259028157 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code WLP 9 Hb 15 9789027210159 06 10.1075/wlp.9 13 2021045604 00 BB 08 1170 gr 10 01 JB code WLP 02 1572-1183 02 9.00 01 02 Studies in World Language Problems Studies in World Language Problems 01 01 Advances in Interdisciplinary Language Policy Advances in Interdisciplinary Language Policy 1 B01 01 JB code 618433780 François Grin Grin, François François Grin University of Geneva 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/618433780 2 B01 01 JB code 545433781 László Marácz Marácz, László László Marácz University of Amsterdam 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/545433781 3 B01 01 JB code 379433782 Nike K. Pokorn Pokorn, Nike K. Nike K. Pokorn University of Ljubljana 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/379433782 01 eng 11 596 03 03 xxvi 03 00 570 03 01 23/eng/20211110 306.44/94 03 2021 P119.32.E85 04 Language policy--Europe. 04 Language planning--Europe. 04 Linguistic minorities--Europe. 04 Multilingualism--Europe. 10 LAN009050 12 CFB 24 JB code LIN.APPL Applied linguistics 24 JB code LIN.LAPO Language policy 24 JB code LIN.BIL Multilingualism 01 06 02 00 Without compromising the state-of-the-art analysis proposed in each individual chapter, particular attention is devoted to ensuring the cross-disciplinary accessibility of concepts and methods, making this book the most deeply interdisciplinary volume on language policy and planning published to date. 03 00 This book stems from the joint effort of 25 research teams across Europe, representing a dozen disciplines from the social sciences and humanities, resulting in a radically novel perspective to the challenges of multilingualism in Europe. The various concepts and tools brought to bear on multilingualism are analytically combined in an integrative framework starting from a core insight: in its approach to multilingualism, Europe is pursuing two equally worthy, but non-converging goals, namely, the mobility of citizens across national boundaries (and hence across languages and cultures) and the preservation of Europe’s diversity, which presupposes that each locale nurtures its linguistic and cultural uniqueness, and has the means to include newcomers in its specific linguistic and cultural environment. In this book, scholars from applied linguistics, economics, the education sciences, finance, geography, history, law, political science, philosophy, psychology, sociology and translation studies apply their specific approaches to this common challenge. Without compromising the state-of-the-art analysis proposed in each chapter, particular attention is devoted to ensuring the cross-disciplinary accessibility of concepts and methods, making this book the most deeply interdisciplinary volume on language policy and planning published to date. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/wlp.9.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027210159.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027210159.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/wlp.9.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/wlp.9.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/wlp.9.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/wlp.9.hb.png 01 01 JB code wlp.9.ack 06 10.1075/wlp.9.ack ix x 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.loc 06 10.1075/wlp.9.loc xi xxvi 16 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 List of contributors List of contributors 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.p1 06 10.1075/wlp.9.p1 4 42 39 Section header 3 01 04 Part I. Setting the scene Part I. Setting the scene 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.01gri 06 10.1075/wlp.9.01gri 3 22 20 Chapter 4 01 04 Chapter 1. General introduction Chapter 1. General introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 1435325 François Grin Grin, François François Grin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/1435325 2 A01 01 JB code 494435326 László Marácz Marácz, László László Marácz 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/494435326 3 A01 01 JB code 705435327 Nike K. Pokorn Pokorn, Nike K. Nike K. Pokorn 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/705435327 01 eng 30 00

This introductory chapter offers a brief account of the history behind this book, which originates in the MIME project, where ‘MIME’ stands for ‘Mobility and Inclusion in Multilingual Europe’. This project, which was funded by the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Innovation and Research as part of the DG’s seventh Framework Programme, presents an exceptional degree of interdisciplinarity. A dozen different disciplines from the social sciences and humanities were involved, with a total of 25 participating teams from 16 different countries. The project’s analytical framework, which federates the inputs from these various disciplines, rests on the concept of trade-off – in this case, between two desirable, but non-converging goals, namely ‘mobility’ and ‘inclusion’. This general introduction shows how the trade-off can be used as a structuring device to approach the ‘multilingual challenge’ confronting Europe and its citizens, before describing the main thrust of each of the subsequent 25 chapters. The findings presented here, which go beyond the results provided in the MIME project outputs, aim to make this interdisciplinary experience available to a wide readership of scholars.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.02gri 06 10.1075/wlp.9.02gri 23 42 20 Chapter 5 01 04 Chapter 2. Principles of integrated language policy Chapter 2. Principles of integrated language policy 1 A01 01 JB code 108435328 François Grin Grin, François François Grin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/108435328 01 eng 30 00

This chapter proposes a novel perspective on language policy as a form of public policy, highlighting some of the epistemological implications of this approach and discussing its linkages with more standard approaches originating in applied linguistics. After introducing the relevance of interdisciplinarity and complexity as defining features of this enterprise, it focuses on the connections between principles of public policy on the one hand, and the specificities of language policy on the other hand. To this end, this chapter develops an entirely novel typology of the main dimensions of language policy (type, domain, sphere, tier, welfare, target, causation and instrument), with which the latter may be extensively described and characterised. These dimensions bring to the fore the importance of jointly considering the micro, meso and macro levels at which language policies necessarily unfold. Given the extreme complexity of practically any language policy, and the associated difficulty of establishing the full range of effects (including both advantages and drawbacks) of alternative policy choices, analysts often need to fall back on pragmatic solutions in the selection and design process. Accordingly, this chapter emphasizes the role of plausibility as a valid criterion for evaluating such effects.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.p2 06 10.1075/wlp.9.p2 46 107 62 Section header 6 01 04 Part II. Politics Part II. Politics 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.03von 06 10.1075/wlp.9.03von 45 66 22 Chapter 7 01 04 Chapter 3. Cross-jurisdictional linguistic cooperation in multilingual federations Chapter 3. Cross-jurisdictional linguistic cooperation in multilingual federations 01 04 Proposals for Europe Proposals for Europe 1 A01 01 JB code 542435329 Astrid von Busekist von Busekist, Astrid Astrid von Busekist 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/542435329 01 eng 30 00

Political federations or quasi-federations characterised by linguistic diversity have developed various strategies to strike a balance between mobility and inclusion of (internal and external) migrants. This chapter first looks at the comparative performance of linguistic management and coordination between the central state and federal entities, mainly comparing Canada and the US, while exploring possible comparisons with India, in order to provide the EU with examples of language policies in large economic and political unions. We show that the experimental potential of sub-state entities, the cooperation between the public and the private sector, and reciprocity among sub-units are key to achieving linguistic non domination (Section 1). It then suggests mobility and inclusion equilibria via linguistic subsidiarity and reciprocity for the EU (Section 2). It concludes by introducing a new tool, a ‘language passport’ we have called Linguapass (Section 3). The expected benefits of Linguapass on an individual level are to recognise and document the linguistic skills of migrants in official and non-official languages and hence to facilitate their mobility and inclusion; on a collective level, commitment to equal and reciprocal accreditation and funding of Linguapass by the EU as a whole, as well as by European regions and some large existing language clusters, is a novel form of equitable and feasible language cooperation and coordination.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.04hou 06 10.1075/wlp.9.04hou 67 86 20 Chapter 8 01 04 Chapter 4. How to upgrade the status of migrant languages in the European Union Chapter 4. How to upgrade the status of migrant languages in the European Union 1 A01 01 JB code 153435330 Christopher Houtkamp Houtkamp, Christopher Christopher Houtkamp 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/153435330 2 A01 01 JB code 629435331 László Marácz Marácz, László László Marácz 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/629435331 01 eng 30 00

In this chapter, we will compare the status of traditional minority and migrant languages in the European context and its practical implications for the trade-off between mobility and inclusion. It has been observed that traditional minority languages in Central and Eastern European (CEE) states have fewer rights compared to official languages and that their status and position is best described by language hierarchies, asymmetries, subordination, and threshold restrictions. This against the background of international treaties, such as article 22 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFREU) stating that the European Union (EU) respects cultural, religious, and linguistic diversity and the charters of the Council of Europe (CoE). Although linguistic inequality is an unwanted state of affairs violating international treaties and obligations of member states, these traditional minority language cases might refer to the assignment of linguistic rights to languages of migrants. Both categories belong to the domain of the non-official, majority languages and are expected to be assigned less rights than ‘national languages’, although traditional minority languages have been assigned limited rights in terms of the personality principle next to the territoriality principle applied to the national languages. Note that the language rights of migrants in the EU are also restricted by the mobility-and-inclusion trade-off, which is detrimental to migrant languages in the national context. A solution to this inequality is provided by the fact that the personality principle is a common denominator in the assignment of linguistic rights to minority-language speakers and has already been introduced into transnational European spaces. Hence, the rights of migrant languages can be accounted for by applying the personality principle in these spaces as well. This results in a Union-wide supranational language policy for migrant languages which supports the upgrading of migrant languages in accordance with the personality principle.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.05dob 06 10.1075/wlp.9.05dob 87 108 22 Chapter 9 01 04 Chapter 5. Inclusion and mobility in the multilingual region of Vojvodina Chapter 5. Inclusion and mobility in the multilingual region of Vojvodina 01 04 At the intersection of international minority rights law, state policies and local realities At the intersection of international minority rights law, state policies and local realities 1 A01 01 JB code 39435332 Edgár Dobos Dobos, Edgár Edgár Dobos 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/39435332 2 A01 01 JB code 282435333 Noémi Nagy Nagy, Noémi Noémi Nagy 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/282435333 3 A01 01 JB code 758435334 Balázs Vizi Vizi, Balázs Balázs Vizi 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/758435334 01 eng 30 00

International and internal mobility can result in both linguistic diversity and forced migration due to intended homogenisation efforts (e.g. “ethnic unmixing” in the successor states of former Yugoslavia). International minority rights instruments scarcely address the questions of mobility and multilingualism. Vojvodina is expected to be a multilingual region in Serbia, an EU-candidate state, according to the laws on language use. Recent migratory trends in Vojvodina – within Serbia and from Serbia to Hungary and other EU states – have changed the “identity landscape” of a region that possesses deeply anchored multinational–multilingual traditions. An important question, therefore, is how existing legal provisions on language rights could offer protection to minority language speakers. International actors also promote the respect for and protection of minority language rights, reflected in the broad political and normative commitments made by Serbia within the context of EU-accession process. However, this political objective is often not achieved, a frequently observed obstacle being that local authorities see any attempt at implementing those language rights more as a burden than an opportunity. This chapter addresses questions such as: How is the legal framework implemented in practice (de iure vs. de facto use of minority languages)? What influence may international norms have on language rights regime? What influence do kin-state policies have?

01 01 JB code wlp.9.p3 06 10.1075/wlp.9.p3 112 170 59 Section header 10 01 04 Part III. Society Part III. Society 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.06jan 06 10.1075/wlp.9.06jan 111 128 18 Chapter 11 01 04 Chapter 6. Language and inclusion in a multilingual environment Chapter 6. Language and inclusion in a multilingual environment 01 04 A bottom-up approach A bottom-up approach 1 A01 01 JB code 350435335 Rudi Janssens Janssens, Rudi Rudi Janssens 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/350435335 01 eng 30 00

Since the turn of the century, two important social developments have had a considerable impact on daily life in most western European cities. The first is increasing mobility in a globalised world that transcends the traditional concept of migration and has even led to a paradigm shift in sociological thinking (‘new’ mobilities paradigm). A second related development is at the technological level, where communication patterns have changed significantly and prompted people to expand their networks beyond the local level. Both evolutions are most prominent in cities in which a growing number of citizens engage in different networks and traditional forms of social solidarity are under pressure. In this context, language plays a key role.

In this article, based on the case of Brussels, we investigate the dynamics behind the process of social inclusion in a mobile environment and the role that languages play in this. We set out from the Brussels pacification model and the analysis of the impact of mobility on the local population. Based on the shift in language use and citizens’ attitude towards multilingualism and living in a multicultural environment, we seek a breeding ground for inclusive policies through a bottom-up approach. The conclusions focus on its impact on Brussels and its potential significance for other cities.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.07kra 06 10.1075/wlp.9.07kra 129 150 22 Chapter 12 01 04 Chapter 7. The politics of inclusion, citizenship and multilingualism Chapter 7. The politics of inclusion, citizenship and multilingualism 1 A01 01 JB code 791435336 Peter A. Kraus Kraus, Peter A. Peter A. Kraus 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/791435336 2 A01 01 JB code 209435337 Melanie Frank Frank, Melanie Melanie Frank 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/209435337 01 eng 30 00

Our chapter deals with the emergence of new linguistic identities in connection with the dynamics of Europeanisation and transnationalisation. Against this background, we discuss whether and in what way the interplay of old and new patterns of linguistic diversity is affecting the trade-off between mobility and inclusion in multilingual societies. On the basis of a literature review, we first show how macro-historical processes of nation-building have affected modern identity-building by linking particular languages to particular collective (national) identities. In a second step, we focus on how the institutional monolingualism of nation states is challenged by complex diversity. In view of the changing linguistic profiles of European societies, political factors play a key role when it comes to acknowledging multilingualism as part of citizenship status and of the socio-cultural practices related to it. Third, we focus on Riga and Barcelona, which stand for specific types of complex diversity, to empirically illustrate the consequences that different institutional approaches to multilingual realities have in terms of creating more or less open identity frames for citizens. The chapter finally addresses tensions between the human potential to develop multilingual repertoires and the political attribution of unequal status to different languages. Multilingualism entails the possibility of tackling the trade-off between mobility and inclusion in a productive way; ultimately, however, political factors determine if linguistic diversity is regarded as a communicative resource or as a threat to established linguistic identities.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.08mam 06 10.1075/wlp.9.08mam 151 170 20 Chapter 13 01 04 Chapter 8. Urban multilingualism Chapter 8. Urban multilingualism 01 04 Place-making, mobility and sense of belonging in European cities Place-making, mobility and sense of belonging in European cities 1 A01 01 JB code 849435338 Virginie D. Mamadouh Mamadouh, Virginie D. Virginie D. Mamadouh 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/849435338 2 A01 01 JB code 243435339 Nesrin El Ayadi El Ayadi, Nesrin Nesrin El Ayadi 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/243435339 01 eng 30 00

This chapter deals with urban multilingualism from a geographical perspective considering the trade-off between mobility, inclusion, and place-making. Place-making in multilingual cities is influenced by the linguistic diversity among their inhabitants, and the sense of place and sense of belonging fostered at the level of the city as a whole and/or in specific neighbourhoods and public spaces shape the individual’s perceptions of linguistic diversity and multilingualism. The chapter introduces key geographical concepts and approaches before examining the new forms of linguistic diversity in European cities fostered by globalisation, Europeanisation, transnational migration and digitalisation. It presents diverse geographical approaches and methodologies relevant to the study of multilingualism and place-making and focuses on two perspectives. First a humanistic geography of urban multilingualism foregrounds the perceptions and representations of languages in relation to a sense of place and a sense of belonging. One empirical study examines linguistic practices and ideologies in Madrid and Amsterdam among residents with a French or German background, another focused on walks through the linguistic landscape and soundscape of the inner-city of Amsterdam. Second a political geography of urban multilingualism explores local policies and city networks regarding the management of linguistic diversity and the trade-off between mobility and inclusion. It examines in turn local policies focusing on mobility and migration, on social cohesion and on multilingualism. Based on both types of geographical research the chapter underlines the importance of raising awareness of the specificity of the local diversity of linguistic trajectories and repertoires and of the coordination between policies articulated and implemented at different scale levels (European, national, local).

01 01 JB code wlp.9.p4 06 10.1075/wlp.9.p4 174 234 61 Section header 14 01 04 Part IV. Education Part IV. Education 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.09ian 06 10.1075/wlp.9.09ian 173 194 22 Chapter 15 01 04 Chapter 9. Metalinguistic awareness in education as a tool for enhancing social inclusion Chapter 9. Metalinguistic awareness in education as a tool for enhancing social inclusion 1 A01 01 JB code 653435340 Gabriele Iannàccaro Iannàccaro, Gabriele Gabriele Iannàccaro 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/653435340 2 A01 01 JB code 95435341 Vittorio Dell’Aquila Dell’Aquila, Vittorio Vittorio Dell’Aquila 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/95435341 3 A01 01 JB code 320435342 Ida Stria Stria, Ida Ida Stria 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/320435342 01 eng 30 00

The gap between individual linguistic repertoires and generally acknowledged societal ones is one of the principal factors that hamper social and linguistic inclusion. The development of a clear metalinguistic awareness – in school as well as in society as a whole – is a sound tool for achieving inclusion, in particular of mobile people into host societies. Building on the data collected for the MIME project, the chapter analyses the correlation between various profiles of mobility and sociolinguistic conditions in the host society to identify points of linguistic friction. The notion of ‘linguistic unease’ (a technical term to depict discomfort in sociolinguistic relations) is pivotal to understanding and tackling the complex linguistic diversity in school as well as in society. Teacher training focused on recognition and careful reduction of this discomfort, through clear understanding of the social and linguistic dynamics in school, can then be a strategy to alleviate friction and therefore foster inclusion of people whose linguistic repertoire is different from that of the majority, in particular mobile people. At the same time, this strategy is beneficial to all parties involved, as it also implies active endorsement by the host society of new kinds of multilingualism brought in by mobile people, enhancing the community’s growth potential.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.10fet 06 10.1075/wlp.9.10fet 195 214 20 Chapter 16 01 04 Chapter 10. Educational capacity-building for linguistic inclusion and mobility Chapter 10. Educational capacity-building for linguistic inclusion and mobility 01 04 Meso-level strategies for systemic change Meso-level strategies for systemic change 1 A01 01 JB code 911435343 Mark Fettes Fettes, Mark Mark Fettes 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/911435343 01 eng 30 00

Schools promote mobility by providing access to national languages and languages of wider communication, to knowledge and skills valued in the national and European economies, and to multicultural or cosmopolitan forms of identity. Ironically, however, mobility now poses unprecedented challenges for national school systems in EU member states, which were not designed to respond to the educational needs of large numbers of minority, migrant and refugee families speaking many different languages. Improving the trade-off between mobility and inclusion in these school systems implies improving access, participation and outcomes for these socially excluded populations. Although national education policies have a role to play in achieving this, it is the meso level of organization – school systems, teacher education programs, local and regional government, community associations and so on – where practical solutions need to be developed and implemented. This chapter addresses three important aspects of this meso level of capacity-building for linguistic inclusion in education: the building of local educational partnerships, the education of teachers, and the recognition, validation and assessment of community skills. Rather than focusing on language issues in isolation, the goal is to rethink and adapt well-established inclusion-oriented policy frameworks or initiatives in each of these areas. Overall, the analysis demonstrates that adapting national school systems to the needs of a mobile, multilingual Europe will depend on creative collaboration on the part of policy- and decision-makers at the meso level, as well as teacher trainers, student teachers, teachers, students and families, and community organisations.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.11con 06 10.1075/wlp.9.11con 215 234 20 Chapter 17 01 04 Chapter 11. Higher education language policies for mobility and inclusion Chapter 11. Higher education language policies for mobility and inclusion 1 A01 01 JB code 594435344 Manuel Celio Conceição Conceição, Manuel Celio Manuel Celio Conceição 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/594435344 2 A01 01 JB code 844435345 Elisa Caruso Caruso, Elisa Elisa Caruso 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/844435345 01 eng 30 00

As a consequence of internationalisation, higher education has become multilingual and, at the same time, one common language, English, has become a sort of lingua franca for research, teaching and even governance. In this chapter, we will analyse how language policies of higher education institutions deal with the trade-off between mobility and inclusion. Language practices in teaching, research, governance and knowledge transfer to society are elements of the language landscape in higher education as multilingual and multicultural learning spaces. In these spaces there is a huge diversity of linguistic repertoires and there is also an uniformisation required by the reduction to a (wanted) common language justified by the need for visibility, parameterisation and comparison with others. On an epistemological level, from a language sciences perspective, we will analyse the concept of language emerging from language practices and used in higher education. Data collection from desk research and case studies will allow us to discuss the various roles given to languages. Despite the relevance of local/national languages, a lingua franca is often promoted. The idea that knowledge is independent of language and discourse is also evident from the data analysed; the aimed-for trade-off between mobility and research is far from being achieved with existing language policies.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.p5 06 10.1075/wlp.9.p5 238 316 79 Section header 18 01 04 Part V. Mediation Part V. Mediation 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.12ayv 06 10.1075/wlp.9.12ayv 237 256 20 Chapter 19 01 04 Chapter 12. Portraying linguistic exclusion Chapter 12. Portraying linguistic exclusion 01 04 Cases of Russian-speakers in the province of Tarragona, Spain Cases of Russian-speakers in the province of Tarragona, Spain 1 A01 01 JB code 498435346 Nune Ayvazyan Ayvazyan, Nune Nune Ayvazyan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/498435346 2 A01 01 JB code 723435347 Anthony Pym Pym, Anthony Anthony Pym 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/723435347 01 eng 30 00

Social inclusion is often used as an ideal aim in many policy statements at all levels. The ideal is nevertheless very imprecise and is interpreted in different ways. Here we attempt to define linguistic inclusion from its negation, by identifying moments of felt linguistic exclusion. When just over 50 members of the Russian-speaking population in the province of Tarragona, Spain, were asked if they had felt excluded because of language or culture, a surprising 53% of them said they had. In order to portray the background and motivations for those feelings, we explore the cases of six interviewees from this community. The interviewees were selected to represent different lengths of intended stay in Spain and thus different reasons for mobility. The results show that linguistic exclusion is certainly felt in official situations where Spanish or Catalan are required and no mediation services are available, but also in more general situations set up by the policy-based promotion of Catalan and, in one instance, because of the low levels of English spoken in the region. The instances of exclusion help motivate immigrants to learn the dominant language, Spanish, but they to nevertheless express little interest in the territory’s traditional language of inclusion, Catalan.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.13pok 06 10.1075/wlp.9.13pok 257 274 18 Chapter 20 01 04 Chapter 13. Migrants' attitudes towards community interpreting Chapter 13. Migrants’ attitudes towards community interpreting 1 A01 01 JB code 372435348 Nike K. Pokorn Pokorn, Nike K. Nike K. Pokorn 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/372435348 2 A01 01 JB code 594435349 Jaka Čibej Čibej, Jaka Jaka Čibej 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/594435349 01 eng 30 00

The aim of the chapter is to describe the attitude of different groups of migrants to community interpreting and the role of community interpreting in the inclusion process. The role of public-service translation and interpreting and attitudes towards community interpreting were studied in three groups of migrants in Slovenia: short-term (those who stay in the host country from one to 12 months), medium-term (those who intend to stay in the host country for a minimum of one year, but for a limited period of time), and long-term (those who intend to stay in the host country for the rest of their lives). The study covers 65 migrants from different language backgrounds (18 different L1s were identified) who intended to stay in the host country for various periods of time. First, the language profiles of migrants were defined on the basis of a questionnaire, then semi-structured interviews were conducted with 38 short-term, 9 medium-term and 18 long-term migrants. The results show that migrants, regardless of their country of origin, the status of their L1, their level of education and their intended length of stay in the host country, had a rather negative attitude towards interpreting. They were reluctant to use interpreters because they doubted the accuracy of this mediated transfer due to the fact that public-service institutions tend to employ unqualified interpreters for the languages of new migrants. In addition, migrants, regardless of the level of their education, gender and language background, mainly considered this mediation strategy to be a hindrance to their independence. However, they expressed the need to use interpreters and translators in the early stages of their stay in the host country, especially in high-risk situations such as multilingual encounters in health-care, court and police settings.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.14fie 06 10.1075/wlp.9.14fie 275 296 22 Chapter 21 01 04 Chapter 14. The language choices of exchange students Chapter 14. The language choices of exchange students 01 04 Between "After all, I'm here to learn Spanish" and "You get along very well without speaking Lithuanian" Between “After all, I’m here to learn Spanish” and “You get along very well without speaking Lithuanian” 1 A01 01 JB code 254435350 Sabine Fiedler Fiedler, Sabine Sabine Fiedler 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/254435350 2 A01 01 JB code 401435351 Cyril Robert Brosch Brosch, Cyril Robert Cyril Robert Brosch 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/401435351 01 eng 30 00

The Erasmus Programme is the flagship of the EU’s academic exchange programmes. Taking as a point of departure that language proficiency is a key factor of a successful stay abroad, this research focuses on exchange students’ language learning and language choices. It draws on data collected between autumn 2015 and spring 2018 by means of online questionnaires and interviews with more than 500 participants. A major finding is that a large majority of exchange students consider learning the language of the host country an important incentive for their stay. In practice, however, student enthusiasm is often stymied by a lack of adequate language courses and/or poor organisation, leading to students spending most of their time with other exchange students, as opposed to with locals. Countries with popular languages, especially English and French, performed very well in raising linguistic proficiency, while the results in other countries, especially those with less widely spoken languages, where the language of instruction is usually English, varied significantly. The chapter also includes a discussion of the Online Linguistic Support (OLS). It concludes by addressing the question of how the potential of the Erasmus Programme can be better exploited to support multilingualism and language diversity.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.15fio 06 10.1075/wlp.9.15fio 297 316 20 Chapter 22 01 04 Chapter 15. The role of intercomprehension in short-term mobility experiences in multilingual contexts Chapter 15. The role of intercomprehension in short-term mobility experiences in multilingual contexts 1 A01 01 JB code 260435352 Alice Fiorentino Fiorentino, Alice Alice Fiorentino 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/260435352 2 A01 01 JB code 763435353 Machteld Meulleman Meulleman, Machteld Machteld Meulleman 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/763435353 01 eng 30 00

Intercomprehension is a common and well-known mediation choice in established contexts of multilingualism such as bilingual families or neighbouring languages. However, in the context of mobility experiences this multilingual communication strategy is relatively rarely used and almost unstudied. The aim of this chapter is to verify if and how oral intercomprehension is used in non-established multilingual contexts. The study covers the very specific case of two Italian adoptive families whose parents are involved in a short-term mobility experience to the child’s home country (Chile) before going back to Italy together as a family. The conversational analysis of the families’ interactions in Chile reveal that both families spontaneously resort to intercomprehension as one of their main mediation strategies, especially in the family where mutual intelligibility between Italian and Spanish had been reinforced by previous language learning. In addition, our findings show that the use of intercomprehension favours the children’s participation in family interactions over the use of other mediation choices. Since the use of intercomprehension spontaneously decreases over time in favour of the child’s use of the parents’ language, this mediation choice can be considered as a transitional and propaedeutic communication strategy whose cooperative character creates strong cohesion between speech participants.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.p6 06 10.1075/wlp.9.p6 320 424 105 Section header 23 01 04 Part VI. Policy Part VI. Policy 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.16tem 06 10.1075/wlp.9.16tem 319 342 24 Chapter 24 01 04 Chapter 16. Effectiveness of policy measures and language dynamics Chapter 16. Effectiveness of policy measures and language dynamics 1 A01 01 JB code 131435354 Torsten Templin Templin, Torsten Torsten Templin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/131435354 2 A01 01 JB code 609435355 Bengt-Arne Wickström Wickström, Bengt-Arne Bengt-Arne Wickström 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/609435355 3 A01 01 JB code 859435356 Michele Gazzola Gazzola, Michele Michele Gazzola 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/859435356 01 eng 30 00

The effect of a given language policy can be very different in the short, medium and long run. We illustrate this, looking at the effects of language planning on inclusion given different mobility patterns. The choice is between different status and acquisition planning measures. This choice gives rise to different degrees of inclusion (in the form of bilingualism) given the costs of the policy and the linguistic environment. In a mobility/inclusion trade-off, a higher level of inclusion can be reached for a given amount of migration through a well-designed language policy. Different scenarios require different policy measures in the cost-effectiveness analysis. The effects of status and acquisition planning are modelled in a dynamic setting, where language learning depends on compulsory measures as well as voluntary decisions by the individuals involved based on their individual cost-benefit calculations (or those of their parents). The effects on inclusion are simulated in various scenarios when language skills are transferred from one generation to the next. The scenarios include migration of majority-language speakers into a region with a strong minority language (Spanish-speakers migrating into the Basque Country) and migration of speakers of a ‘foreign’ language into a country with enclaves of speakers of this language (Spanish-speakers in the USA).

01 01 JB code wlp.9.17mor 06 10.1075/wlp.9.17mor 343 360 18 Chapter 25 01 04 Chapter 17. The ontology of the linguistic territoriality principle Chapter 17. The ontology of the linguistic territoriality principle 01 04 A conceptual roadmap A conceptual roadmap 1 A01 01 JB code 468435357 Sergi Morales-Gálvez Morales-Gálvez, Sergi Sergi Morales-Gálvez 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/468435357 2 A01 01 JB code 653435358 Helder De Schutter De Schutter, Helder Helder De Schutter 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/653435358 3 A01 01 JB code 65435359 Nenad Stojanović Stojanović, Nenad Nenad Stojanović 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/65435359 01 eng 30 00

The linguistic territoriality principle is popular both among theorists and practitioners of language policy. But its precise content is notoriously vague. A plethora of different meanings have been attached to it, leading to conceptual and normative confusion. This chapter proposes a novel conceptualization of this principle, in order to operationalize it both for theory and practice. It elaborates a proper definition of the LTP, illustrates its numerous versions and offers a state-of-the-art overview of justifications for and critiques of the LTP. The chapter works out, in short, a full ontology of the LTP, against the background of notions of mobility and inclusion. Our main research question is the following: what is at the conceptual and moral core of the territoriality principle? What are the crucial notions that need to be present in order to meaningfully speak of linguistic territoriality, and why do these notions matter morally? To address these questions, we offer and discuss two metrics that could constitute the core of the LTP: the linguistic coerciveness metric and the linguistic diversity metric. We argue that, although the coerciveness metric is relevant, the diversity metric is at the conceptual core of territoriality, such that we ought to understand linguistic territoriality as fundamentally characterized by linguistic monism, or monolingualism. Finally, we draw implications that such a view of LTP might have for the key concepts of mobility and inclusion.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.18car 06 10.1075/wlp.9.18car 361 380 20 Chapter 26 01 04 Chapter 18. Justifying language policies in mobile societies Chapter 18. Justifying language policies in mobile societies 1 A01 01 JB code 601435360 Brian Carey Carey, Brian Brian Carey 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/601435360 2 A01 01 JB code 819435361 Andrew Shorten Shorten, Andrew Andrew Shorten 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/819435361 01 eng 30 00

A conception of linguistic justice refers to a set of moral principles that can provide guidance about a society’s language policies. By the lights of a recently prominent strand of liberal political theory, such a conception will be legitimate if and only if it meets certain standards of public justification. Amongst other things, this means that it must be arrived at by way of a legitimate procedure and its principles must be ones that no one could reasonably reject. This chapter explores the potential of this ideal for mobile and multilingual societies in Europe by developing three arguments. First, we argue that in order to be legitimate, a conception of linguistic justice must be justifiable to a relevant constituency and that, in EU member states, this includes mobile Europeans as well as the citizens of member states. Second, we argue that, in circumstances of linguistic diversity, the requirements of public justification generate a presumption in favour of multilingual deliberative procedures. Third, we argue that when selecting principles of justice we ought to prioritise the interests of the least advantaged, and that doing so will often mean that only a multilingual language regime is acceptable.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.19civ 06 10.1075/wlp.9.19civ 381 404 24 Chapter 27 01 04 Chapter 19. Complexity in language matters Chapter 19. Complexity in language matters 01 04 Concept and uses of agent-based modelling Concept and uses of agent-based modelling 1 A01 01 JB code 619435362 Marco Civico Civico, Marco Marco Civico 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/619435362 01 eng 30 00

Agent-based modelling belongs to the wider category of computational modelling and is used to replicate real-world social or physical systems and simulate their behaviour in a computer environment, with a view to studying the rules that govern them. Although agent-based modelling has quickly gained recognition in the natural sciences, social scientists only started to explore its potential in the last few decades. This trend has gained momentum over the last ten years, and applications of agent-based modelling to the social sciences have been steadily increasing. Researchers dealing with complex phenomena (in both the social and natural sciences) are increasingly switching from purely analytical (i.e. mathematical) approaches (which often attempt to find a ‘closed-form solution’ to a problem) to computation-based approaches (which rely on algorithms and simulations). Whereas applications of analytical methods to study language-related issues have a long-standing tradition, systematic adoption of a complexity-based view of language matters and application of computational methods have yet to establish themselves. However, recent research in language studies shows attempts to address the complexity of language-related issues in a more systematic way. Particular attention is devoted to the fact that such issues involve numerous agents and variables, and causal links between these variables are often non-linear. Although it may be challenging to model such systems through equations, agent-based modelling offers a natural solution, in that it provides an easy way of replicating various degrees of diversity in a computer environment. These models can then be run many times with various settings to study the system’s short-term and long-term behaviour and the way it responds to different initial conditions. Agent-based modelling lends itself very well both to studies that investigate the nature and functioning of languages and to sociolinguistic studies that focus on language-mediated interactions between individuals.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.20dun 06 10.1075/wlp.9.20dun 405 424 20 Chapter 28 01 04 Chapter 20. Language, mobility and inclusion Chapter 20. Language, mobility and inclusion 01 04 Legal perspectives Legal perspectives 1 A01 01 JB code 234435363 Robert Dunbar Dunbar, Robert Robert Dunbar 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/234435363 2 A01 01 JB code 461435364 Róisín McKelvey McKelvey, Róisín Róisín McKelvey 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/461435364 01 eng 30 00

The most significant way in which states regulate mobility is through laws and policies on immigration and naturalisation. Increasingly, states are requiring that migrants demonstrate specified levels of competence in the official language at various points in the immigration process. Frequently, such requirements can pose a barrier to many migrants, and may have a negative impact that affects members of certain groups disproportionately. States justify such language requirements on the basis that fluency in the official language promotes greater inclusion, and enhances life chances of migrants in the new country. However, by frequently failing to provide any form of mother tongue education for children of migrants, states themselves frustrate the achievement of such levels of fluency. Inclusion is also facilitated by ensuring that migrant have effective access to crucial public services such as health care, social services, and so forth. However, for many migrants, language is a barrier to accessing such services as effectively as other members of society. In most of these areas, international obligations do not provide sufficient responses, although important principles in international human rights law, particularly the principle of non-discrimination and equal protection of the law, and the principle of proportionality, may provide a more adequate response.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.p7 06 10.1075/wlp.9.p7 428 553 126 Section header 29 01 04 Part VII. Frontiers of multilingualism Part VII. Frontiers of multilingualism 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.21ozo 06 10.1075/wlp.9.21ozo 427 450 24 Chapter 30 01 04 Chapter 21. Multilingualism and security Chapter 21. Multilingualism and security 01 04 The case of Latvia The case of Latvia 1 A01 01 JB code 41435365 Žaneta Ozoliņa Ozoliņa, Žaneta Žaneta Ozoliņa 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/41435365 2 A01 01 JB code 339435366 Rihards Bambals Bambals, Rihards Rihards Bambals 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/339435366 01 eng 30 00

The 20th century left permanent marks on the European geographical, socio-political and linguistic maps. No EU member states other than Estonia and Latvia have five percent or more native Russian-speakers in their population, which makes the case of the Baltic States unique in the wider pan-European context. Russia, the EU’s largest neighbour, has struggled to cope with the political reality of tens of millions of Russian-speakers being left outside of its borders. The mix of ethno-linguistic borders that do not coincide with politico-geographic ones raises several security-related questions; one of them is whether language can be used as a tool of manipulation, propaganda and source of unrest in society. Russia has securitised the protection of Russian-speakers abroad as analysis of its strategic foreign, security and military policy documents proved. In countries not included in NATO and the EU, such as Georgia and Ukraine, the Russian authorities have used the protection of ethnic Russians and Russian-speakers as a legitimate reason to violate the sovereignty and indivisibility of independent nations. Any country with a substantial Russian-speaking diaspora, especially in the former Soviet territories with less power and resources than Russia, may find its national security and societal resilience put to the test. The aim of the article is to analyse potential security implications stemming from different linguistic groups from the perspective of societal security, national security, risk to state sovereignty, and security at the wider EU level, as well as to identify challenges that may arise when conflicts of international actors spill over into state domains, and cause dissent within the local population.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.22kad 06 10.1075/wlp.9.22kad 451 472 22 Chapter 31 01 04 Chapter 22. Multilingualism and consumer protection Chapter 22. Multilingualism and consumer protection 1 A01 01 JB code 791435367 Christine Kaddous Kaddous, Christine Christine Kaddous 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/791435367 2 A01 01 JB code 224435368 Laura Marcus Marcus, Laura Laura Marcus 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/224435368 01 eng 30 00

This chapter investigates the various language requirements in EU consumer law. The research conducted in this European project revealed that there is no general rule in the matter to guide the EU legislature. Requirements as to the use of languages vary from one field to another. The case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union also reflects this main finding.

As linguistic competences remain largely in the hands of the Member States, multilingualism is often at the origin of conflicts in the dichotomy between EU economic integration and Member States’ sovereignty. National linguistic requirements may conflict with EU law (primary and/or secondary legislation), unless accepted on the basis of reasonable justifications according to EU law.

This chapter first proposes to classify the language requirements in EU consumer law on the basis of the objectives pursued by different legislations. This classification may allow Member States to adopt and adapt their national regulations in accordance with predetermined EU language criteria.

The second proposal made in this chapter is to promote multilingualism in EU consumer legislation. This may be achieved by developing an EU policy to increase awareness of the importance of multilingualism as an objective to be promoted in its own right within the EU (and not only as a tool accompanying the achievement of economic objectives). Developing such a policy may foster mobility and inclusion of EU consumers, including EU economic operators and citizens in general.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.23pop 06 10.1075/wlp.9.23pop 473 486 14 Chapter 32 01 04 Chapter 23. 'Learning all from all' Chapter 23. ‘Learning all from all’ 01 04 A Roma approach to marginal multilingualism A Roma approach to marginal multilingualism 1 A01 01 JB code 834435369 Lia Pop Pop, Lia Lia Pop 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/834435369 01 eng 30 00

This study focuses on the possible resource represented by the traditional Roma method of acquiring ‘marginal’ multilingualism. This is a special form of multilingualism that has gone unnoticed in the thematic literature devoted to this topic: invented by the Roma, it is oral, simplified, acquired quickly, and informal. Roma traditional methods for accomplishing this include ‘Learning all from all’ and ‘Learning by doing,’; this study focuses on ‘Learning all from all,’ a Roma group language-learning method that involves simplifying, selecting, and validating teaching contents in order to facilitate group goals; adopting with total flexibility the roles of teacher and student; and developing playful and joyful learning practices inside the group, in the context of shared responsibility to contribute to group survival. The method – which does not involve any pre-requisites and has been effective for centuries – could possibly be transferable to other marginal groups, if specific policies with such aims were to be developed in Europe. The first generation of Roma skilled in traditional and formal methods of learning languages could represent a resource for such policies, especially at the micro and meso levels.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.24gus 06 10.1075/wlp.9.24gus 487 508 22 Chapter 33 01 04 Chapter 24. Language use in international retirement migration Chapter 24. Language use in international retirement migration 01 04 The case of Scandinavian retirees in Alicante, Spain The case of Scandinavian retirees in Alicante, Spain 1 A01 01 JB code 461435370 Per Gustafson Gustafson, Per Per Gustafson 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/461435370 2 A01 01 JB code 679435371 Ann Elisabeth Laksfoss Cardozo Laksfoss Cardozo, Ann Elisabeth Ann Elisabeth Laksfoss Cardozo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/679435371 01 eng 30 00

Most research on migration and language has examined labour, refugee or family migrants. International retirement migration provides a different perspective on mobility, inclusion and multilingualism. The present chapter examines language use, linguistic challenges and linguistic strategies in the context of retirement migration from Scandinavia to the Alicante province in Spain. Interviews with retired migrants and local key persons showed that retirees often found it difficult to learn the local language, but that a range of other linguistic strategies were available to them. These strategies involved using either their native language or English. Use of the native language occurred in expatriate communities and in settings where interpretation or translation was available. Intercomprehension among retirees speaking different Scandinavian languages was also observed. A final native language strategy was exit – a temporary or in some cases permanent return to the retiree’s (former) home country. The chapter summarises these observations in a typology of linguistic strategies. It also highlights a number of context-specific conditions for these strategies in the case under study – the presence of well-established expatriate communities, the association between retirement migration and tourism, and the widespread use of English as a lingua franca. Given this particular linguistic landscape, Scandinavian retirees were mostly able to manage everyday communication without knowing much Spanish. Serious language-related problems appeared in specific situations, mainly related to health and elderly care, contacts with legal authorities, certain housing-related matters, and emergencies.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.25fur 06 10.1075/wlp.9.25fur 509 530 22 Chapter 34 01 04 Chapter 25. Multilingualism and creativity Chapter 25. Multilingualism and creativity 01 04 An integrative approach An integrative approach 1 A01 01 JB code 310435372 Guillaume Fürst Fürst, Guillaume Guillaume Fürst 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/310435372 2 A01 01 JB code 745435373 François Grin Grin, François François Grin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/745435373 01 eng 30 00

This chapter investigates the relations between multilingualism, multicultural experience and creativity at both a theoretical and an empirical level. Starting with a general discussion about the cost and benefits of linguistic diversity, we argue that one of the benefits of multilingualism is enhanced creativity and, hence, a greater potential for innovation. After introducing formal definitions of multilingualism and creativity, both of which are complex and can prove difficult to conceptualize and operationalize, we discuss previous research on bilingualism and creativity, as well as on multicultural experience and creativity. We synthesize this literature and identify its strengths and limitations. A key issue is that the impact of bilingualism/multilingualism and multicultural experience on creativity had never been studied jointly so far. The empirical section of the paper then estimates multivariate models with a large sample (n = 596). Results shows that both multilingualism and multicultural experience are positively associated with creativity, with standardized effect sizes ranging from .20 to .50 depending on specification. These results are discussed in methodological and theoretical perspective. We discuss implications for language policy, as well as the challenges related to causal inference and the possible generalization of these results at the group level.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.26dem 06 10.1075/wlp.9.26dem 531 554 24 Chapter 35 01 04 Chapter 26. Does global English influence the perception of professional ethical dilemmas? Chapter 26. Does global English influence the perception of professional ethical dilemmas? 1 A01 01 JB code 142435374 Paul H. Dembinski Dembinski, Paul H. Paul H. Dembinski 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/142435374 2 A01 01 JB code 619435375 Philippe Rudaz Rudaz, Philippe Philippe Rudaz 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/619435375 3 A01 01 JB code 667435376 Hannah Soissons Soissons, Hannah Hannah Soissons 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/667435376 4 A01 01 JB code 65435377 Marc Chesney Chesney, Marc Marc Chesney 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/65435377 01 eng 30 00

For many multilinguals, the use of a given language is specific to certain areas of life, such as family, social or professional life. This may mean that, for a given person, lexical precision does not imply fluency, and vice-versa. Therefore, having a certain type of skills in a second language does not guarantee a successful use of this second language in all circumstances. This may be especially true with respect to emotional versus factual communication and contents. When a language normally only employed for factual communication is used to express emotional content, the level of precision or understanding may suffer. This research asks the following question: does the use of Global English in the workplace affects the alertness of non-native English speakers in perceiving ethical dilemmas? The hypothesis we explore is that non-native English-speaking employees of organisations in which Global English is the main communication tool, or one of them, may suffer from such communicational, or linguistic, asymmetry, as defined in the paper. In doing so, this study contributes to the ‘Global English’ research agenda and examines the consequences of the use of English. Our statistical results suggest that the importance of linguistic asymmetry becomes acute in situations where ethical issues – with their blend of emotional and technical aspects – emerge in contexts in which otherwise only professional, i.e. factual and technical, contents prevail. The linguistic asymmetry may impair the level of ethical alertness of non-native English-speakers working in organisations where English dominates.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.ai 06 10.1075/wlp.9.ai 555 564 10 Miscellaneous 36 01 04 Author index Author index 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.si 06 10.1075/wlp.9.si 565 570 6 Miscellaneous 37 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 eng
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452028158 03 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code WLP 9 Eb 15 9789027258274 06 10.1075/wlp.9 13 2021045605 00 EA E107 10 01 JB code WLP 02 1572-1183 02 9.00 01 02 Studies in World Language Problems Studies in World Language Problems 11 01 JB code jbe-all 01 02 Full EBA collection (ca. 4,200 titles) 11 01 JB code jbe-eba-2023 01 02 Compact EBA Collection 2023 (ca. 700 titles, starting 2018) 11 01 JB code jbe-2022 01 02 2022 collection (96 titles) 01 01 Advances in Interdisciplinary Language Policy Advances in Interdisciplinary Language Policy 1 B01 01 JB code 618433780 François Grin Grin, François François Grin University of Geneva 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/618433780 2 B01 01 JB code 545433781 László Marácz Marácz, László László Marácz University of Amsterdam 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/545433781 3 B01 01 JB code 379433782 Nike K. Pokorn Pokorn, Nike K. Nike K. Pokorn University of Ljubljana 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/379433782 01 eng 11 596 03 03 xxvi 03 00 570 03 01 23/eng/20211110 306.44/94 03 2021 P119.32.E85 04 Language policy--Europe. 04 Language planning--Europe. 04 Linguistic minorities--Europe. 04 Multilingualism--Europe. 10 LAN009050 12 CFB 24 JB code LIN.APPL Applied linguistics 24 JB code LIN.LAPO Language policy 24 JB code LIN.BIL Multilingualism 01 06 02 00 Without compromising the state-of-the-art analysis proposed in each individual chapter, particular attention is devoted to ensuring the cross-disciplinary accessibility of concepts and methods, making this book the most deeply interdisciplinary volume on language policy and planning published to date. 03 00 This book stems from the joint effort of 25 research teams across Europe, representing a dozen disciplines from the social sciences and humanities, resulting in a radically novel perspective to the challenges of multilingualism in Europe. The various concepts and tools brought to bear on multilingualism are analytically combined in an integrative framework starting from a core insight: in its approach to multilingualism, Europe is pursuing two equally worthy, but non-converging goals, namely, the mobility of citizens across national boundaries (and hence across languages and cultures) and the preservation of Europe’s diversity, which presupposes that each locale nurtures its linguistic and cultural uniqueness, and has the means to include newcomers in its specific linguistic and cultural environment. In this book, scholars from applied linguistics, economics, the education sciences, finance, geography, history, law, political science, philosophy, psychology, sociology and translation studies apply their specific approaches to this common challenge. Without compromising the state-of-the-art analysis proposed in each chapter, particular attention is devoted to ensuring the cross-disciplinary accessibility of concepts and methods, making this book the most deeply interdisciplinary volume on language policy and planning published to date. 01 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/wlp.9.png 01 01 D502 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027210159.jpg 01 01 D504 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027210159.tif 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/wlp.9.hb.png 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/wlp.9.png 02 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/wlp.9.hb.png 03 00 03 01 01 D503 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/wlp.9.hb.png 01 01 JB code wlp.9.ack 06 10.1075/wlp.9.ack ix x 2 Miscellaneous 1 01 04 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.loc 06 10.1075/wlp.9.loc xi xxvi 16 Miscellaneous 2 01 04 List of contributors List of contributors 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.p1 06 10.1075/wlp.9.p1 4 42 39 Section header 3 01 04 Part I. Setting the scene Part I. Setting the scene 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.01gri 06 10.1075/wlp.9.01gri 3 22 20 Chapter 4 01 04 Chapter 1. General introduction Chapter 1. General introduction 1 A01 01 JB code 1435325 François Grin Grin, François François Grin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/1435325 2 A01 01 JB code 494435326 László Marácz Marácz, László László Marácz 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/494435326 3 A01 01 JB code 705435327 Nike K. Pokorn Pokorn, Nike K. Nike K. Pokorn 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/705435327 01 eng 30 00

This introductory chapter offers a brief account of the history behind this book, which originates in the MIME project, where ‘MIME’ stands for ‘Mobility and Inclusion in Multilingual Europe’. This project, which was funded by the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Innovation and Research as part of the DG’s seventh Framework Programme, presents an exceptional degree of interdisciplinarity. A dozen different disciplines from the social sciences and humanities were involved, with a total of 25 participating teams from 16 different countries. The project’s analytical framework, which federates the inputs from these various disciplines, rests on the concept of trade-off – in this case, between two desirable, but non-converging goals, namely ‘mobility’ and ‘inclusion’. This general introduction shows how the trade-off can be used as a structuring device to approach the ‘multilingual challenge’ confronting Europe and its citizens, before describing the main thrust of each of the subsequent 25 chapters. The findings presented here, which go beyond the results provided in the MIME project outputs, aim to make this interdisciplinary experience available to a wide readership of scholars.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.02gri 06 10.1075/wlp.9.02gri 23 42 20 Chapter 5 01 04 Chapter 2. Principles of integrated language policy Chapter 2. Principles of integrated language policy 1 A01 01 JB code 108435328 François Grin Grin, François François Grin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/108435328 01 eng 30 00

This chapter proposes a novel perspective on language policy as a form of public policy, highlighting some of the epistemological implications of this approach and discussing its linkages with more standard approaches originating in applied linguistics. After introducing the relevance of interdisciplinarity and complexity as defining features of this enterprise, it focuses on the connections between principles of public policy on the one hand, and the specificities of language policy on the other hand. To this end, this chapter develops an entirely novel typology of the main dimensions of language policy (type, domain, sphere, tier, welfare, target, causation and instrument), with which the latter may be extensively described and characterised. These dimensions bring to the fore the importance of jointly considering the micro, meso and macro levels at which language policies necessarily unfold. Given the extreme complexity of practically any language policy, and the associated difficulty of establishing the full range of effects (including both advantages and drawbacks) of alternative policy choices, analysts often need to fall back on pragmatic solutions in the selection and design process. Accordingly, this chapter emphasizes the role of plausibility as a valid criterion for evaluating such effects.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.p2 06 10.1075/wlp.9.p2 46 107 62 Section header 6 01 04 Part II. Politics Part II. Politics 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.03von 06 10.1075/wlp.9.03von 45 66 22 Chapter 7 01 04 Chapter 3. Cross-jurisdictional linguistic cooperation in multilingual federations Chapter 3. Cross-jurisdictional linguistic cooperation in multilingual federations 01 04 Proposals for Europe Proposals for Europe 1 A01 01 JB code 542435329 Astrid von Busekist von Busekist, Astrid Astrid von Busekist 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/542435329 01 eng 30 00

Political federations or quasi-federations characterised by linguistic diversity have developed various strategies to strike a balance between mobility and inclusion of (internal and external) migrants. This chapter first looks at the comparative performance of linguistic management and coordination between the central state and federal entities, mainly comparing Canada and the US, while exploring possible comparisons with India, in order to provide the EU with examples of language policies in large economic and political unions. We show that the experimental potential of sub-state entities, the cooperation between the public and the private sector, and reciprocity among sub-units are key to achieving linguistic non domination (Section 1). It then suggests mobility and inclusion equilibria via linguistic subsidiarity and reciprocity for the EU (Section 2). It concludes by introducing a new tool, a ‘language passport’ we have called Linguapass (Section 3). The expected benefits of Linguapass on an individual level are to recognise and document the linguistic skills of migrants in official and non-official languages and hence to facilitate their mobility and inclusion; on a collective level, commitment to equal and reciprocal accreditation and funding of Linguapass by the EU as a whole, as well as by European regions and some large existing language clusters, is a novel form of equitable and feasible language cooperation and coordination.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.04hou 06 10.1075/wlp.9.04hou 67 86 20 Chapter 8 01 04 Chapter 4. How to upgrade the status of migrant languages in the European Union Chapter 4. How to upgrade the status of migrant languages in the European Union 1 A01 01 JB code 153435330 Christopher Houtkamp Houtkamp, Christopher Christopher Houtkamp 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/153435330 2 A01 01 JB code 629435331 László Marácz Marácz, László László Marácz 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/629435331 01 eng 30 00

In this chapter, we will compare the status of traditional minority and migrant languages in the European context and its practical implications for the trade-off between mobility and inclusion. It has been observed that traditional minority languages in Central and Eastern European (CEE) states have fewer rights compared to official languages and that their status and position is best described by language hierarchies, asymmetries, subordination, and threshold restrictions. This against the background of international treaties, such as article 22 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFREU) stating that the European Union (EU) respects cultural, religious, and linguistic diversity and the charters of the Council of Europe (CoE). Although linguistic inequality is an unwanted state of affairs violating international treaties and obligations of member states, these traditional minority language cases might refer to the assignment of linguistic rights to languages of migrants. Both categories belong to the domain of the non-official, majority languages and are expected to be assigned less rights than ‘national languages’, although traditional minority languages have been assigned limited rights in terms of the personality principle next to the territoriality principle applied to the national languages. Note that the language rights of migrants in the EU are also restricted by the mobility-and-inclusion trade-off, which is detrimental to migrant languages in the national context. A solution to this inequality is provided by the fact that the personality principle is a common denominator in the assignment of linguistic rights to minority-language speakers and has already been introduced into transnational European spaces. Hence, the rights of migrant languages can be accounted for by applying the personality principle in these spaces as well. This results in a Union-wide supranational language policy for migrant languages which supports the upgrading of migrant languages in accordance with the personality principle.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.05dob 06 10.1075/wlp.9.05dob 87 108 22 Chapter 9 01 04 Chapter 5. Inclusion and mobility in the multilingual region of Vojvodina Chapter 5. Inclusion and mobility in the multilingual region of Vojvodina 01 04 At the intersection of international minority rights law, state policies and local realities At the intersection of international minority rights law, state policies and local realities 1 A01 01 JB code 39435332 Edgár Dobos Dobos, Edgár Edgár Dobos 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/39435332 2 A01 01 JB code 282435333 Noémi Nagy Nagy, Noémi Noémi Nagy 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/282435333 3 A01 01 JB code 758435334 Balázs Vizi Vizi, Balázs Balázs Vizi 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/758435334 01 eng 30 00

International and internal mobility can result in both linguistic diversity and forced migration due to intended homogenisation efforts (e.g. “ethnic unmixing” in the successor states of former Yugoslavia). International minority rights instruments scarcely address the questions of mobility and multilingualism. Vojvodina is expected to be a multilingual region in Serbia, an EU-candidate state, according to the laws on language use. Recent migratory trends in Vojvodina – within Serbia and from Serbia to Hungary and other EU states – have changed the “identity landscape” of a region that possesses deeply anchored multinational–multilingual traditions. An important question, therefore, is how existing legal provisions on language rights could offer protection to minority language speakers. International actors also promote the respect for and protection of minority language rights, reflected in the broad political and normative commitments made by Serbia within the context of EU-accession process. However, this political objective is often not achieved, a frequently observed obstacle being that local authorities see any attempt at implementing those language rights more as a burden than an opportunity. This chapter addresses questions such as: How is the legal framework implemented in practice (de iure vs. de facto use of minority languages)? What influence may international norms have on language rights regime? What influence do kin-state policies have?

01 01 JB code wlp.9.p3 06 10.1075/wlp.9.p3 112 170 59 Section header 10 01 04 Part III. Society Part III. Society 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.06jan 06 10.1075/wlp.9.06jan 111 128 18 Chapter 11 01 04 Chapter 6. Language and inclusion in a multilingual environment Chapter 6. Language and inclusion in a multilingual environment 01 04 A bottom-up approach A bottom-up approach 1 A01 01 JB code 350435335 Rudi Janssens Janssens, Rudi Rudi Janssens 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/350435335 01 eng 30 00

Since the turn of the century, two important social developments have had a considerable impact on daily life in most western European cities. The first is increasing mobility in a globalised world that transcends the traditional concept of migration and has even led to a paradigm shift in sociological thinking (‘new’ mobilities paradigm). A second related development is at the technological level, where communication patterns have changed significantly and prompted people to expand their networks beyond the local level. Both evolutions are most prominent in cities in which a growing number of citizens engage in different networks and traditional forms of social solidarity are under pressure. In this context, language plays a key role.

In this article, based on the case of Brussels, we investigate the dynamics behind the process of social inclusion in a mobile environment and the role that languages play in this. We set out from the Brussels pacification model and the analysis of the impact of mobility on the local population. Based on the shift in language use and citizens’ attitude towards multilingualism and living in a multicultural environment, we seek a breeding ground for inclusive policies through a bottom-up approach. The conclusions focus on its impact on Brussels and its potential significance for other cities.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.07kra 06 10.1075/wlp.9.07kra 129 150 22 Chapter 12 01 04 Chapter 7. The politics of inclusion, citizenship and multilingualism Chapter 7. The politics of inclusion, citizenship and multilingualism 1 A01 01 JB code 791435336 Peter A. Kraus Kraus, Peter A. Peter A. Kraus 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/791435336 2 A01 01 JB code 209435337 Melanie Frank Frank, Melanie Melanie Frank 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/209435337 01 eng 30 00

Our chapter deals with the emergence of new linguistic identities in connection with the dynamics of Europeanisation and transnationalisation. Against this background, we discuss whether and in what way the interplay of old and new patterns of linguistic diversity is affecting the trade-off between mobility and inclusion in multilingual societies. On the basis of a literature review, we first show how macro-historical processes of nation-building have affected modern identity-building by linking particular languages to particular collective (national) identities. In a second step, we focus on how the institutional monolingualism of nation states is challenged by complex diversity. In view of the changing linguistic profiles of European societies, political factors play a key role when it comes to acknowledging multilingualism as part of citizenship status and of the socio-cultural practices related to it. Third, we focus on Riga and Barcelona, which stand for specific types of complex diversity, to empirically illustrate the consequences that different institutional approaches to multilingual realities have in terms of creating more or less open identity frames for citizens. The chapter finally addresses tensions between the human potential to develop multilingual repertoires and the political attribution of unequal status to different languages. Multilingualism entails the possibility of tackling the trade-off between mobility and inclusion in a productive way; ultimately, however, political factors determine if linguistic diversity is regarded as a communicative resource or as a threat to established linguistic identities.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.08mam 06 10.1075/wlp.9.08mam 151 170 20 Chapter 13 01 04 Chapter 8. Urban multilingualism Chapter 8. Urban multilingualism 01 04 Place-making, mobility and sense of belonging in European cities Place-making, mobility and sense of belonging in European cities 1 A01 01 JB code 849435338 Virginie D. Mamadouh Mamadouh, Virginie D. Virginie D. Mamadouh 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/849435338 2 A01 01 JB code 243435339 Nesrin El Ayadi El Ayadi, Nesrin Nesrin El Ayadi 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/243435339 01 eng 30 00

This chapter deals with urban multilingualism from a geographical perspective considering the trade-off between mobility, inclusion, and place-making. Place-making in multilingual cities is influenced by the linguistic diversity among their inhabitants, and the sense of place and sense of belonging fostered at the level of the city as a whole and/or in specific neighbourhoods and public spaces shape the individual’s perceptions of linguistic diversity and multilingualism. The chapter introduces key geographical concepts and approaches before examining the new forms of linguistic diversity in European cities fostered by globalisation, Europeanisation, transnational migration and digitalisation. It presents diverse geographical approaches and methodologies relevant to the study of multilingualism and place-making and focuses on two perspectives. First a humanistic geography of urban multilingualism foregrounds the perceptions and representations of languages in relation to a sense of place and a sense of belonging. One empirical study examines linguistic practices and ideologies in Madrid and Amsterdam among residents with a French or German background, another focused on walks through the linguistic landscape and soundscape of the inner-city of Amsterdam. Second a political geography of urban multilingualism explores local policies and city networks regarding the management of linguistic diversity and the trade-off between mobility and inclusion. It examines in turn local policies focusing on mobility and migration, on social cohesion and on multilingualism. Based on both types of geographical research the chapter underlines the importance of raising awareness of the specificity of the local diversity of linguistic trajectories and repertoires and of the coordination between policies articulated and implemented at different scale levels (European, national, local).

01 01 JB code wlp.9.p4 06 10.1075/wlp.9.p4 174 234 61 Section header 14 01 04 Part IV. Education Part IV. Education 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.09ian 06 10.1075/wlp.9.09ian 173 194 22 Chapter 15 01 04 Chapter 9. Metalinguistic awareness in education as a tool for enhancing social inclusion Chapter 9. Metalinguistic awareness in education as a tool for enhancing social inclusion 1 A01 01 JB code 653435340 Gabriele Iannàccaro Iannàccaro, Gabriele Gabriele Iannàccaro 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/653435340 2 A01 01 JB code 95435341 Vittorio Dell’Aquila Dell’Aquila, Vittorio Vittorio Dell’Aquila 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/95435341 3 A01 01 JB code 320435342 Ida Stria Stria, Ida Ida Stria 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/320435342 01 eng 30 00

The gap between individual linguistic repertoires and generally acknowledged societal ones is one of the principal factors that hamper social and linguistic inclusion. The development of a clear metalinguistic awareness – in school as well as in society as a whole – is a sound tool for achieving inclusion, in particular of mobile people into host societies. Building on the data collected for the MIME project, the chapter analyses the correlation between various profiles of mobility and sociolinguistic conditions in the host society to identify points of linguistic friction. The notion of ‘linguistic unease’ (a technical term to depict discomfort in sociolinguistic relations) is pivotal to understanding and tackling the complex linguistic diversity in school as well as in society. Teacher training focused on recognition and careful reduction of this discomfort, through clear understanding of the social and linguistic dynamics in school, can then be a strategy to alleviate friction and therefore foster inclusion of people whose linguistic repertoire is different from that of the majority, in particular mobile people. At the same time, this strategy is beneficial to all parties involved, as it also implies active endorsement by the host society of new kinds of multilingualism brought in by mobile people, enhancing the community’s growth potential.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.10fet 06 10.1075/wlp.9.10fet 195 214 20 Chapter 16 01 04 Chapter 10. Educational capacity-building for linguistic inclusion and mobility Chapter 10. Educational capacity-building for linguistic inclusion and mobility 01 04 Meso-level strategies for systemic change Meso-level strategies for systemic change 1 A01 01 JB code 911435343 Mark Fettes Fettes, Mark Mark Fettes 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/911435343 01 eng 30 00

Schools promote mobility by providing access to national languages and languages of wider communication, to knowledge and skills valued in the national and European economies, and to multicultural or cosmopolitan forms of identity. Ironically, however, mobility now poses unprecedented challenges for national school systems in EU member states, which were not designed to respond to the educational needs of large numbers of minority, migrant and refugee families speaking many different languages. Improving the trade-off between mobility and inclusion in these school systems implies improving access, participation and outcomes for these socially excluded populations. Although national education policies have a role to play in achieving this, it is the meso level of organization – school systems, teacher education programs, local and regional government, community associations and so on – where practical solutions need to be developed and implemented. This chapter addresses three important aspects of this meso level of capacity-building for linguistic inclusion in education: the building of local educational partnerships, the education of teachers, and the recognition, validation and assessment of community skills. Rather than focusing on language issues in isolation, the goal is to rethink and adapt well-established inclusion-oriented policy frameworks or initiatives in each of these areas. Overall, the analysis demonstrates that adapting national school systems to the needs of a mobile, multilingual Europe will depend on creative collaboration on the part of policy- and decision-makers at the meso level, as well as teacher trainers, student teachers, teachers, students and families, and community organisations.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.11con 06 10.1075/wlp.9.11con 215 234 20 Chapter 17 01 04 Chapter 11. Higher education language policies for mobility and inclusion Chapter 11. Higher education language policies for mobility and inclusion 1 A01 01 JB code 594435344 Manuel Celio Conceição Conceição, Manuel Celio Manuel Celio Conceição 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/594435344 2 A01 01 JB code 844435345 Elisa Caruso Caruso, Elisa Elisa Caruso 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/844435345 01 eng 30 00

As a consequence of internationalisation, higher education has become multilingual and, at the same time, one common language, English, has become a sort of lingua franca for research, teaching and even governance. In this chapter, we will analyse how language policies of higher education institutions deal with the trade-off between mobility and inclusion. Language practices in teaching, research, governance and knowledge transfer to society are elements of the language landscape in higher education as multilingual and multicultural learning spaces. In these spaces there is a huge diversity of linguistic repertoires and there is also an uniformisation required by the reduction to a (wanted) common language justified by the need for visibility, parameterisation and comparison with others. On an epistemological level, from a language sciences perspective, we will analyse the concept of language emerging from language practices and used in higher education. Data collection from desk research and case studies will allow us to discuss the various roles given to languages. Despite the relevance of local/national languages, a lingua franca is often promoted. The idea that knowledge is independent of language and discourse is also evident from the data analysed; the aimed-for trade-off between mobility and research is far from being achieved with existing language policies.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.p5 06 10.1075/wlp.9.p5 238 316 79 Section header 18 01 04 Part V. Mediation Part V. Mediation 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.12ayv 06 10.1075/wlp.9.12ayv 237 256 20 Chapter 19 01 04 Chapter 12. Portraying linguistic exclusion Chapter 12. Portraying linguistic exclusion 01 04 Cases of Russian-speakers in the province of Tarragona, Spain Cases of Russian-speakers in the province of Tarragona, Spain 1 A01 01 JB code 498435346 Nune Ayvazyan Ayvazyan, Nune Nune Ayvazyan 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/498435346 2 A01 01 JB code 723435347 Anthony Pym Pym, Anthony Anthony Pym 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/723435347 01 eng 30 00

Social inclusion is often used as an ideal aim in many policy statements at all levels. The ideal is nevertheless very imprecise and is interpreted in different ways. Here we attempt to define linguistic inclusion from its negation, by identifying moments of felt linguistic exclusion. When just over 50 members of the Russian-speaking population in the province of Tarragona, Spain, were asked if they had felt excluded because of language or culture, a surprising 53% of them said they had. In order to portray the background and motivations for those feelings, we explore the cases of six interviewees from this community. The interviewees were selected to represent different lengths of intended stay in Spain and thus different reasons for mobility. The results show that linguistic exclusion is certainly felt in official situations where Spanish or Catalan are required and no mediation services are available, but also in more general situations set up by the policy-based promotion of Catalan and, in one instance, because of the low levels of English spoken in the region. The instances of exclusion help motivate immigrants to learn the dominant language, Spanish, but they to nevertheless express little interest in the territory’s traditional language of inclusion, Catalan.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.13pok 06 10.1075/wlp.9.13pok 257 274 18 Chapter 20 01 04 Chapter 13. Migrants' attitudes towards community interpreting Chapter 13. Migrants’ attitudes towards community interpreting 1 A01 01 JB code 372435348 Nike K. Pokorn Pokorn, Nike K. Nike K. Pokorn 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/372435348 2 A01 01 JB code 594435349 Jaka Čibej Čibej, Jaka Jaka Čibej 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/594435349 01 eng 30 00

The aim of the chapter is to describe the attitude of different groups of migrants to community interpreting and the role of community interpreting in the inclusion process. The role of public-service translation and interpreting and attitudes towards community interpreting were studied in three groups of migrants in Slovenia: short-term (those who stay in the host country from one to 12 months), medium-term (those who intend to stay in the host country for a minimum of one year, but for a limited period of time), and long-term (those who intend to stay in the host country for the rest of their lives). The study covers 65 migrants from different language backgrounds (18 different L1s were identified) who intended to stay in the host country for various periods of time. First, the language profiles of migrants were defined on the basis of a questionnaire, then semi-structured interviews were conducted with 38 short-term, 9 medium-term and 18 long-term migrants. The results show that migrants, regardless of their country of origin, the status of their L1, their level of education and their intended length of stay in the host country, had a rather negative attitude towards interpreting. They were reluctant to use interpreters because they doubted the accuracy of this mediated transfer due to the fact that public-service institutions tend to employ unqualified interpreters for the languages of new migrants. In addition, migrants, regardless of the level of their education, gender and language background, mainly considered this mediation strategy to be a hindrance to their independence. However, they expressed the need to use interpreters and translators in the early stages of their stay in the host country, especially in high-risk situations such as multilingual encounters in health-care, court and police settings.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.14fie 06 10.1075/wlp.9.14fie 275 296 22 Chapter 21 01 04 Chapter 14. The language choices of exchange students Chapter 14. The language choices of exchange students 01 04 Between "After all, I'm here to learn Spanish" and "You get along very well without speaking Lithuanian" Between “After all, I’m here to learn Spanish” and “You get along very well without speaking Lithuanian” 1 A01 01 JB code 254435350 Sabine Fiedler Fiedler, Sabine Sabine Fiedler 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/254435350 2 A01 01 JB code 401435351 Cyril Robert Brosch Brosch, Cyril Robert Cyril Robert Brosch 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/401435351 01 eng 30 00

The Erasmus Programme is the flagship of the EU’s academic exchange programmes. Taking as a point of departure that language proficiency is a key factor of a successful stay abroad, this research focuses on exchange students’ language learning and language choices. It draws on data collected between autumn 2015 and spring 2018 by means of online questionnaires and interviews with more than 500 participants. A major finding is that a large majority of exchange students consider learning the language of the host country an important incentive for their stay. In practice, however, student enthusiasm is often stymied by a lack of adequate language courses and/or poor organisation, leading to students spending most of their time with other exchange students, as opposed to with locals. Countries with popular languages, especially English and French, performed very well in raising linguistic proficiency, while the results in other countries, especially those with less widely spoken languages, where the language of instruction is usually English, varied significantly. The chapter also includes a discussion of the Online Linguistic Support (OLS). It concludes by addressing the question of how the potential of the Erasmus Programme can be better exploited to support multilingualism and language diversity.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.15fio 06 10.1075/wlp.9.15fio 297 316 20 Chapter 22 01 04 Chapter 15. The role of intercomprehension in short-term mobility experiences in multilingual contexts Chapter 15. The role of intercomprehension in short-term mobility experiences in multilingual contexts 1 A01 01 JB code 260435352 Alice Fiorentino Fiorentino, Alice Alice Fiorentino 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/260435352 2 A01 01 JB code 763435353 Machteld Meulleman Meulleman, Machteld Machteld Meulleman 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/763435353 01 eng 30 00

Intercomprehension is a common and well-known mediation choice in established contexts of multilingualism such as bilingual families or neighbouring languages. However, in the context of mobility experiences this multilingual communication strategy is relatively rarely used and almost unstudied. The aim of this chapter is to verify if and how oral intercomprehension is used in non-established multilingual contexts. The study covers the very specific case of two Italian adoptive families whose parents are involved in a short-term mobility experience to the child’s home country (Chile) before going back to Italy together as a family. The conversational analysis of the families’ interactions in Chile reveal that both families spontaneously resort to intercomprehension as one of their main mediation strategies, especially in the family where mutual intelligibility between Italian and Spanish had been reinforced by previous language learning. In addition, our findings show that the use of intercomprehension favours the children’s participation in family interactions over the use of other mediation choices. Since the use of intercomprehension spontaneously decreases over time in favour of the child’s use of the parents’ language, this mediation choice can be considered as a transitional and propaedeutic communication strategy whose cooperative character creates strong cohesion between speech participants.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.p6 06 10.1075/wlp.9.p6 320 424 105 Section header 23 01 04 Part VI. Policy Part VI. Policy 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.16tem 06 10.1075/wlp.9.16tem 319 342 24 Chapter 24 01 04 Chapter 16. Effectiveness of policy measures and language dynamics Chapter 16. Effectiveness of policy measures and language dynamics 1 A01 01 JB code 131435354 Torsten Templin Templin, Torsten Torsten Templin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/131435354 2 A01 01 JB code 609435355 Bengt-Arne Wickström Wickström, Bengt-Arne Bengt-Arne Wickström 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/609435355 3 A01 01 JB code 859435356 Michele Gazzola Gazzola, Michele Michele Gazzola 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/859435356 01 eng 30 00

The effect of a given language policy can be very different in the short, medium and long run. We illustrate this, looking at the effects of language planning on inclusion given different mobility patterns. The choice is between different status and acquisition planning measures. This choice gives rise to different degrees of inclusion (in the form of bilingualism) given the costs of the policy and the linguistic environment. In a mobility/inclusion trade-off, a higher level of inclusion can be reached for a given amount of migration through a well-designed language policy. Different scenarios require different policy measures in the cost-effectiveness analysis. The effects of status and acquisition planning are modelled in a dynamic setting, where language learning depends on compulsory measures as well as voluntary decisions by the individuals involved based on their individual cost-benefit calculations (or those of their parents). The effects on inclusion are simulated in various scenarios when language skills are transferred from one generation to the next. The scenarios include migration of majority-language speakers into a region with a strong minority language (Spanish-speakers migrating into the Basque Country) and migration of speakers of a ‘foreign’ language into a country with enclaves of speakers of this language (Spanish-speakers in the USA).

01 01 JB code wlp.9.17mor 06 10.1075/wlp.9.17mor 343 360 18 Chapter 25 01 04 Chapter 17. The ontology of the linguistic territoriality principle Chapter 17. The ontology of the linguistic territoriality principle 01 04 A conceptual roadmap A conceptual roadmap 1 A01 01 JB code 468435357 Sergi Morales-Gálvez Morales-Gálvez, Sergi Sergi Morales-Gálvez 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/468435357 2 A01 01 JB code 653435358 Helder De Schutter De Schutter, Helder Helder De Schutter 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/653435358 3 A01 01 JB code 65435359 Nenad Stojanović Stojanović, Nenad Nenad Stojanović 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/65435359 01 eng 30 00

The linguistic territoriality principle is popular both among theorists and practitioners of language policy. But its precise content is notoriously vague. A plethora of different meanings have been attached to it, leading to conceptual and normative confusion. This chapter proposes a novel conceptualization of this principle, in order to operationalize it both for theory and practice. It elaborates a proper definition of the LTP, illustrates its numerous versions and offers a state-of-the-art overview of justifications for and critiques of the LTP. The chapter works out, in short, a full ontology of the LTP, against the background of notions of mobility and inclusion. Our main research question is the following: what is at the conceptual and moral core of the territoriality principle? What are the crucial notions that need to be present in order to meaningfully speak of linguistic territoriality, and why do these notions matter morally? To address these questions, we offer and discuss two metrics that could constitute the core of the LTP: the linguistic coerciveness metric and the linguistic diversity metric. We argue that, although the coerciveness metric is relevant, the diversity metric is at the conceptual core of territoriality, such that we ought to understand linguistic territoriality as fundamentally characterized by linguistic monism, or monolingualism. Finally, we draw implications that such a view of LTP might have for the key concepts of mobility and inclusion.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.18car 06 10.1075/wlp.9.18car 361 380 20 Chapter 26 01 04 Chapter 18. Justifying language policies in mobile societies Chapter 18. Justifying language policies in mobile societies 1 A01 01 JB code 601435360 Brian Carey Carey, Brian Brian Carey 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/601435360 2 A01 01 JB code 819435361 Andrew Shorten Shorten, Andrew Andrew Shorten 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/819435361 01 eng 30 00

A conception of linguistic justice refers to a set of moral principles that can provide guidance about a society’s language policies. By the lights of a recently prominent strand of liberal political theory, such a conception will be legitimate if and only if it meets certain standards of public justification. Amongst other things, this means that it must be arrived at by way of a legitimate procedure and its principles must be ones that no one could reasonably reject. This chapter explores the potential of this ideal for mobile and multilingual societies in Europe by developing three arguments. First, we argue that in order to be legitimate, a conception of linguistic justice must be justifiable to a relevant constituency and that, in EU member states, this includes mobile Europeans as well as the citizens of member states. Second, we argue that, in circumstances of linguistic diversity, the requirements of public justification generate a presumption in favour of multilingual deliberative procedures. Third, we argue that when selecting principles of justice we ought to prioritise the interests of the least advantaged, and that doing so will often mean that only a multilingual language regime is acceptable.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.19civ 06 10.1075/wlp.9.19civ 381 404 24 Chapter 27 01 04 Chapter 19. Complexity in language matters Chapter 19. Complexity in language matters 01 04 Concept and uses of agent-based modelling Concept and uses of agent-based modelling 1 A01 01 JB code 619435362 Marco Civico Civico, Marco Marco Civico 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/619435362 01 eng 30 00

Agent-based modelling belongs to the wider category of computational modelling and is used to replicate real-world social or physical systems and simulate their behaviour in a computer environment, with a view to studying the rules that govern them. Although agent-based modelling has quickly gained recognition in the natural sciences, social scientists only started to explore its potential in the last few decades. This trend has gained momentum over the last ten years, and applications of agent-based modelling to the social sciences have been steadily increasing. Researchers dealing with complex phenomena (in both the social and natural sciences) are increasingly switching from purely analytical (i.e. mathematical) approaches (which often attempt to find a ‘closed-form solution’ to a problem) to computation-based approaches (which rely on algorithms and simulations). Whereas applications of analytical methods to study language-related issues have a long-standing tradition, systematic adoption of a complexity-based view of language matters and application of computational methods have yet to establish themselves. However, recent research in language studies shows attempts to address the complexity of language-related issues in a more systematic way. Particular attention is devoted to the fact that such issues involve numerous agents and variables, and causal links between these variables are often non-linear. Although it may be challenging to model such systems through equations, agent-based modelling offers a natural solution, in that it provides an easy way of replicating various degrees of diversity in a computer environment. These models can then be run many times with various settings to study the system’s short-term and long-term behaviour and the way it responds to different initial conditions. Agent-based modelling lends itself very well both to studies that investigate the nature and functioning of languages and to sociolinguistic studies that focus on language-mediated interactions between individuals.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.20dun 06 10.1075/wlp.9.20dun 405 424 20 Chapter 28 01 04 Chapter 20. Language, mobility and inclusion Chapter 20. Language, mobility and inclusion 01 04 Legal perspectives Legal perspectives 1 A01 01 JB code 234435363 Robert Dunbar Dunbar, Robert Robert Dunbar 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/234435363 2 A01 01 JB code 461435364 Róisín McKelvey McKelvey, Róisín Róisín McKelvey 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/461435364 01 eng 30 00

The most significant way in which states regulate mobility is through laws and policies on immigration and naturalisation. Increasingly, states are requiring that migrants demonstrate specified levels of competence in the official language at various points in the immigration process. Frequently, such requirements can pose a barrier to many migrants, and may have a negative impact that affects members of certain groups disproportionately. States justify such language requirements on the basis that fluency in the official language promotes greater inclusion, and enhances life chances of migrants in the new country. However, by frequently failing to provide any form of mother tongue education for children of migrants, states themselves frustrate the achievement of such levels of fluency. Inclusion is also facilitated by ensuring that migrant have effective access to crucial public services such as health care, social services, and so forth. However, for many migrants, language is a barrier to accessing such services as effectively as other members of society. In most of these areas, international obligations do not provide sufficient responses, although important principles in international human rights law, particularly the principle of non-discrimination and equal protection of the law, and the principle of proportionality, may provide a more adequate response.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.p7 06 10.1075/wlp.9.p7 428 553 126 Section header 29 01 04 Part VII. Frontiers of multilingualism Part VII. Frontiers of multilingualism 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.21ozo 06 10.1075/wlp.9.21ozo 427 450 24 Chapter 30 01 04 Chapter 21. Multilingualism and security Chapter 21. Multilingualism and security 01 04 The case of Latvia The case of Latvia 1 A01 01 JB code 41435365 Žaneta Ozoliņa Ozoliņa, Žaneta Žaneta Ozoliņa 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/41435365 2 A01 01 JB code 339435366 Rihards Bambals Bambals, Rihards Rihards Bambals 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/339435366 01 eng 30 00

The 20th century left permanent marks on the European geographical, socio-political and linguistic maps. No EU member states other than Estonia and Latvia have five percent or more native Russian-speakers in their population, which makes the case of the Baltic States unique in the wider pan-European context. Russia, the EU’s largest neighbour, has struggled to cope with the political reality of tens of millions of Russian-speakers being left outside of its borders. The mix of ethno-linguistic borders that do not coincide with politico-geographic ones raises several security-related questions; one of them is whether language can be used as a tool of manipulation, propaganda and source of unrest in society. Russia has securitised the protection of Russian-speakers abroad as analysis of its strategic foreign, security and military policy documents proved. In countries not included in NATO and the EU, such as Georgia and Ukraine, the Russian authorities have used the protection of ethnic Russians and Russian-speakers as a legitimate reason to violate the sovereignty and indivisibility of independent nations. Any country with a substantial Russian-speaking diaspora, especially in the former Soviet territories with less power and resources than Russia, may find its national security and societal resilience put to the test. The aim of the article is to analyse potential security implications stemming from different linguistic groups from the perspective of societal security, national security, risk to state sovereignty, and security at the wider EU level, as well as to identify challenges that may arise when conflicts of international actors spill over into state domains, and cause dissent within the local population.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.22kad 06 10.1075/wlp.9.22kad 451 472 22 Chapter 31 01 04 Chapter 22. Multilingualism and consumer protection Chapter 22. Multilingualism and consumer protection 1 A01 01 JB code 791435367 Christine Kaddous Kaddous, Christine Christine Kaddous 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/791435367 2 A01 01 JB code 224435368 Laura Marcus Marcus, Laura Laura Marcus 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/224435368 01 eng 30 00

This chapter investigates the various language requirements in EU consumer law. The research conducted in this European project revealed that there is no general rule in the matter to guide the EU legislature. Requirements as to the use of languages vary from one field to another. The case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union also reflects this main finding.

As linguistic competences remain largely in the hands of the Member States, multilingualism is often at the origin of conflicts in the dichotomy between EU economic integration and Member States’ sovereignty. National linguistic requirements may conflict with EU law (primary and/or secondary legislation), unless accepted on the basis of reasonable justifications according to EU law.

This chapter first proposes to classify the language requirements in EU consumer law on the basis of the objectives pursued by different legislations. This classification may allow Member States to adopt and adapt their national regulations in accordance with predetermined EU language criteria.

The second proposal made in this chapter is to promote multilingualism in EU consumer legislation. This may be achieved by developing an EU policy to increase awareness of the importance of multilingualism as an objective to be promoted in its own right within the EU (and not only as a tool accompanying the achievement of economic objectives). Developing such a policy may foster mobility and inclusion of EU consumers, including EU economic operators and citizens in general.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.23pop 06 10.1075/wlp.9.23pop 473 486 14 Chapter 32 01 04 Chapter 23. 'Learning all from all' Chapter 23. ‘Learning all from all’ 01 04 A Roma approach to marginal multilingualism A Roma approach to marginal multilingualism 1 A01 01 JB code 834435369 Lia Pop Pop, Lia Lia Pop 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/834435369 01 eng 30 00

This study focuses on the possible resource represented by the traditional Roma method of acquiring ‘marginal’ multilingualism. This is a special form of multilingualism that has gone unnoticed in the thematic literature devoted to this topic: invented by the Roma, it is oral, simplified, acquired quickly, and informal. Roma traditional methods for accomplishing this include ‘Learning all from all’ and ‘Learning by doing,’; this study focuses on ‘Learning all from all,’ a Roma group language-learning method that involves simplifying, selecting, and validating teaching contents in order to facilitate group goals; adopting with total flexibility the roles of teacher and student; and developing playful and joyful learning practices inside the group, in the context of shared responsibility to contribute to group survival. The method – which does not involve any pre-requisites and has been effective for centuries – could possibly be transferable to other marginal groups, if specific policies with such aims were to be developed in Europe. The first generation of Roma skilled in traditional and formal methods of learning languages could represent a resource for such policies, especially at the micro and meso levels.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.24gus 06 10.1075/wlp.9.24gus 487 508 22 Chapter 33 01 04 Chapter 24. Language use in international retirement migration Chapter 24. Language use in international retirement migration 01 04 The case of Scandinavian retirees in Alicante, Spain The case of Scandinavian retirees in Alicante, Spain 1 A01 01 JB code 461435370 Per Gustafson Gustafson, Per Per Gustafson 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/461435370 2 A01 01 JB code 679435371 Ann Elisabeth Laksfoss Cardozo Laksfoss Cardozo, Ann Elisabeth Ann Elisabeth Laksfoss Cardozo 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/679435371 01 eng 30 00

Most research on migration and language has examined labour, refugee or family migrants. International retirement migration provides a different perspective on mobility, inclusion and multilingualism. The present chapter examines language use, linguistic challenges and linguistic strategies in the context of retirement migration from Scandinavia to the Alicante province in Spain. Interviews with retired migrants and local key persons showed that retirees often found it difficult to learn the local language, but that a range of other linguistic strategies were available to them. These strategies involved using either their native language or English. Use of the native language occurred in expatriate communities and in settings where interpretation or translation was available. Intercomprehension among retirees speaking different Scandinavian languages was also observed. A final native language strategy was exit – a temporary or in some cases permanent return to the retiree’s (former) home country. The chapter summarises these observations in a typology of linguistic strategies. It also highlights a number of context-specific conditions for these strategies in the case under study – the presence of well-established expatriate communities, the association between retirement migration and tourism, and the widespread use of English as a lingua franca. Given this particular linguistic landscape, Scandinavian retirees were mostly able to manage everyday communication without knowing much Spanish. Serious language-related problems appeared in specific situations, mainly related to health and elderly care, contacts with legal authorities, certain housing-related matters, and emergencies.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.25fur 06 10.1075/wlp.9.25fur 509 530 22 Chapter 34 01 04 Chapter 25. Multilingualism and creativity Chapter 25. Multilingualism and creativity 01 04 An integrative approach An integrative approach 1 A01 01 JB code 310435372 Guillaume Fürst Fürst, Guillaume Guillaume Fürst 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/310435372 2 A01 01 JB code 745435373 François Grin Grin, François François Grin 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/745435373 01 eng 30 00

This chapter investigates the relations between multilingualism, multicultural experience and creativity at both a theoretical and an empirical level. Starting with a general discussion about the cost and benefits of linguistic diversity, we argue that one of the benefits of multilingualism is enhanced creativity and, hence, a greater potential for innovation. After introducing formal definitions of multilingualism and creativity, both of which are complex and can prove difficult to conceptualize and operationalize, we discuss previous research on bilingualism and creativity, as well as on multicultural experience and creativity. We synthesize this literature and identify its strengths and limitations. A key issue is that the impact of bilingualism/multilingualism and multicultural experience on creativity had never been studied jointly so far. The empirical section of the paper then estimates multivariate models with a large sample (n = 596). Results shows that both multilingualism and multicultural experience are positively associated with creativity, with standardized effect sizes ranging from .20 to .50 depending on specification. These results are discussed in methodological and theoretical perspective. We discuss implications for language policy, as well as the challenges related to causal inference and the possible generalization of these results at the group level.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.26dem 06 10.1075/wlp.9.26dem 531 554 24 Chapter 35 01 04 Chapter 26. Does global English influence the perception of professional ethical dilemmas? Chapter 26. Does global English influence the perception of professional ethical dilemmas? 1 A01 01 JB code 142435374 Paul H. Dembinski Dembinski, Paul H. Paul H. Dembinski 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/142435374 2 A01 01 JB code 619435375 Philippe Rudaz Rudaz, Philippe Philippe Rudaz 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/619435375 3 A01 01 JB code 667435376 Hannah Soissons Soissons, Hannah Hannah Soissons 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/667435376 4 A01 01 JB code 65435377 Marc Chesney Chesney, Marc Marc Chesney 07 https://benjamins.com/catalog/persons/65435377 01 eng 30 00

For many multilinguals, the use of a given language is specific to certain areas of life, such as family, social or professional life. This may mean that, for a given person, lexical precision does not imply fluency, and vice-versa. Therefore, having a certain type of skills in a second language does not guarantee a successful use of this second language in all circumstances. This may be especially true with respect to emotional versus factual communication and contents. When a language normally only employed for factual communication is used to express emotional content, the level of precision or understanding may suffer. This research asks the following question: does the use of Global English in the workplace affects the alertness of non-native English speakers in perceiving ethical dilemmas? The hypothesis we explore is that non-native English-speaking employees of organisations in which Global English is the main communication tool, or one of them, may suffer from such communicational, or linguistic, asymmetry, as defined in the paper. In doing so, this study contributes to the ‘Global English’ research agenda and examines the consequences of the use of English. Our statistical results suggest that the importance of linguistic asymmetry becomes acute in situations where ethical issues – with their blend of emotional and technical aspects – emerge in contexts in which otherwise only professional, i.e. factual and technical, contents prevail. The linguistic asymmetry may impair the level of ethical alertness of non-native English-speakers working in organisations where English dominates.

01 01 JB code wlp.9.ai 06 10.1075/wlp.9.ai 555 564 10 Miscellaneous 36 01 04 Author index Author index 01 eng 01 01 JB code wlp.9.si 06 10.1075/wlp.9.si 565 570 6 Miscellaneous 37 01 04 Subject index Subject index 01 eng
01 JB code JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 01 JB code JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/wlp.9 Amsterdam NL 00 John Benjamins Publishing Company Marketing Department / Karin Plijnaar, Pieter Lamers onix@benjamins.nl 04 01 00 20220121 C 2022 John Benjamins D 2022 John Benjamins 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027210159 WORLD 09 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 https://jbe-platform.com 29 https://jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027258274 21 01 00 Unqualified price 02 99.00 EUR 01 00 Unqualified price 02 83.00 GBP GB 01 00 Unqualified price 02 149.00 USD