict, its origin in British rule, is the provision of English education, as a scarce commodity, affording better employment opportunities and socioeconomic advancement. With the Tamil minority viewed as privileged in the colonial system, more protectionist measures were sought in independence for the Sinhala ethnic majority through a ’Sinhala Only’ language policy, all this leading to the country’s polarization. Crucially, English has continued to be the major instrument of the dominant bilingual westernised elite, the kaduva (Sinhala ‘sword’), with the power to divide those with and without access to the language. More recent state discourse, however, reframes English as a functionally different tool, one for communication for knowledge and employment. Two aspects are notable: (i) that English be delivered and desired purely for its utility value, while Sinhala and Tamil associate with cultural values and identities; and (ii) that English be an important tool (along with ICT) for rural empowerment, with user-friendliness rather than correctness of grammar and pronunciation emphasized (contrasting interestingly with Singapore’s situation). Such a shift, in users and competence in English, beyond the exonormative, elite minority may mean a development of Sri Lankan English(es) more in line with the broader multilingual ecology, holding intriguing possibilities for its evolution and appropriation.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.07goo 06 10.1075/wlp.4.07goo 81 102 22 Article 7 01 04 5. The interface of language, literature and politics in Sri Lanka 5. The interface of language, literature and politics in Sri Lanka 01 04 A paradigm for ex-colonies of Britain A paradigm for ex-colonies of Britain 1 A01 01 JB code 280184979 D.C.R.A. Goonetilleke Goonetilleke, D.C.R.A. D.C.R.A. Goonetilleke 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/280184979 01 eng 03 00

During colonial times, the English language occupied a dominant position, but the colonial educational system was not a mass or egalitarian system. The presence of the colonial masters had a suffocating effect on the creative energies of the local inhabitants and literature in English emerges paradoxically from the growth of nationalist currents. In its early phase, this literature can be termed mimicry. The potential insurgency of mimicry is evident in an adoption of an indigenous identity at times. When writers began to feel nationalist currents keenly, their central problem was reconciling their own sensibility, indigenous traditions and realities, on the one hand, and Western literary and other traditions and influences, on the other. Once this clash of cultures phase was over, the poets wrote out of their personal situations. For some writers, the choice or adoption of English was a major problem, while it was not so for others. But both groups had to adapt English to express realities alien to it and convey their own indigenous spirit. We have now moved beyond the ‘Prospero-Caliban syndrome’.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.08p2 06 10.1075/wlp.4.08p2 Section header 8 01 04 Part II. Southeast Asia Part II. Southeast Asia 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.4.09wee 06 10.1075/wlp.4.09wee 105 124 20 Article 9 01 04 6. Governing English in Singapore 6. Governing English in Singapore 01 04 Some challenges for Singapore's language policy Some challenges for Singapore’s language policy 1 A01 01 JB code 218184980 Lionel Wee Wee, Lionel Lionel Wee 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/218184980 01 eng 03 00

A critical assessment of Singapore’s language policy, focusing specifically on issues and challenges that arise from the government’s positioning of the English language, shows how the policy needs to be understood in relation to the government’s attempt to maintain harmony in an ethnolinguistically diverse society while ensuring that the society as a whole is economically competitive in a globalizing world. A number of particular challenges for the language policy are discussed as regards the management of English. The paper ends with some observations about how this policy might ultimately have to be modified in order to address these challenges. In particular, it suggests that there is a need for greater autonomy in language policy, in order to accommodate the increasingly diverse identities and experiences of Singaporeans.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.10goh 06 10.1075/wlp.4.10goh 125 144 20 Article 10 01 04 7. Uncertain locale 7. Uncertain locale 01 04 The dialectics of space and the cultural politics of English in Singapore The dialectics of space and the cultural politics of English in Singapore 1 A01 01 JB code 758184981 Robbie B.H. Goh Goh, Robbie B.H. Robbie B.H. Goh 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/758184981 01 eng 03 00

The role and place of English in Singapore is shaped by a number of key cultural factors, including the nation’s colonial legacy, its multi-racial and multi-lingual society (and how this is handled by government policy), the push to position Singapore as a global city attracting transnational capital and flows of talent, and similar issues. These factors combine to create cultural tensions between language and race identifiers (for example, being of Chinese ethnic origin, being a recent arrival from China, speaking Chinese dialects, and speaking the Mandarin Chinese endorsed by the government), between different racial-linguistic communities (for example, Anglophone Singaporeans and speakers predominantly of Asian languages), and the peculiar tensions between varieties of “standard” English affiliated to global cultural flows (American media, living and studying in the U.K. or Australia) and the local variety known as “Singlish” that is affiliated with a localized (and especially everyman or underclass) Singapore identity. An account of English vis-à-vis the cultural landscape of Singapore thus also becomes an account of the geopolitics of identity and culture, as Singapore attempts to come to terms with global flows and competitions.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.11tal 06 10.1075/wlp.4.11tal 145 166 22 Article 11 01 04 8. The encroachment of English in Malaysian cultural expression 8. The encroachment of English in Malaysian cultural expression 1 A01 01 JB code 358184982 Ismail S. Talib Talib, Ismail S. Ismail S. Talib 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/358184982 01 eng 03 00

Malay is the national language of Malaysia. As such, there have been various policies and rules implemented to ensure that it is a dominant and widely used language in the country. However, its position and integrity have been pressured by the former colonial language, English. This chapter gives some examples of how English has permeated Malay cultural expression in literature, film and in the language of songs, and the various reactions to this, both positive and negative. Although the integrity of the language might be affected by excessive use of English words or phrases, some borrowings from English might be useful, especially if there are no equivalent words in Malay. While the dividing lines between practicality and linguistic integrity, and between aesthetic independence and the dilution of culture, may not always be clear, there are some examples, as discussed in this chapter, which could have resulted in a more moderate response.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.12raj 06 10.1075/wlp.4.12raj 167 186 20 Article 12 01 04 9. "They think speaking in English isn't good, you know" 9. “They think speaking in English isn’t good, you know” 01 04 Negotiating bilingual identities in the Malay community Negotiating bilingual identities in the Malay community 1 A01 01 JB code 962184983 Joanne Rajadurai Rajadurai, Joanne Joanne Rajadurai 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/962184983 01 eng 03 00

If language policies offer insights into a country’s national and cultural identity, Malaysia portrays a conflicted self. While the official stand is that English competence is highly valued and encouraged, this public discourse does not always accord with or prevail against deep-seated suspicions and hostilities that the language arouses in certain segments of the community. In an examination of the complex politics of English in Malaysia, this essay focuses on the schisms between state ideology, community practices and daily experiences of learners who seek to live and function in contested spaces. Bringing together micro and macro perspectives, it examines the reflective journal writings of Malay students engaged in the linguistic practice of English. By drawing on constructivism to theorize and examine the data, the analysis shows how the use of English in what is deemed ‘Malay spaces’ problematizes English, unwittingly positions it as the ‘linguistic other’ and implicates political, ideological and identity struggles.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.13lor 06 10.1075/wlp.4.13lor 187 204 18 Article 13 01 04 10. The grip of English and Philippine language policy 10. The grip of English and Philippine language policy 1 A01 01 JB code 394184984 Beatriz P. Lorente Lorente, Beatriz P. Beatriz P. Lorente 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/394184984 01 eng 03 00

The grip of English in the Philippines signifies an enduring and flawed image of national development that is monocentric with an English-dominant core. It traces the trajectory of this dominance of English in the Philippines from its introduction as the de facto medium of instruction in the public school system during the American colonial era to its incorporation as the indispensable competitive edge of Filipinos in the current era of globalization. This privileged position of English in the country’s linguistic economy has been reinforced by the Filipino elite’s symbolic struggles over power in the wake of post-colonialism and the country’s structural insertion at the margins of the global economy as a source of cheap, English-speaking migrant labor. The grip of English in the country may be mitigated by the introduction of mother tongue based multilingual education (MTBLE). The framework of MTBLE appears to conceive of national development in terms of widening access to valuable material and symbolic resources such as literacy and higher levels of formal education. As the MTBLE is still in its infancy, the extent to which it can live up to its promise remains to be seen.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.14tin 06 10.1075/wlp.4.14tin 205 224 20 Article 14 01 04 11. Nimble tongues 11. Nimble tongues 01 04 Philippine English and the feminization of labour Philippine English and the feminization of labour 1 A01 01 JB code 44184985 Maria Teresa Tinio Tinio, Maria Teresa Maria Teresa Tinio 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/44184985 01 eng 03 00

In the Philippines, state policies for economic development focus on two things: attracting foreign investors to set up export-oriented manufacturing and business-process outsourcing industries or supporting the already well-established structures that encourage Filipino workers to find jobs abroad. These three industries have a great impact on Filipino women as it is mostly women who are employed in minimum-wage jobs at manufacturing firms or who are sent abroad as domestic helpers or “entertainers.” With such policies – which rely on foreign investors and employers needing a cheap but trainable labor force – English becomes a necessary skill for Filipino women. Following Bourdieu’s concept of the “structured systems of sociologically pertinent linguistic differences” corresponding to “an equally structured system of social difference,” it is not surprising that Philippine English displays characteristics of this structured system of social difference. This is most evident in a study done in 1995 by Ma. Lourdes Bautista that described three sub-varieties of Philippine English as yaya (nanny) English, bargirl English, and colegiala (Catholic schoolgirl) English. What is immediately striking about this template is both the inscription of the labor-export economy into, and the feminization of, Philippine English. This study examines the relations between language, power, and the new, postmodern, global, economic order of which English is both a catalyst and an offshoot. It will attempt to determine how the relations between the linguistic standard and the sub-varieties correspond to the link between patriarchal state/global capital and the most marginalized groups within that order.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.15p3 06 10.1075/wlp.4.15p3 Section header 15 01 04 Part III. Asia Pacific Part III. Asia Pacific 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.4.16hir 06 10.1075/wlp.4.16hir 227 248 22 Article 16 01 04 12. English vs. English conversation 12. English vs. English conversation 01 04 Language teaching in modern Japan Language teaching in modern Japan 1 A01 01 JB code 995184986 Mie Hiramoto Hiramoto, Mie Mie Hiramoto 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/995184986 01 eng 03 00

From the mid-1800s, at the end of the Tokugawa feudal period and the beginning of the Meiji era, English has been a singularly important foreign language in Japan which has, since that time, risen to international prominence, mirroring the rise of the English speaking world powers in the west. While English education was limited to the elites at this time, after World War II English education became available to the general public through the newly-implemented­ public education system. Today, English is considered one of Japan’s most important school subjects, and English conversational skills are regarded as a highly desirable special talent. At the same time, most Japanese do not hide the difficulty they encounter with learning both written and spoken English. Even today Japan remains an essentially monolingual country and average person’s ability to utilize English in any practical capacity is quite limited. This paper discusses Japan’s idealization of native English speakers and the dilemma of learning how to speak like them while at the same time living in an isolated monolingual nation. The Japanese government struggles with appropriate strategies on English education curriculum, leaving considerable room for improvement in the education system. Without revising the current education plan, English will remain a weakness for Japan.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.17mor 06 10.1075/wlp.4.17mor 249 268 20 Article 17 01 04 13. Language policy and practice in English loanwords in Japanese 13. Language policy and practice in English loanwords in Japanese 1 A01 01 JB code 585184987 Emi Morita Morita, Emi Emi Morita 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/585184987 01 eng 03 00

This paper discusses the conflict between language policy and actual practice regarding loanword use in Japan. Localized appropriation of foreign words is nothing new to Japanese history; nevertheless, the Japanese government deems the current influx of loanwords to be “problematic”. A 2007 report by the National Institute for Japanese Language (NIJLA), commissioned by the government, finds that numerous loanwords that appear in public discourse are not understood by the average Japanese person. NIJLA suggested that the most commonly non-understood foreign-language loanwords should be replaced with native Japanese or Sino-Japanese paraphrases instead. Despite the fact that it is the government that first “problematized” this situation, and one of its own institutions that has suggested the countermeasure, my comparative examination of loanword use in public resources reveals that it is primarily government administrators who introduce new loanwords, legitimize them, and treat them as established discourse. I argue that this apparent discrepancy is a conflict between two different forms of language ideology – NIJLA’s (as well as the government’s) essentialist notion of ‘democratic language’ versus actual language use, including the very ‘third space’ language practices of government officials that have arisen within the contexts of the transnational discourse of globalization and internationalism.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.18min 06 10.1075/wlp.4.18min 269 286 18 Article 18 01 04 14. English speakers in Korea 14. English speakers in Korea 01 04 A short literary history A short literary history 1 A01 01 JB code 50184988 Eun Kyung Min Min, Eun Kyung Eun Kyung Min 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/50184988 01 eng 03 00

This paper interrogates the formation and the representation of the English-speaking subject in modern Korea. Who speaks English in modern Korea and why? The paper offers a literary-historical sketch of representative modern Korean subjects in both Korean and Korean American literature. These subjects, I suggest, open up a troubled history of Korean imaginaries of the English language. Whereas English first appears as a marker of colonial modernity, class privilege, and social striving in early twentieth-century Korean literature, it quickly turns into a much more ambivalent and compromising sign of political and national dispossession in the literature of the Korean War. The evolution of the representative English-speaking Korean subject from the male colonial subject to the female ‘yanggongju’ (western princess) who serves the American military personnel stationed in Korea demonstrates that, in the Korean literary imagination, English has always been deeply connected to national and collective trauma and dispossession, even as it continues to perform as a sign of globalized, elite identity. Recently, we have seen the transnational adoptee emerge in Korean American literature as a prismatic figure embodying, in particularly painful and ironic form, the contradictory identifications demanded by English-language use in contemporary Korea.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.19park 06 10.1075/wlp.4.19park 287 302 16 Article 19 01 04 15. English, class and neoliberalism in South Korea 15. English, class and neoliberalism in South Korea 1 A01 01 JB code 758184989 Joseph Sung-Yul Park Park, Joseph Sung-Yul Joseph Sung-Yul Park 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/758184989 01 eng 03 00

English is deeply embedded within recent neoliberal projects of social reformation in South Korea, becoming a central topic of contention in the controversial educational reforms of the Lee Myung-bak regime (2008–2012). It figured prominently in various changes to the Korean education system pursued by the Lee administration under the name of greater competitiveness, such as increasing English immersion instruction in public schools and opening greater number of special purpose high schools where English language skills are highlighted. Lee’s policies on the one hand aimed to cater to middle-class parents’ desire for better educational opportunities that drive the Korean education fever; but on the other hand, they also fueled that very desire by inserting English into a neoliberal social order and imbuing it with cultural significance. Here, the indexical nature of language – how “good English” comes to be interpreted as embodied evidence of not only one’s educational attainment but also one’s previous transnational trajectories, thus positioning the speaker as an experienced cosmopolitan well prepared for “global competition” – plays a central role, as it naturalizes and justifies the classed nature of neoliberal projects despite continued contestation and debate.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.20con 06 10.1075/wlp.4.20con 303 316 14 Article 20 01 04 16. Conclusion 16. Conclusion 1 A01 01 JB code 232184990 Lionel Wee Wee, Lionel Lionel Wee 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/232184990 2 A01 01 JB code 264184991 Lisa Lim Lim, Lisa Lisa Lim 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/264184991 3 A01 01 JB code 434184992 Robbie B.H. Goh Goh, Robbie B.H. Robbie B.H. Goh 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/434184992 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.4.21cont 06 10.1075/wlp.4.21cont 317 320 4 Miscellaneous 21 01 04 Contributors Contributors 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.4.22ind 06 10.1075/wlp.4.22ind 321 322 2 Miscellaneous 22 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/wlp.4 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20130328 C 2013 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2013 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027228352 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027272133 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 95.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 80.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 143.00 USD
454008335 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code WLP 4 Hb 15 9789027228352 06 10.1075/wlp.4 13 2012049584 00 BB 01 245 mm 02 164 mm 08 735 gr 10 01 JB code WLP 02 1572-1183 02 4.00 01 02 Studies in World Language Problems Studies in World Language Problems 01 01 The Politics of English South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Asia Pacific The Politics of English: South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Asia Pacific 1 B01 01 JB code 738118500 Lionel Wee Wee, Lionel Lionel Wee National University of Singapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/738118500 2 B01 01 JB code 749118502 Robbie B.H. Goh Goh, Robbie B.H. Robbie B.H. Goh National University of Singapore 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/749118502 3 B01 01 JB code 359118501 Lisa Lim Lim, Lisa Lisa Lim University of Hong Kong 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/359118501 01 eng 11 332 03 03 ix 03 00 322 03 01 23 306.44095 03 2013 PE3501 04 English language--Political aspects--Asia. 04 English language--Variation--Asia. 04 English language--Asia--Usage. 04 English language--Foreign countries. 04 Language and culture--Asia. 10 LAN009000 12 CF/2AB 24 JB code LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB code LIN.LAPO Language policy 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 01 06 02 00 Explores the increasingly important roles that English plays in Asia, including its contribution to economic growth, national imaginaries and creative writing. This book includes chapters that illustrate diversity by focusing on countries from South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Asia Pacific. 03 00 This volume brings together contributions that explore the increasingly important roles that English plays in Asia, including its contribution to economic growth, national imaginaries and creative writing. These are issues that are political in a broad sense, but the diversity of Asian contexts also means that the social, political and cultural ramifications of the spread of English into Asia will have to be understood in relation to the challenges facing specific societies. The chapters in the book collectively illustrate this diversity by focusing on countries from South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Asia Pacific. Each country has two contributions devoted to it: one paper provides an overview of the country’s language policy and its positioning of English, and another provides a critical discussion of creative expressions involving the use of English. Taken together, the papers in the volume detail the most recent developments concerning the politics of English in Asia. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/wlp.4.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027228352.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027228352.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/wlp.4.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/wlp.4.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/wlp.4.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/wlp.4.hb.png 01 01 JB code wlp.4.01pre 06 10.1075/wlp.4.01pre vii x 4 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Preface Preface 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.4.02pen 06 10.1075/wlp.4.02pen 1 18 18 Article 2 01 04 1. Language policies, language ideologies and local language practices 1. Language policies, language ideologies and local language practices 1 A01 01 JB code 670184975 Alastair Pennycook Pennycook, Alastair Alastair Pennycook 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/670184975 01 eng 03 00

Discussing a number of examples of language practices in different Asian contexts – from a job advertisement for English teachers in Vietnam, to injunctions to speak good English in Singapore, from mission statements on a Philippine convent wall, to an article about temple elephants in India – this paper argues that it is not so much language as language ideology that is the object of language policy. While ostensibly dealing with the distribution and regulation of languages, language policies are generally about something else entirely, be it educational, ideological or cultural regulation. Local language practices, meanwhile, may appear to be subject to language policies, but since language policies are always about a different understanding of language, it is this understanding rather than the practices themselves, that are at stake. By insisting on the plannability of language, state authorities insist that a sterile and state-serving view of language is the language ideology we should adhere to. State language policies, therefore, have more to do with the regulation of language ideologies than with the regulation of local language practices, which, despite attempts to contain them, always exceed confinement.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.03p1 06 10.1075/wlp.4.03p1 Section header 3 01 04 Part I. South Asia Part I. South Asia 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.4.04roy 06 10.1075/wlp.4.04roy 21 36 16 Article 4 01 04 2. The politics of Hinglish 2. The politics of Hinglish 1 A01 01 JB code 608184976 Anjali Gera Roy Roy, Anjali Gera Anjali Gera Roy 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/608184976 01 eng 03 00

After being subjected to ‘the imperialism of language’ for centuries like other colonized people through the media, education and other instruments of colonial power, educated Indians have ‘decolonized’ English through the invention of a new hybrid formed through the mixing of English with Hindi, which was followed by mixing with other Indian languages. Although Indian English has always been used out of innocence or ignorance and has been normalized as a register of English, Hinglish, a mix of Hindi and English, was first used to great effect by a film tabloid called Stardust in the 1970s under the editorship of the popular fiction writer Shobha De(nee Rajadhyaksha) and entered the vocabulary of educated, middle class speakers. But it was only when Salman Rushdie employed a non-Standard register of English, a mix of Hindi/Urdu with English, in his novel Midnight’s Children (1980) that Hinglish acquired literary respectability. Through comparing “the stylish language of Bollywood, of FM radio and of national advertising” with the “aspirational language” of speakers of bhashas[Modern Indian languages] disdainfully described as “vernacs[vernaculars]” by elite speakers of English, this essay focuses on cultural politics of different varieties of Hinglish in India to argue that while ushering in linguistic democraticization, Hinglish has not been able to bridge social difference.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.05vai 06 10.1075/wlp.4.05vai 37 60 24 Article 5 01 04 3. Globalization and multilingualism 3. Globalization and multilingualism 01 04 Text types in the linguistic ecology of Delhi Text types in the linguistic ecology of Delhi 1 A01 01 JB code 215184977 Viniti Vaish Vaish, Viniti Viniti Vaish 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/215184977 01 eng 03 00

Though the main story of globalization in Applied Linguistics is the spread of global English and the loss of indigenous languages, this paper emphasizes the less commonly known view that globalization supports multilingualism. I argue that despite the onslaught of globalization in India, there is language maintenance and not language shift. In keeping with the contentions of Dor (2004), Soh (2005), and Bhatia and Richie (2004), the entrenchment of Hindi is explored in detail. Using a grounded process of data analysis, 200 photos and artefacts depicting the linguistic ecology of Delhi are qualitatively analyzed. Though in the monoliterate text the spread of English is palpable, all other biliterate text types are illustrations of the entrenched nature of Hindi.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.06lim 06 10.1075/wlp.4.06lim 61 80 20 Article 6 01 04 4. Kaduva of privileged power, instrument of rural empowerment? 4. Kaduva of privileged power, instrument of rural empowerment? 01 04 The politics of English (and Sinhala and Tamil) in Sri Lanka The politics of English (and Sinhala and Tamil) in Sri Lanka 1 A01 01 JB code 677184978 Lisa Lim Lim, Lisa Lisa Lim 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/677184978 01 eng 03 00

The politics of English is inseparable from the politics of other languages in multicultural, multilingual (South and Southeast) Asia; in few other places is this more painfully felt than Sri Lanka, where ethnolinguistic issues have embroiled the country in civil war for a quarter of a century. A source of this conflict, its origin in British rule, is the provision of English education, as a scarce commodity, affording better employment opportunities and socioeconomic advancement. With the Tamil minority viewed as privileged in the colonial system, more protectionist measures were sought in independence for the Sinhala ethnic majority through a ’Sinhala Only’ language policy, all this leading to the country’s polarization. Crucially, English has continued to be the major instrument of the dominant bilingual westernised elite, the kaduva (Sinhala ‘sword’), with the power to divide those with and without access to the language. More recent state discourse, however, reframes English as a functionally different tool, one for communication for knowledge and employment. Two aspects are notable: (i) that English be delivered and desired purely for its utility value, while Sinhala and Tamil associate with cultural values and identities; and (ii) that English be an important tool (along with ICT) for rural empowerment, with user-friendliness rather than correctness of grammar and pronunciation emphasized (contrasting interestingly with Singapore’s situation). Such a shift, in users and competence in English, beyond the exonormative, elite minority may mean a development of Sri Lankan English(es) more in line with the broader multilingual ecology, holding intriguing possibilities for its evolution and appropriation.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.07goo 06 10.1075/wlp.4.07goo 81 102 22 Article 7 01 04 5. The interface of language, literature and politics in Sri Lanka 5. The interface of language, literature and politics in Sri Lanka 01 04 A paradigm for ex-colonies of Britain A paradigm for ex-colonies of Britain 1 A01 01 JB code 280184979 D.C.R.A. Goonetilleke Goonetilleke, D.C.R.A. D.C.R.A. Goonetilleke 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/280184979 01 eng 03 00

During colonial times, the English language occupied a dominant position, but the colonial educational system was not a mass or egalitarian system. The presence of the colonial masters had a suffocating effect on the creative energies of the local inhabitants and literature in English emerges paradoxically from the growth of nationalist currents. In its early phase, this literature can be termed mimicry. The potential insurgency of mimicry is evident in an adoption of an indigenous identity at times. When writers began to feel nationalist currents keenly, their central problem was reconciling their own sensibility, indigenous traditions and realities, on the one hand, and Western literary and other traditions and influences, on the other. Once this clash of cultures phase was over, the poets wrote out of their personal situations. For some writers, the choice or adoption of English was a major problem, while it was not so for others. But both groups had to adapt English to express realities alien to it and convey their own indigenous spirit. We have now moved beyond the ‘Prospero-Caliban syndrome’.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.08p2 06 10.1075/wlp.4.08p2 Section header 8 01 04 Part II. Southeast Asia Part II. Southeast Asia 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.4.09wee 06 10.1075/wlp.4.09wee 105 124 20 Article 9 01 04 6. Governing English in Singapore 6. Governing English in Singapore 01 04 Some challenges for Singapore's language policy Some challenges for Singapore’s language policy 1 A01 01 JB code 218184980 Lionel Wee Wee, Lionel Lionel Wee 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/218184980 01 eng 03 00

A critical assessment of Singapore’s language policy, focusing specifically on issues and challenges that arise from the government’s positioning of the English language, shows how the policy needs to be understood in relation to the government’s attempt to maintain harmony in an ethnolinguistically diverse society while ensuring that the society as a whole is economically competitive in a globalizing world. A number of particular challenges for the language policy are discussed as regards the management of English. The paper ends with some observations about how this policy might ultimately have to be modified in order to address these challenges. In particular, it suggests that there is a need for greater autonomy in language policy, in order to accommodate the increasingly diverse identities and experiences of Singaporeans.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.10goh 06 10.1075/wlp.4.10goh 125 144 20 Article 10 01 04 7. Uncertain locale 7. Uncertain locale 01 04 The dialectics of space and the cultural politics of English in Singapore The dialectics of space and the cultural politics of English in Singapore 1 A01 01 JB code 758184981 Robbie B.H. Goh Goh, Robbie B.H. Robbie B.H. Goh 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/758184981 01 eng 03 00

The role and place of English in Singapore is shaped by a number of key cultural factors, including the nation’s colonial legacy, its multi-racial and multi-lingual society (and how this is handled by government policy), the push to position Singapore as a global city attracting transnational capital and flows of talent, and similar issues. These factors combine to create cultural tensions between language and race identifiers (for example, being of Chinese ethnic origin, being a recent arrival from China, speaking Chinese dialects, and speaking the Mandarin Chinese endorsed by the government), between different racial-linguistic communities (for example, Anglophone Singaporeans and speakers predominantly of Asian languages), and the peculiar tensions between varieties of “standard” English affiliated to global cultural flows (American media, living and studying in the U.K. or Australia) and the local variety known as “Singlish” that is affiliated with a localized (and especially everyman or underclass) Singapore identity. An account of English vis-à-vis the cultural landscape of Singapore thus also becomes an account of the geopolitics of identity and culture, as Singapore attempts to come to terms with global flows and competitions.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.11tal 06 10.1075/wlp.4.11tal 145 166 22 Article 11 01 04 8. The encroachment of English in Malaysian cultural expression 8. The encroachment of English in Malaysian cultural expression 1 A01 01 JB code 358184982 Ismail S. Talib Talib, Ismail S. Ismail S. Talib 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/358184982 01 eng 03 00

Malay is the national language of Malaysia. As such, there have been various policies and rules implemented to ensure that it is a dominant and widely used language in the country. However, its position and integrity have been pressured by the former colonial language, English. This chapter gives some examples of how English has permeated Malay cultural expression in literature, film and in the language of songs, and the various reactions to this, both positive and negative. Although the integrity of the language might be affected by excessive use of English words or phrases, some borrowings from English might be useful, especially if there are no equivalent words in Malay. While the dividing lines between practicality and linguistic integrity, and between aesthetic independence and the dilution of culture, may not always be clear, there are some examples, as discussed in this chapter, which could have resulted in a more moderate response.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.12raj 06 10.1075/wlp.4.12raj 167 186 20 Article 12 01 04 9. "They think speaking in English isn't good, you know" 9. “They think speaking in English isn’t good, you know” 01 04 Negotiating bilingual identities in the Malay community Negotiating bilingual identities in the Malay community 1 A01 01 JB code 962184983 Joanne Rajadurai Rajadurai, Joanne Joanne Rajadurai 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/962184983 01 eng 03 00

If language policies offer insights into a country’s national and cultural identity, Malaysia portrays a conflicted self. While the official stand is that English competence is highly valued and encouraged, this public discourse does not always accord with or prevail against deep-seated suspicions and hostilities that the language arouses in certain segments of the community. In an examination of the complex politics of English in Malaysia, this essay focuses on the schisms between state ideology, community practices and daily experiences of learners who seek to live and function in contested spaces. Bringing together micro and macro perspectives, it examines the reflective journal writings of Malay students engaged in the linguistic practice of English. By drawing on constructivism to theorize and examine the data, the analysis shows how the use of English in what is deemed ‘Malay spaces’ problematizes English, unwittingly positions it as the ‘linguistic other’ and implicates political, ideological and identity struggles.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.13lor 06 10.1075/wlp.4.13lor 187 204 18 Article 13 01 04 10. The grip of English and Philippine language policy 10. The grip of English and Philippine language policy 1 A01 01 JB code 394184984 Beatriz P. Lorente Lorente, Beatriz P. Beatriz P. Lorente 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/394184984 01 eng 03 00

The grip of English in the Philippines signifies an enduring and flawed image of national development that is monocentric with an English-dominant core. It traces the trajectory of this dominance of English in the Philippines from its introduction as the de facto medium of instruction in the public school system during the American colonial era to its incorporation as the indispensable competitive edge of Filipinos in the current era of globalization. This privileged position of English in the country’s linguistic economy has been reinforced by the Filipino elite’s symbolic struggles over power in the wake of post-colonialism and the country’s structural insertion at the margins of the global economy as a source of cheap, English-speaking migrant labor. The grip of English in the country may be mitigated by the introduction of mother tongue based multilingual education (MTBLE). The framework of MTBLE appears to conceive of national development in terms of widening access to valuable material and symbolic resources such as literacy and higher levels of formal education. As the MTBLE is still in its infancy, the extent to which it can live up to its promise remains to be seen.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.14tin 06 10.1075/wlp.4.14tin 205 224 20 Article 14 01 04 11. Nimble tongues 11. Nimble tongues 01 04 Philippine English and the feminization of labour Philippine English and the feminization of labour 1 A01 01 JB code 44184985 Maria Teresa Tinio Tinio, Maria Teresa Maria Teresa Tinio 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/44184985 01 eng 03 00

In the Philippines, state policies for economic development focus on two things: attracting foreign investors to set up export-oriented manufacturing and business-process outsourcing industries or supporting the already well-established structures that encourage Filipino workers to find jobs abroad. These three industries have a great impact on Filipino women as it is mostly women who are employed in minimum-wage jobs at manufacturing firms or who are sent abroad as domestic helpers or “entertainers.” With such policies – which rely on foreign investors and employers needing a cheap but trainable labor force – English becomes a necessary skill for Filipino women. Following Bourdieu’s concept of the “structured systems of sociologically pertinent linguistic differences” corresponding to “an equally structured system of social difference,” it is not surprising that Philippine English displays characteristics of this structured system of social difference. This is most evident in a study done in 1995 by Ma. Lourdes Bautista that described three sub-varieties of Philippine English as yaya (nanny) English, bargirl English, and colegiala (Catholic schoolgirl) English. What is immediately striking about this template is both the inscription of the labor-export economy into, and the feminization of, Philippine English. This study examines the relations between language, power, and the new, postmodern, global, economic order of which English is both a catalyst and an offshoot. It will attempt to determine how the relations between the linguistic standard and the sub-varieties correspond to the link between patriarchal state/global capital and the most marginalized groups within that order.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.15p3 06 10.1075/wlp.4.15p3 Section header 15 01 04 Part III. Asia Pacific Part III. Asia Pacific 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.4.16hir 06 10.1075/wlp.4.16hir 227 248 22 Article 16 01 04 12. English vs. English conversation 12. English vs. English conversation 01 04 Language teaching in modern Japan Language teaching in modern Japan 1 A01 01 JB code 995184986 Mie Hiramoto Hiramoto, Mie Mie Hiramoto 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/995184986 01 eng 03 00

From the mid-1800s, at the end of the Tokugawa feudal period and the beginning of the Meiji era, English has been a singularly important foreign language in Japan which has, since that time, risen to international prominence, mirroring the rise of the English speaking world powers in the west. While English education was limited to the elites at this time, after World War II English education became available to the general public through the newly-implemented­ public education system. Today, English is considered one of Japan’s most important school subjects, and English conversational skills are regarded as a highly desirable special talent. At the same time, most Japanese do not hide the difficulty they encounter with learning both written and spoken English. Even today Japan remains an essentially monolingual country and average person’s ability to utilize English in any practical capacity is quite limited. This paper discusses Japan’s idealization of native English speakers and the dilemma of learning how to speak like them while at the same time living in an isolated monolingual nation. The Japanese government struggles with appropriate strategies on English education curriculum, leaving considerable room for improvement in the education system. Without revising the current education plan, English will remain a weakness for Japan.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.17mor 06 10.1075/wlp.4.17mor 249 268 20 Article 17 01 04 13. Language policy and practice in English loanwords in Japanese 13. Language policy and practice in English loanwords in Japanese 1 A01 01 JB code 585184987 Emi Morita Morita, Emi Emi Morita 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/585184987 01 eng 03 00

This paper discusses the conflict between language policy and actual practice regarding loanword use in Japan. Localized appropriation of foreign words is nothing new to Japanese history; nevertheless, the Japanese government deems the current influx of loanwords to be “problematic”. A 2007 report by the National Institute for Japanese Language (NIJLA), commissioned by the government, finds that numerous loanwords that appear in public discourse are not understood by the average Japanese person. NIJLA suggested that the most commonly non-understood foreign-language loanwords should be replaced with native Japanese or Sino-Japanese paraphrases instead. Despite the fact that it is the government that first “problematized” this situation, and one of its own institutions that has suggested the countermeasure, my comparative examination of loanword use in public resources reveals that it is primarily government administrators who introduce new loanwords, legitimize them, and treat them as established discourse. I argue that this apparent discrepancy is a conflict between two different forms of language ideology – NIJLA’s (as well as the government’s) essentialist notion of ‘democratic language’ versus actual language use, including the very ‘third space’ language practices of government officials that have arisen within the contexts of the transnational discourse of globalization and internationalism.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.18min 06 10.1075/wlp.4.18min 269 286 18 Article 18 01 04 14. English speakers in Korea 14. English speakers in Korea 01 04 A short literary history A short literary history 1 A01 01 JB code 50184988 Eun Kyung Min Min, Eun Kyung Eun Kyung Min 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/50184988 01 eng 03 00

This paper interrogates the formation and the representation of the English-speaking subject in modern Korea. Who speaks English in modern Korea and why? The paper offers a literary-historical sketch of representative modern Korean subjects in both Korean and Korean American literature. These subjects, I suggest, open up a troubled history of Korean imaginaries of the English language. Whereas English first appears as a marker of colonial modernity, class privilege, and social striving in early twentieth-century Korean literature, it quickly turns into a much more ambivalent and compromising sign of political and national dispossession in the literature of the Korean War. The evolution of the representative English-speaking Korean subject from the male colonial subject to the female ‘yanggongju’ (western princess) who serves the American military personnel stationed in Korea demonstrates that, in the Korean literary imagination, English has always been deeply connected to national and collective trauma and dispossession, even as it continues to perform as a sign of globalized, elite identity. Recently, we have seen the transnational adoptee emerge in Korean American literature as a prismatic figure embodying, in particularly painful and ironic form, the contradictory identifications demanded by English-language use in contemporary Korea.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.19park 06 10.1075/wlp.4.19park 287 302 16 Article 19 01 04 15. English, class and neoliberalism in South Korea 15. English, class and neoliberalism in South Korea 1 A01 01 JB code 758184989 Joseph Sung-Yul Park Park, Joseph Sung-Yul Joseph Sung-Yul Park 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/758184989 01 eng 03 00

English is deeply embedded within recent neoliberal projects of social reformation in South Korea, becoming a central topic of contention in the controversial educational reforms of the Lee Myung-bak regime (2008–2012). It figured prominently in various changes to the Korean education system pursued by the Lee administration under the name of greater competitiveness, such as increasing English immersion instruction in public schools and opening greater number of special purpose high schools where English language skills are highlighted. Lee’s policies on the one hand aimed to cater to middle-class parents’ desire for better educational opportunities that drive the Korean education fever; but on the other hand, they also fueled that very desire by inserting English into a neoliberal social order and imbuing it with cultural significance. Here, the indexical nature of language – how “good English” comes to be interpreted as embodied evidence of not only one’s educational attainment but also one’s previous transnational trajectories, thus positioning the speaker as an experienced cosmopolitan well prepared for “global competition” – plays a central role, as it naturalizes and justifies the classed nature of neoliberal projects despite continued contestation and debate.

01 01 JB code wlp.4.20con 06 10.1075/wlp.4.20con 303 316 14 Article 20 01 04 16. Conclusion 16. Conclusion 1 A01 01 JB code 232184990 Lionel Wee Wee, Lionel Lionel Wee 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/232184990 2 A01 01 JB code 264184991 Lisa Lim Lim, Lisa Lisa Lim 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/264184991 3 A01 01 JB code 434184992 Robbie B.H. Goh Goh, Robbie B.H. Robbie B.H. Goh 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/434184992 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.4.21cont 06 10.1075/wlp.4.21cont 317 320 4 Miscellaneous 21 01 04 Contributors Contributors 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.4.22ind 06 10.1075/wlp.4.22ind 321 322 2 Miscellaneous 22 01 04 Index Index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/wlp.4 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20130328 C 2013 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2013 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD WORLD US CA MX 09 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 21 42 16 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 95.00 EUR 02 00 Unqualified price 02 80.00 01 Z 0 GBP GB US CA MX 01 01 JB 2 John Benjamins Publishing Company +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 21 42 16 01 00 Unqualified price 02 JB 1 02 143.00 USD
573014590 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code WLP 4 GE 15 9789027272133 06 10.1075/wlp.4 00 EA E133 10 01 JB code WLP 02 JB code 1572-1183 02 4.00 01 02 Studies in World Language Problems Studies in World Language Problems 01 01 The Politics of English The Politics of English 1 B01 01 JB code 738118500 Lionel Wee Wee, Lionel Lionel Wee National University of Singapore 2 B01 01 JB code 749118502 Robbie B.H. Goh Goh, Robbie B.H. Robbie B.H. Goh National University of Singapore 3 B01 01 JB code 359118501 Lisa Lim Lim, Lisa Lisa Lim University of Hong Kong 01 eng 11 332 03 03 ix 03 00 322 03 24 JB code LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB code LIN.LAPO Language policy 24 JB code LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 10 LAN009000 12 CF/2AB 01 06 02 00 Explores the increasingly important roles that English plays in Asia, including its contribution to economic growth, national imaginaries and creative writing. This book includes chapters that illustrate diversity by focusing on countries from South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Asia Pacific. 03 00 This volume brings together contributions that explore the increasingly important roles that English plays in Asia, including its contribution to economic growth, national imaginaries and creative writing. These are issues that are political in a broad sense, but the diversity of Asian contexts also means that the social, political and cultural ramifications of the spread of English into Asia will have to be understood in relation to the challenges facing specific societies. The chapters in the book collectively illustrate this diversity by focusing on countries from South Asia, Southeast Asia and the Asia Pacific. Each country has two contributions devoted to it: one paper provides an overview of the country’s language policy and its positioning of English, and another provides a critical discussion of creative expressions involving the use of English. Taken together, the papers in the volume detail the most recent developments concerning the politics of English in Asia. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/wlp.4.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027228352.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027228352.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/wlp.4.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/wlp.4.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/wlp.4.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/wlp.4.hb.png 01 01 JB code wlp.4.01pre 06 10.1075/wlp.4.01pre vii x 4 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Preface Preface 01 01 JB code wlp.4.02pen 06 10.1075/wlp.4.02pen 1 18 18 Article 2 01 04 1. Language policies, language ideologies and local language practices 1. Language policies, language ideologies and local language practices 1 A01 01 JB code 670184975 Alastair Pennycook Pennycook, Alastair Alastair Pennycook 01 01 JB code wlp.4.03p1 06 10.1075/wlp.4.03p1 Section header 3 01 04 Part I. South Asia Part I. South Asia 01 01 JB code wlp.4.04roy 06 10.1075/wlp.4.04roy 21 36 16 Article 4 01 04 2. The politics of Hinglish 2. The politics of Hinglish 1 A01 01 JB code 608184976 Anjali Gera Roy Roy, Anjali Gera Anjali Gera Roy 01 01 JB code wlp.4.05vai 06 10.1075/wlp.4.05vai 37 60 24 Article 5 01 04 3. Globalization and multilingualism 3. Globalization and multilingualism 01 04 Text types in the linguistic ecology of Delhi Text types in the linguistic ecology of Delhi 1 A01 01 JB code 215184977 Viniti Vaish Vaish, Viniti Viniti Vaish 01 01 JB code wlp.4.06lim 06 10.1075/wlp.4.06lim 61 80 20 Article 6 01 04 4. Kaduva of privileged power, instrument of rural empowerment? 4. Kaduva of privileged power, instrument of rural empowerment? 01 04 The politics of English (and Sinhala and Tamil) in Sri Lanka The politics of English (and Sinhala and Tamil) in Sri Lanka 1 A01 01 JB code 677184978 Lisa Lim Lim, Lisa Lisa Lim 01 01 JB code wlp.4.07goo 06 10.1075/wlp.4.07goo 81 102 22 Article 7 01 04 5. The interface of language, literature and politics in Sri Lanka 5. The interface of language, literature and politics in Sri Lanka 01 04 A paradigm for ex-colonies of Britain A paradigm for ex-colonies of Britain 1 A01 01 JB code 280184979 D.C.R.A. Goonetilleke Goonetilleke, D.C.R.A. D.C.R.A. Goonetilleke 01 01 JB code wlp.4.08p2 06 10.1075/wlp.4.08p2 Section header 8 01 04 Part II. Southeast Asia Part II. Southeast Asia 01 01 JB code wlp.4.09wee 06 10.1075/wlp.4.09wee 105 124 20 Article 9 01 04 6. Governing English in Singapore 6. Governing English in Singapore 01 04 Some challenges for Singapore's language policy Some challenges for Singapore’s language policy 1 A01 01 JB code 218184980 Lionel Wee Wee, Lionel Lionel Wee 01 01 JB code wlp.4.10goh 06 10.1075/wlp.4.10goh 125 144 20 Article 10 01 04 7. Uncertain locale 7. Uncertain locale 01 04 The dialectics of space and the cultural politics of English in Singapore The dialectics of space and the cultural politics of English in Singapore 1 A01 01 JB code 758184981 Robbie B.H. Goh Goh, Robbie B.H. Robbie B.H. Goh 01 01 JB code wlp.4.11tal 06 10.1075/wlp.4.11tal 145 166 22 Article 11 01 04 8. The encroachment of English in Malaysian cultural expression 8. The encroachment of English in Malaysian cultural expression 1 A01 01 JB code 358184982 Ismail S. Talib Talib, Ismail S. Ismail S. Talib 01 01 JB code wlp.4.12raj 06 10.1075/wlp.4.12raj 167 186 20 Article 12 01 04 9. "They think speaking in English isn't good, you know" 9. “They think speaking in English isn’t good, you know” 01 04 Negotiating bilingual identities in the Malay community Negotiating bilingual identities in the Malay community 1 A01 01 JB code 962184983 Joanne Rajadurai Rajadurai, Joanne Joanne Rajadurai 01 01 JB code wlp.4.13lor 06 10.1075/wlp.4.13lor 187 204 18 Article 13 01 04 10. The grip of English and Philippine language policy 10. The grip of English and Philippine language policy 1 A01 01 JB code 394184984 Beatriz P. Lorente Lorente, Beatriz P. Beatriz P. Lorente 01 01 JB code wlp.4.14tin 06 10.1075/wlp.4.14tin 205 224 20 Article 14 01 04 11. Nimble tongues 11. Nimble tongues 01 04 Philippine English and the feminization of labour Philippine English and the feminization of labour 1 A01 01 JB code 44184985 Maria Teresa Tinio Tinio, Maria Teresa Maria Teresa Tinio 01 01 JB code wlp.4.15p3 06 10.1075/wlp.4.15p3 Section header 15 01 04 Part III. Asia Pacific Part III. Asia Pacific 01 01 JB code wlp.4.16hir 06 10.1075/wlp.4.16hir 227 248 22 Article 16 01 04 12. English vs. English conversation 12. English vs. English conversation 01 04 Language teaching in modern Japan Language teaching in modern Japan 1 A01 01 JB code 995184986 Mie Hiramoto Hiramoto, Mie Mie Hiramoto 01 01 JB code wlp.4.17mor 06 10.1075/wlp.4.17mor 249 268 20 Article 17 01 04 13. Language policy and practice in English loanwords in Japanese 13. Language policy and practice in English loanwords in Japanese 1 A01 01 JB code 585184987 Emi Morita Morita, Emi Emi Morita 01 01 JB code wlp.4.18min 06 10.1075/wlp.4.18min 269 286 18 Article 18 01 04 14. English speakers in Korea 14. English speakers in Korea 01 04 A short literary history A short literary history 1 A01 01 JB code 50184988 Eun Kyung Min Min, Eun Kyung Eun Kyung Min 01 01 JB code wlp.4.19park 06 10.1075/wlp.4.19park 287 302 16 Article 19 01 04 15. English, class and neoliberalism in South Korea 15. English, class and neoliberalism in South Korea 1 A01 01 JB code 758184989 Joseph Sung-Yul Park Park, Joseph Sung-Yul Joseph Sung-Yul Park 01 01 JB code wlp.4.20con 06 10.1075/wlp.4.20con 303 316 14 Article 20 01 04 16. Conclusion 16. Conclusion 1 A01 01 JB code 232184990 Lionel Wee Wee, Lionel Lionel Wee 2 A01 01 JB code 264184991 Lisa Lim Lim, Lisa Lisa Lim 3 A01 01 JB code 434184992 Robbie B.H. Goh Goh, Robbie B.H. Robbie B.H. Goh 01 01 JB code wlp.4.21cont 06 10.1075/wlp.4.21cont 317 320 4 Miscellaneous 21 01 04 Contributors Contributors 01 01 JB code wlp.4.22ind 06 10.1075/wlp.4.22ind 321 322 2 Miscellaneous 22 01 04 Index Index 01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20130328 C 2013 John Benjamins Publishing Company D 2013 John Benjamins Publishing Company 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027228352 WORLD 03 01 JB 17 Google 03 https://play.google.com/store/books 21 01 00 Unqualified price 00 95.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 00 80.00 GBP 01 00 Unqualified price 00 143.00 USD