Introduction to Healthcare for Japanese-speaking Interpreters and Translators

Ineke H.M. Crezee

| Auckland University of Technology

Teruko Asano

| Nagoya University of Foreign Studies

Hardbound – Available

ISBN 9789027212412 | EUR 99.00 | USD 149.00

Paperback – Available

ISBN 9789027212429 | EUR 36.00 | USD 54.00

e-Book –

ISBN 9789027266293 | EUR 99.00/36.00*
| USD 149.00/54.00*

This book is based on the very popular international publication (Crezee, 2013) and has been supplemented with Japanese glossaries. Just like the 2013 textbook, this practical resource will allow interpreters and translators to quickly read up on healthcare settings, familiarizing themselves with anatomy, physiology, medical terminology and frequently encountered conditions, diagnostic tests and treatment options.

This is an exceptionally useful and easily accessible handbook, in particular for English-speaking patients, Japanese-speaking doctors, first-language Japanese-speaking students in healthcare related programs.

This book includes a special chapter on Japan’s shifting social structure and the hierarchies which exist within its medical system and gives concrete examples of patient expectations for hospital stays and physician visits. A further special chapter describes the Japanese insurance system and related regulations in a comprehensive fashion, also discussing standards of third party accreditation. Also included is information regarding the establishment of the Aichi Medical Interpretation System, the first of its kind in Japan, which was launched thanks to the combined efforts of local municipal communities, healthcare organizations and universities in the Aichi Prefecture.

[Not in series, 205] 2016. xxviii, 412 pp.

Publishing status: Available

https://doi.org/10.1075/z.205

Table of Contents

Table of illustrations	xv–xvi
List of tables	xvii–xviii
Authors’ notes	xix–xxii
Acknowledgments	xxiii–xxiv
Foreword	xxv–xxvi
Foreword to this edition	xxvii–xxviii
Part I. Interpreting
Chapter 1. Introduction	3–10
Chapter 2. Interpreting in healthcare settings	11–22
Chapter 3. The culture of Japanese medicine Michelle Henault Morrone	23–28
Chapter 4. Medical terminology	29–38
Part II. Interpreting in healthcare settings
Chapter 5. Primary care physicians and General Practitioners	41–50
Chapter 6. Specialty clinics and Outpatient Clinics	51–54
Chapter 7. Hospitals	55–68
Chapter 8. Characteristics of the Japanese healthcare system Teruko Asano and Haruka Murai	69–82
Chapter 9. Emergency Departments or ERs	83–104
Chapter 10. Informed consent	105–108
Chapter 11. Pre-operative and post-operative procedures	109–118
Chapter 12. Intensive care	119–126
Chapter 13. Obstetrics	127–138
Chapter 14. Child health	139–164
Chapter 15. Speech-Language Therapy	165–170
Chapter 16. Mental health	171–182
Chapter 17. Oncology	183–196
Part III. Healthcare specialties
Chapter 18. Neurology: Nerves and the nervous system	199–214
Chapter 19. Cardiology: Heart and the circulatory system	215–232
Chapter 20. Pulmonology: The respiratory system	233–248
Chapter 21. Hematology: Blood and blood disorders	249–262
Chapter 22. Orthopedics: The skeletal system	263–272
Chapter 23. Muscles and the motor system	273–280
Chapter 24. The sensory system	281–294
Chapter 25. Immunology: The immune and lymphatic systems	295–304
Chapter 26. Endocrinology: The endocrine system	305–316
Chapter 27. Gastroenterology: The digestive system	317–332
Chapter 28. Urology and nephrology: The urinary system	333–342
Chapter 29. Urology and gynecology: The reproductive systems	343–370
Appendix	371–374
References	375–390
Useful websites	391–392
Index	393–412

“This practical handbook grows out of the very popular previous international publication Introduction to Healthcare for Interpreters and Translators (Crezee 2013) [...]. This book features precise and concise language, and is very easy to follow. Therefore, it is warmly recommended to the terminologists who specialize in terminology study in healthcare settings and anyone who shows an interest in medical interpreting and translation.”

María-Teresa Ortego-Antón, Universidad de Valladolid, in Terminology 23:3 (2017).

References

Angelelli, C.

(2008) The role of the interpreter in the healthcare setting: A plea for a dialogue between research and practice. In C. Valero Garcés & Martin A. (Eds.), Building bridges: The controversial role of the community interpreter (pp. 139–152). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

(2004) Medical interpreting and cross-cultural communication. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Athorp, C., & Downing, B.T.

(1996, March). Modes of doctor-patient communication: How interpreter roles influence discourse. In Annual Conference of the American Association for Applied Linguistics , Chicago, March.

Bachnik, J.

(1994) Indexing self and society in Japanese family organization. In Bachnik, J. & Quinn, J. (Eds.) Situated meaning: Inside and outside in Japanese self, society, and language, pp. 143-167. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Battle, D.

(Ed.) (2002) Communication disorders in multicultural populations (3rd ed.). London, England: Butterworth.

Bolden, G.

(2000) Toward understanding practices of medical interpreting: Interpreters’ involvement in history taking. Discourse Studies, 2, 387–419.

Bontempo, K.

(2013a) The chicken and egg dilemma: Academizing interpreter education. In E. Winston & C. Monikowski (Eds.). Evolving paradigms in interpreter education (pp. 33–41). Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.

(2013b) Interpreting by Design: A study of aptitude, ability and achievement in Australian Sign Language interpreters. New Voices in Translation Studies, (10).

Bontempo, K. & Napier, J.

(2011) Evaluating emotional stability as a predictor of interpreter competence and aptitude for interpreting. Interpreting, 13(1), 85–105.

Bontempo, K., Goswell, D., Levitzke-Gray, P., Napier, J. & Warby, L.

. (in press). Towards the professionalization of Deaf interpreters in Australia: Testing times. In R. Adam, C. Stone, S. Collins, & M. Metzger (Eds.) Deaf interpreters at work: International insights (pp. 51–59). Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.

Bot, H.

(2007) Gespreksvoering met behulp van een tolk. De Psycholoog, 42, 362–367

(2005) Dialogue interpreting as a specific case of reported speech. Interpreting, 7(2), 237–261.

California Healthcare Interpreters Association

(n.d.). California standards for healthcare interpreters: Ethical principles, protocols, and guidance on roles and intervention. Los Angeles, CA: California Healthcare Interpreters Association.

Canadian Healthcare

(2007) Canadian Health Care: Canada Health Act. Retrieved December 25, 2015, from http://www.canadian-healthcare.org/page2.html

Cambridge, J.

(1999) Information loss in bilingual medical interviews through untrained interpreters. The Translator, 5(2), 201–219.

Camplin-Welch, V.

(2007) Cross-Cultural Resource for Health Practitioners working with Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) clients. Auckland, New Zealand: Waitemata District Health Board and Refugees as Survivors New Zealand Trust.

Candlin, C. & Gotti, M.

(Eds.) (2004b) Intercultural discourse in domain-specific English. Special issue of Textus, 17/1, Genoa, Italy: Tilgher.

Candlin, C. & S. Candlin

(2003) Health care communication: A problematic site for applied linguistics research. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 23, 134–154.

Chabner, D.E.

(2011) The language of medicine (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders.

Chen, A.

(2003) In the right words: Addressing language and culture in providing health care. San Francisco, CA: Asian and Pacific Islander American health forum, remarks at Grantmakers in Health Issue Dialogue.

Chen, T.W.

. 陳子瑋 (2011) Community Interpreting – A New Horizon in Interpreting Research in Taiwan [社區口譯─臺灣口譯研究新領域]. Compilation and Translation Review, 4(2), 207–214.

Chesher, T.

(1997) Rhetoric and reality: Two decades of community interpreting and translating in Australia. In S.E. Carr, R. Roberts, A. Dufour, & D. Steyn (Eds.), The critical link: Interpreters in the community (pp. 277–289). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Clifford, A.

(2005) Healthcare interpreting and informed consent: What is the interpreter’s role in treatment decision-making. TTR: Traduction, Terminologie, Redaction, 18(2), 225–247.

Coney, S.

(1988) The unfortunate experiment. The full story behind the inquiry into cervical cancer treatment. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books.

Crezee, I.

(2015) Semi-authentic practices for student health interpreters. Translation & Interpreting, 7(3), 50–62.

(2009a) The development of the interpreting profession. In D. Clark & C. McGrath (Eds.), Interpreting in New Zealand: The pathway forward (pp. 75–80). Wellington: Crown.

(2009b) Interpreting and the New Zealand healthcare system. In D. Clark & C. McGrath (Eds.), Interpreting in New Zealand: The pathway forward (pp. 102–107). Wellington: Crown.

(2003) Health interpreting: The cultural divide. In L. Brunette, G. Bastin, I. Hemlin & H. Clarke (Eds.), The Critical Link 3. Interpreters in the community (pp. 249–259). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

(2014) Patient Navigators at Seattle Children’s Hospital: What can we learn for New Zealand? Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University of Technology. Report submitted to the New Zealand Ministry of Health.

Crezee, I. & Ng, N.S.

(2016) Introduction to healthcare for Chinese-speaking interpreters and translators. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: John Benjamins.

Crezee, I., Atkinson, D., Pask, R., Au, P. & Wong S.

(2015) When interpreting leaves interprets negatively affected: Teaching interprets about self-care. International Journal of Interpreter Education, 7 (3).

Crezee, I.

(2013) Introduction to healthcare for interpreters and translators. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: John Benjamins.

Crezee, I. & Grant, L.

(2016) Thrown in the deep end. Challenges of interpreting informal paramedic language. Translation and Interpreting.8(2), 1–12.

(2013) Missing the plot? Idiomatic language in interpreter education. International Journal of Interpreter Education, 5(1), 17–34.

Crezee, I., Mikkelson, H. & Monzon-Storey, L.

(2015) Introduction to healthcare for Spanish-speaking interpreters and translators. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Crezee, I. and Sachtleben, A.

(2012) Teaching health interpreting in multilingual and multicultural classrooms: Towards developing special pedagogies. Paper delivered at the AUSIT Jubilation Conference , Sydney, Australia, 1–3 December 2012.

Crezee, I., Jülich, S. & Hayward, M.

(2013) Issues for interpreters and professionals working in refugee settings. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Professional Practice, 8(3), 254–273.

Department of Health

(2007) Departmental Report 2007. London, England: Department of Health.

van Dijk, T.

(1977) Text and context. Explorations in the semantics and pragmatics of discourse. London, England: Longman.

Dysart-Gale, D.

(2007) Clinicians and medical interpreters: Negotiating culturally appropriate care for patients with limited English ability. Family & Community Health, 30(3), 237–246.

Eggleston, K.

(2012) Health care for 1.3 billion: An overview of China’s health system. Working paper series on health and demographic change in the Asia-Pacific: Stanford University . Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center Asia Health Policy Program. Retrieved from http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/23668/AHPPwp_28.pdf

Embree, J.

(1958) Suye Mura, a Japanese village. In Dorson, R. (Ed.). Folk Legends of Japan (Rutland and Tokyo, Tuttle).

Faden, R. & Beauchamp, T.

(1986) A history and theory of informed consent. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Ferner, S. & Liu, H.

(2009) Comprehensive strategy towards delivering better communications and better health care to non-English speaking New Zealanders? Journal of the New Zealand Medical Association, 122(1304).

Fischbach, H.

(Ed.) (1998) Translation and medicine. American Translators Association Scholarly Monograph Series. Volume X. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Flores, G.

(2006) Language barriers to health care in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 355(3), 229–231.

(2005) The impact of medical interpreter services on the quality of health care: A systematic review. Medical Care Research and Review, 62(3):255–99.

Flores, G., Barton Laws, M. & Mayo, S.

(2003) Errors in medical interpretation and their potential clinical consequences in paediatric encounters. Pediatrics, 111(1), 6–14.

Gentile, A., Ozolins, U. & Vasilakakos, M.

(1996) Liaison interpreting: A handbook. Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne University Press.

Gile, D.

(1995) Basic concepts and models for interpreter and translator training. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Gill, P.S., Shankar, A., Quirke, T. & Fremantle, N.

(2009) Access to interpreting services in England: Secondary analysis of national data. BMC Public Health, 9(1), 12.

Ginori, L. & Scimone, E.

(1995), Introduction to interpreting, Sydney, Australia: Lantern Press.

Gonzalez Davies, M.

(2004) Multiple voices in the translation classroom: Activities, tasks and projects. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

(1998) Student assessment by medical specialists. In H. Fischbach (Ed.), Translation and medicine. American Translators’ Association Scholarly Monograph Series (Vol. X, pp. 93–102). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Gray, B., Hilders, J. & Stubbe, M.

(2012) How to use interpreters in general practice: The development of a New Zealand toolkit. Journal of Primary Health Care, 4(1), 52–61.

Grice, P.

(1975) Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics, 3: Speech acts (pp. 41–58). New York, NY: Academic Press.

Hale, S.

(2014) Interpreting culture. Dealing with cross-cultural issues in court interpreting. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, 22(3), 321–331.

(2012) Are we there yet? Taking stock of where we are up to and where we are heading. Jill Blewett Memorial Lecture delivered at the AUSIT Jubilation Conference , Sydney, Australia, 1–2 December 2012.

(2008) Controversies over the role of the court interpreter. In C. Valero-Garcés & A. Martin (Eds.), Crossing borders in community interpreting. Definitions and dilemmas (pp. 99–122). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

(2007) Community interpreting. research and practice in Applied Linguistics. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan.

(2005) The Interpreter’s identity crisis. In J. House, J.R. Martín Ruano & N. Baumgarten (Eds.), Translation and the construction of identity. IATIS Yearbook 2005 (pp. 14–29). Manchester/Northampton, MA: St Jerome.

(2004) The Discourse of court interpreting: Discourse practices of the law, the witness and the interpreter. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

(1996) Pragmatic considerations in court interpreting. The Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 19(1), 61–72.

Hale, S. & Napier, J.

(2013) Research Methods in Interpreting: A Practical Resource. London, England: Bloomsbury.

Hall, E.T. & Hall, M.R.

(1990) Understanding cultural differences. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.

Hammell, K.W.

(2009) Self-care, productivity, and leisure, or dimensions of occupational experience? Rethinking occupational “categories”. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 76(2), 107–114.

Health Media

(1988) Counselling with interpreters sexual Assault interviews. Sydney, Australia: Department of Health NSW. (Video resource).

Helman, C.

(1991) Culture, health and illness 2. Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Hermann, A.

(2002) Interpreting in antiquity. (Translated by Ruth Morris). In F. Pöchhacker & M. Shlesinger (Eds.), The interpreting studies reader (pp. 15–22). London, England: Routledge.

HIN (Healthcare Interpretation Network)

(2007) National standard guide for community interpreting services. Toronto: Healthcare Interpretation Network.

Hofstede, G.H.

(2001) Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, Ca: Sage Publications.

Hofstede, G.

(2003) Culture’s consequences, comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations. London, England: Sage Publications.

(1980) Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values (cross cultural research and methodology). London, England: Sage Publications.

Holmes, S.

(2013) Fresh fruit, broken bodies. Migrant workers in the United States. Berkely, CA: University of California Press.

Holt, R., Crezee, I. & Rasalingam, N.

(2003) The communication gap: Immigrant healthcare in Aotearoa New Zealand. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland University of Technology School of Languages and the New Zealand Federation of Ethnic Councils.

Hsieh, E.

(2014) Emerging trends and the corresponding challenges in bilingual health communication. In Nicodemus B, Metzger M, (Eds.), Investigations in healthcare interpreting, pp. 70-103. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.

Hunt, L.M. & Voogd, K.B.

(2007) Are good intentions good enough? Informed consent without trained interpreters. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(5), 598–605.

IMIA/MMIA (International Medical Interpreters Association/Massachusetts Medical Interpreters Association) and Education Development Center

(1996) Medical interpreting standards of practice. Boston: IMIA/MMIA.

Crezee, I. & Major, G.

(2016) Interpreting research underpinning interpreter education. International Journal of Interpreter Education, 8(10), 1–2.

Jackson, K.

(2006) Fate, spirits and curses: Mental health and traditional beliefs in some refugee communities. Auckland, New Zealand: Rampart.

Johnston, T. & Napier, J.

(2010) Medical Signbank – bringing deaf people and linguists together in the process of language development. Sign Language Studies, 10(2), 258–275.

Kaufert, J. & Putsch, R.

(1997) Communication through interpreters in healthcare: Ethical dilemmasarising from differences in class, culture, language, and power. Journal of Clinical Ethics, 8(1), 71–87.

Keesing, R.

(1981) Cultural Anthropology: A contemporary perspective. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Ko, W.M.

(2013) HK healthcare is a dual-track system. Remarks by Secretary for Food & Health Dr Ko Wing-man at the Asian ministers panel discussion session of the World Health Summit Regional Meeting – Asia in Singapore on April 9. Retrieved from: http://www.news.gov.hk/en/record/html/2013/04/20130409_190409.shtml

Kübler-Ross, E. & Kessler, D.

(2008) On grief and grieving: Finding the meaning of grief through the five stages of loss. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.

Kübler-Ross, E.

(1969) On death and dying. New York, NY: Macmillan.

Lai, M., Heydon, G. & Mulayim, S.

(2015) Vicarious trauma among interpreters. International Journal of Interpreter Education, 7(1), 3–22.

Langdon, H.

(2002) Interpreters and translators in communication disorders; A practitioner’s handbook. Eau Clair, WI: Thinking Publications.

Langdon H. & Chen, L.L.

(2002) Collaborating with interpreters and translators. Eau Clair, WI: Thinking Publications

Lave, J.

(1996) Teaching, as learning, in practice. Mind, culture, and activity, 3(3), 149–164.

(1991) Situated Learning in Communities of Practice. In L.B. Resnick, J.M. Levine, & S.D. Teasley (Eds.), Perspectives on socially shared cognition (pp. 64–82). Pittsburgh, PA: Learning Research and Development Center, University of Pitts-burgh/American Psychological Association.

(1990) Views of the classroom: Implications for math and science learning research. In J.W. Stigler, R.A. Schweder, & G. Herdt (Eds), Cultural psychology: Essays on comparative human development (pp. 309–327). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Lave, J. & Wenger, E.

(1991) Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Lee, T.Y. & Ballard, E.Y.

(2011) Assessing Mandarin speaking clients: Cultural and linguistic considerations. Acquiring Knowledge in Speech, Language and Hearing, 13(3), 132–136

Lee, T., Lansbury, G. & Sullivan, G.

(2005) Health care interpreters: A physical therapy perspective. Australian Journal of Physical Therapy, 51, 161–165.

Lim, S., Mortensen, A., Feng, K., Ryu, G. & Cui, C.

(2012) Waitemata DHB cultural responsiveness to its Asian, migrant and refugee populations – cultural competence concepts and initiatives. Paper presented to the Growing Pacific Solutions Conference , Auckland, New Zealand, April 2012.

Low, P.K.C., & Ang, S.L.

(2010) The foundation of traditional Chinese medicine. Journal of Chinese Medicine, Scientific Research, 1, 84–90. Retireved from SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1760869. DOI:

Mairs, R.

(2011) Translator traditor: The interpreter as traitor in classical tradition. Greece & Rome, 58, 1.

Major, G., Napier, J., Ferrara, L. & Johnston, T.

(2012) Exploring lexical gaps in Australian Sign Language for the purposes of health communication. Communication & Medicine, 9(1), 7–47.

Mason, I.

(2004) Conduits, mediators, spokespersons: Investigating translator/interpreter. In C. Schäffner (Ed.), Translation research and interpreting research. Traditions, gaps and synergies (pp. 88–87). Clevedon, Oh.: Multilingual Matters.

McMorrow, L.

(1998) Breaking the Greco-Roman mold in medical writing: The many languages of 20^th century medicine. In H. Fischbach (Ed.). American Translators’ Association Series: Translation and medicine, pp. 13-18. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: John Benjamins.

Meador, H.E. & Zazove, P.

(2005) Health care interactions with deaf culture. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 18(3), 218–222.

Merlini, R. & Favaron, R.

(2005) Examining the “voice of interpreting” in speech pathology. Interpreting, 7(2), 263–302.

Meyer, B.

(2000) Medizinische Aufklärungsgespräche: Struktur und Zwecksetzung aus diskursanalytischer Sicht. University of Hamburg, Germany: Sonderforschungsbereich 538 (Mehrsprachigkeit – Working Papers on Multilingualism).

(2001) How untrained interpreters handle medical terms. In I. Mason (Ed.), Triadic exchanges: Studies in dialogue interpreting (pp. 87–106). Manchester/Northampton, MA: st. Jerome.

Meyer, B., Apfelbaum, B., Pöchhacker, F. & Bischoff, A.

(2003) Analysing interpreted doctor-patient communication from the perspectives of linguistics, interpreting studies and health sciences. In L. Brunette, G. Bastin, I. Hemlin, & H. Clarke (Eds.), The critical link 3. Interpreters in the community (pp. 67–80). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Mona, B.

(1992) In Other Words. A coursebook on translation. London, NY: Routledge.

Morris, R.

(1999) The gum syndrome: Predicaments in court interpreting. Forensic Linguistics, 6(1), 6–29.

Nakane, C.

(1970) Japanese society (Vol. 74). Berkely, CA: University of California Press.

Napier, J.

(2010) An historical overview of signed language interpreting research: Featuring highlights of personal research. Cadernos de Tradução, 2(26), 63–97.

(2011) If a tree falls in a forest and no one is there to hear it, does it make a noise? Advances in Interpreting Research: Inquiry in Action, 99, 121.

Napier, J., Major, G. & Ferrara, L.

(2011) Medical Signbank: A cure-all for the aches and pains of medical sign language interpreting? In L. Leeson, S. Wurm, & M. Vermeerbergen (Eds.), Signed Language Interpreting: Preparation, practice and performance (pp. 110–137). Manchester, England: St Jerome.

National Center for State Courts (NCSC)

(2011) Guide to translation of legal materials. Retrieved from http://www.ncsc.org/Topics/Access-and-Fairness/Language-Access/Resource-Guide.aspx.

NCIHC (National Council on Interpreting in Healthcare)

(2004) A national code of ethics for interpreters in health care. Washington, DC: NCIHC.

National Council on Interpreting in Health Care

(2005) National standards of practice for interpreters in health care. San Francisco, CA: NCICH.

National Immigration (2015) 2015 Outline of the Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved from: http://www.moi.gov.tw/outline/en-11.html.

Ohnuki-Tierney, E.

(1984) Illness and culture in contemporary Japan: An anthropological view. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

O’Neill, M.

(1998) Who makes a better medical translator: The medically knowledgeable linguist or the linguistically knowledgeable medical professional? A physician’s perspective. In H. Fischbach (Ed.). American Translators Association Series: Translation and medicine (pp. 69–80). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Ozolins, U. & Hale, S.

(2009) Introduction: Quality in interpreting – A shared responsibility. In S. Hale, U. Ozolins, & L. Stern (Eds), The Critical Link 5: Quality in Interpreting – A shared responsibility (pp. 1–10). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Pan American Health Organization (September 2005)

. Regional declaration on the new orientations of primary health care. Retrieved from http://new.paho.org.

Phelan, M.

(2001) The interpreter’s resource. Clevedon, OH: Multilingual Matters.

Pöchhacker, F.

(2004) Introducing interpreting studies. London, England: Routledge.

Pöchhacker, F. & Shlesinger, M.

(2007) Healthcare interpreting: Discourse and interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

(Eds.) (2002) The interpreting studies reader. London, England: Routledge.

Pritzker, S., Hui, K. & Zhang, H.

(2014) Considerations in the translation of Chinese medicine. Retrieved January 28, 2016, from http://cewm.med.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/CM-Considerations-4.10.14-FINAL.pdf.

Pym, A., Shlesinger, M. & Jettmarová, Z.

(2006) Sociocultural aspects of translating and interpreting. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Risse, G.B.

(1999) Mending bodies, saving souls: A history of hospitals. Oxford, England and New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Roat, C.

(2000) Healthcare interpreting: An emerging discipline. ATA Chronicle, 29(3), 18–21.

(1999a) Certifying medical interpreters: Some lessons from Washington State. ATA Chronicle, 28(5), 23–26.

(1999b) Bridging the gap: A basic training for medical interpreters. Seattle, WA: The Cross Cultural Health Care Program 1995 1999.

Roat, C.E. & Crezee, I.

(2015) Healthcare interpreting. In H. Mikkelson & R. Jourdenais (Eds.), Handbook of interpreting (pp. 236–253). London, England: Routledge.

Roberts-Smith, L., Frey, R. & Bessell-Browne, S.

(1990) Working with interpreters in law, health & social work. Sydney, Australia: National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters.

Roy, C.

(2002) The problem with definitions, descriptions and the role metaphors of interpreters. In F. Pöchhacker & M. Shlesinger (Eds.), The interpreting studies reader (pp. 344–353). London, England: Routledge.

(2000) Interpreting as a discourse process. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Rudvin, M.

(2007) Professionalism and ethics in community interpreting: The impact of individualist versus collective group identity. Interpreting, 9(1), 47–69.

(2004) Professionalism and contradictions in the interpreter’s role. Paper delivered at the Critical Link 4 Conference in Stockholm, 20–23 May 2004.

Samovar, L.A., Porter, R.E., McDaniel, E.R. & Roy, C.S.

(2013) Communication between cultures. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

Sarangi, S.

(2004) Towards a communicative mentality in medical and healthcare practice. Communication & Medicine, 1 (1), 1–11.

Scollon, R. & Scollon, SS.

(2001) Intercultural communication: A discourse approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

Searle, J.

(1969) Speech acts. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

(1975) Indirect speech acts. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics, 3: Speech acts (pp. 59–82). New York, NY: Academic Press.

Segura, J.

(1998) Some thoughts on the Spanish language in medicine. In H. Fischbach (Ed.). American Translators’ Association Series: Translation and medicine, pp. 37-48. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: John Benjamins.

Simon, C.M., Zyzanski, S.J. & Durand, E.

(2006) Interpreter accuracy and informed consent among Spanish-speaking families with cancer. Journal of Health Communication, 11(5), 509–522.

Stewart, M.A.

(1995) Effective physician-patient communication and health outcomes: A review. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal, 152(9), 1423.

Slatyer, H.

(2014) Multilingual interpreter education. Curriculum design and evaluation. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.

Strengthening Access to Primary Healthcare (SAPHC)

(2006) Literature review: Examining Spanish-speaking patients’ satisfaction with interpersonal aspects of care. Medical Care Research and Review, 62(3), 255–299.

Sultz, H.A. & Young, K.M.

(2006) Health care USA: Understanding its organization and delivery. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.

Swabey, L., & Nicodemus, B.

(2011) Bimodal bilingual interpreting in the US healthcare system. Advances in Interpreting Research: Inquiry in Action, 99, 241.

Tate, G. & Turner, G.H.

(2002) The code and the culture. Sign language interpreting – in search of the new breed’s ethics. In F. Pöchhacker & M. Shlesinger (Eds.), The interpreting studies reader (pp. 372–383). London, England: Routledge.

Tebble, H.

(2004) Discourse analysis and its relevance to ethical performance in medical interpreting. In C. Wadensjö, B. Dimitrova, & A.L. Nilsson (Eds.), Critical link 4: Professionalisation of interpreting in the community: 4th International Conference on Interpreting in Legal, Health and Social Service Settings (p. 57). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

(2003) Training doctors to work effectively with interpreters. In L. Brunette, G. Bastin, I. Hemlin, & H. Clarke (Eds.), The critical link 3. Interpreters in the community. Selected papers in legal, health and social service settings (pp. 81–98). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

(1998) Medical interpreting: Improving communication with your patients. Canberra and Geelong,Australia: Deakin University.

Tellechea Sánchez, M.T.

(2005) El intérprete como obstáculo: Fortalecimiento y emancipación del usuario y para superarlo. In C. Valero Garcés (Ed.), Traducción como mediación entre lenguas culturas (pp. 114–122). Alcalá de Henares, Spain: Universidad de Alcalá de Henares.

Thierer, N. & Breitbard, L.

(2006) Medical terminology: Language for healthcare (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Tylor, E.G.

(1871) Primitive culture. New York, NY: J.P. Putnam’s Sons.

US Census Bureau

(2011) State and county quick facts. Retrieved from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/00000.html.

Valero-Garcés, C. & Martin, A.

(Eds.) (2008) Crossing borders in community interpreting: Definitions and dilemmas. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

van Dijk, T.

(1977) Discourse as social interaction. Discourse studies: A multidisciplinary introduction (Vol. 2). London, England: Sage.

Van Hoof, H.

(1998a) A contribution to the history of medical translation. In H. Fischbach (Ed.). American Translators’ Association Series: Translation and medicine, pp. 29-36. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: John Benjamins.

Vazquez, C. & Javier, R.

(1991) The problem with interpreters: Communications with Spanish- speaking patients. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 42, 163–165.

Venuti, L.

(Ed.) (2000) The translation studies reader. London, England: Routledge.

Wadensjö, C.

(2002) The double role of a dialogue interpreter. In F. Pöchhacker & M. Shlesinger (Eds.), The interpreting studies reader, pp. 354–370. London, England: Routledge.

(1998) Interpreting as interaction. London, England & New York, NY Longman. Waitemata District Health Board (WDHB), Asian Health Support Services (AHSS). (2012). CALD 9: Working with Asian clients in mental health. Auckland: Waitemata DHB. Retrieved from http://www.caldresources.org.nz/info/Home.php.

Walker, P.F., & Barnett, E.D.

(2007) Immigrant medicine. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders.

Walker, S.M., Wood, M. & Nicol, J.

(2013) Mastering medical terminology: Australia and New Zealand. Chatswood, Australia: Elsevier.

Wall, B.M.

. (n.d.) 2019 History of hospitals. Retrieved from http://www.nursing.upenn.edu/nhhc/Welcome%20Page%20Content/History%20of%20Hospitals.pdf

Wiseman, N.A.R.

(2000) Translation of Chinese medical terms: A source-oriented approach. Unpublished doctoral thesis. University of Exeter, England. Retrieved January 28, 2016, from http://www.paradigm-pubs.com/sites/www.paradigm-pubs.com/files/files/ex.pdf

Woodward, B.

(2006) State of Denial. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

Wu, T.Y.

(2010) An overview of the healthcare system in Taiwan. London Journal of Primary Care, 2010,(3), 115–19. Retrieved from http://www.kleykampintaiwan.com/files/Social_Issues/TaiwanHealthCareSystem2010.pdf. DOI:

Yang, J.M., Ye, N.Y. & Sha, X.H.

. 楊金滿、葉念雲、沙信輝 (2010) A study of the execution of the database platform for translation and interpretation professionals. An internal study by the national immigration agency of the ministry of the interior [通譯人才資料庫使用平台執行情形之研究。內政部入出國及移民署自行研究報告].

Suggested further readings for Parts II and III

Aberg, J.A., Kaplan, J.E., Libman, H., Emmanuel, P., Anderson, J.R., Stone, V.E., Oleske, J.M., Currier, J.S. & Gallant, J.E.

(2009) Primary care guidelines for the management of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus: 2009 update by the HIV medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical infectious diseases, 49(5), 651–681.

Abraham, D., Cabral, N. & Tancredi, A.

(Eds.) (2004) A handbook for trainers: Language interpreting in the healthcare sector. Toronto, Canada: Healthcare Interpretation Network.

Alberti, K.G. & Gries, F.A.

(2009) Management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Europe: A concensus view. Diabetic Medicine, 5(3), 275–281.

Albers, J.R., Hull, S.K. & Wesley, R.M.

(2004) Abnormal uterine bleeding. American Family Physician, 69(8), 1915–1934.

Allman, K. & Wilson, I.

(Eds.) (2011) Oxford handbook of anaesthesia. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

American Nurses Association

(2006) Nursing facts: Today’s registered nurse – Numbers and demographics. Washington, D.C.: American Nurses Association.

American Psychiatric Association

(2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Anandan, C., Nurmatov, U., van Schayck, O. & Sheikh, A.

(2010) Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies. Allergy, 65(2), 152–167.

Anatomical Chart Company

. The world’s best anatomical charts (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Apgar, V.

(1953) A proposal for a new method of evaluation of the newborn infant. Current Research in Anesthesia and Analgesia, 32(4), 260–267.

Atkinson, F., Foster-Powell, K. & Brand-Miller, J.

(2008) International tables of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load values. Diabetes Care, 31(12), 2281–2283.

Bancroft, M.

(2013) The voice of love. http://www.volinterpreting.org.

Beers, M. & Berkow, R.

(Eds.) (2000) The Merck Manual of Geriatrics (3rd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Bhattacharya, V.

(2011) Postgraduate vascular surgery The candidate’s guide to the FRCS. Leiden, the Netherlands: Cambridge University Press.

Biggs, W., Bieck, A., Pugno, P. & Crosley, P.

(2011) Results of the 2011 national resident matching program: Family medicine. Family Medicine, 43(9), 619–624.

Bisno, A. & Stevens, D.

(2009) Streptococcus pyogenes. In: G. Mandell, J. Bennett, & R. Dolin (Eds.), Principles and practice of infectious diseases (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.

Braddom, R.L.

(2011) Physical medicine and rehabilitation (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders.

Burgers, J.S., Fervers, B., Haugh, M., Brouwers, M., Browman, G., Philip, T. & Cluzeau, F.A.

(2004) International assessment of the quality of clinical practice guidelines in oncology using the Appraisal of Guidelines and Research and Evaluation Instrument. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22(10), 2000–2007.

Camargo, C.A., Rachelefsky, G., & Schatz, M.

(2009) Managing asthma exacerbations in the emergency department summary of the national asthma education and prevention program expert panel report 3 guidelines for the management of asthma exacerbations. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society, 6(4), 357–366.

Camm, A.J., Kirchhof, P., Lip, G.Y., Schotten, U., Savelieva, I., Ernst, S., & Folliguet, T.

(2010) Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation The Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Europace, 12(10), 1360–1420.

Chabner, D.E.

(2011) The language of medicine (9th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders.

Christian, S., Kraas, J. & Conway, W.

(2007) Musculoskeletal infections. Seminars in Roentgenology, 42, 92–101.

Chung, J.H., Phibbs, C.S., Boscardin, W.J., Kominski, G.F., Ortega, A.N. & Needleman, J.

(2010) The effect of neonatal intensive care level and hospital volume on mortality of very low birth weight infants. Medical care, 48(7), 635–644.

Cieza, A. & Stucki, G.

(2005) Understanding functioning, disability, and health in rheumatoid arthritis: the basis for rehabilitation care. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 17(2), 183–189.

Cloherty, J.P., Eichenwald, E.C., Hansen, A.R. & Stark, A.R.

(2012) Manual of neonatal care. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Colledge, N., Walker, B. & Ralston, S.

(Eds.) (2010) Davidson’s principles and practice of medicine (21st ed.). Edinburg, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone.

Craig, D.I.

(2008) Medial tibial stress syndrome: Evidence-based prevention. Journal of Athletic Training, 43(3), 316–318.

Crezee, I. & Major, G.

(2016) Interpreting research underpinning interpreter education. International Journal of Interpreter Education, 8(10), 1–2.

Crezee, I., Van Haaren, P., Westendorp, H., De Greef, M., Kok, H., Wiersma, J., Van Stam, G., Sijbrands, J., Zum Vörde Sive Vörding, P., Van Dijk, J., Hulshof, M. & Bel, A.

(2009) Improving locoregional hyperthermia delivery using the 3-D controlled AMC-8 phased array hyperthermia system: a preclinical study. International Journal of Hyperthermia, 25(7), 581–592.

Davidson, J.E., Powers, K., Hedayat, K.M., Tieszen, M., Kon, A.A., Shepard, E., Spuhler, V., Todres, I.D, Levy, M., Barr, J., Ghandi, R., Hirsch, G. & Armstrong, D.

(2007) Clinical practice guidelines for support of the family in the patient-centered intensive care unit: American college of critical care medicine task force 2004–2005. Critical Care Medicine, 35(2), 605–622.

Dolk, H., Loane, M. & Garne, E.

(2011) Congenital heart defects in Europe: Prevalence and perinatal mortality, 2000 to 2005. Circulation, 123(8), 841–849.

Drake, R.L., Vogl, A.W. & Mitchell, A.W.M.

(2010) Gray’s Anatomy for students. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone.

Eddleston, M. & Pierini, S.

(2000) Oxford handbook of tropical medicine (Vol. 158). NewYork, NY: Oxford University Press.

Eng, D.

(2006) Management guidelines for motor neuron disease patients on non-invasive ventilation at home. Palliative Medicine, 20, 69–79.

Engstrom, P.F., Benson 3rd, A.B, Chen, Y.J., Choti, M.A., Dilawari, R.A., Enke, C.A., Fakih, M.G., Fuchs, C., Kiel, K., Knol, J.A., Leong, L.A., Ludwig, K.A., Martin, E.W. Jr., Rao, S., Saif, M.W., Saltz, L., Skibber, J.M., Venook, A.P. & Yeatman, T.J.

(2005) Colon cancer clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network: JNCCN, 3(4), 468.

Faucy, A.

(2006) Harrison’s rheumatology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Finster, M. & Wood, M.

(2005) The Apgar score has survived the test of time. Anesthesiology, 102(4), 855–857.

Fleisher, G.R., & Ludwig, S.

(Eds.) (2010) Textbook of pediatric emergency medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Fleming, S.M., O’Gorman, T., Finn, J., Grimes, H., Daly, K. & Morrison, J.J.

(2005) Cardiac troponin I in pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 107(11), 1417–1420.

Fox, G.F., Hoque, N. & Watts, T.

(2010) Oxford handbook of neonatology. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Friedman-Rhodes, E. & Hale, S.

(2010) Teaching medical students to work with interpreters. JoTrans, 14.

Gallagher, P.F., Barry, P.J., Ryan, C., Hartigan, I. & O’Mahony, D.

(2008) Inappropriate prescribing in an acutely ill population of elderly patients as determined by Beers’ Criteria. Age and Ageing, 37(1), 96–101.

Gérvas, J., Starfield, B. & Heath, I.

(2008) Is clinical prevention better than cure? Lancet, 372, 1997–1999.

Gore, R.M., Levine, M.S. & Laufer, I.

(2008) Textbook of gastrointestinal radiology (Vol. 1). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier.

Gregory, K.D., Niebyl, J.R. & Johnson, T.R.

(2012) Preconception and prenatal care: Part of the continuum. Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies, 101.

Griffiths, J., Austin, L., & Luker, K.

(2004) Interdisciplinary teamwork in the community rehabilitation of older adults: An example of flexible working in primary care. Primary Health Care Research and Development, 5(3), 228–239.

Hall, B. & Chantigian, R.

(2003) Anesthesia. A comprehensive review. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby.

Hammer, C., Detwiler, J.S., Detwiler, J. Blood, G. & Dean Qualls, C.

(2004) Speech-language pathologists’ training and confidence in serving Spanish-English Bilingual children. Journal of Communication Disorders, 37(2), 91–108.

Hampton, J.R., Harrison, M.J., Mitchell, J.R., Prichard, J.S., & Seymour, C.

(1975) Relative contributions of history-taking, physical examination, and laboratory investigation to diagnosis and management of medical outpatients. British Medical Journal, 2(5969), 486.

Harris, B., Lovett, L., Newcombe, R., Read, G., Walker, R. & Riad-Fahmy, D.

(1994) Maternity blues and major endocrine changes: Cardiff puerperal mood and hormone study II. British Medical Journal, 308, 949–953.

Hart I., Sathasivam S. & Sharshar T.

(2007) Immunosuppressive agents for myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4.

Heaney R. & Rafferty K.

(2001) Carbonated beverages and urinary calcium excretion. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(3), 343–347.

Hedrick, J.

(2003) Acute bacterial skin infections in pediatric medicine: current issues in presentation and treatment. Pediatric Drugs, 5(Supplement 1), 35–46.

Hsieh, E. & Kramer, E.M.

(2012) Medical interpreters as tools: Dangers and challenges in the utilitarian approach to interpreters’ roles and functions. Patient Education and Counseling, 89(1), 158–162.

Hsieh, E. & Nicodemus, B.

(2015) Conceptualizing emotion in healthcare interpreting: A normative approach to interpreters’ emotion work. Patient Education and Counseling, 98(12), 1474–1481.

Hwa-Froelich, D. & Westby, C.

(2003) Considerations when working with interpreters. Communication Disorders Quarterly 24(2), 78–85.

Isaac, K.

(2002) Speech pathology in cultural and linguistic diversity. London, England: Whurr. International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC). Retrieved from http://www.globalfamilydoctor.com/wicc/icpcstory.html.

Jang, I., Gold, H., Ziskind, A., Fallon, J., Holt, R., Leinbach, R., May, J. & Collen, D.

(1989) Differential sensitivity of erythrocyte-rich and platelet-rich arterial thrombitolysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. A possible explanation for resistance to coronary thrombolysis. Circulation, 79(4):920–928. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.79.4.920

Jenkins, D., Kendall, C., McKeown-Eyssen, G., Josse, R., Silverberg, J. & Booth, G.

(2008) Effect of a low–glycemic index or a high–cereal fiber diet on Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of the American Medical Association, 300(23):2742–2753.

Jenkins, D., Wolever, T., Taylor, R., Barker, H., Fielden, H. Baldwin, J., Bowling, A, Newman, H., Jenkins, A. & Goff, D.

(1981) Glycemic index of foods: A physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 34, 362–366.

Johnston, M.

(2011) Encephalopathies. In R. Kliegman, R. Behrman, H. Jenson, & B. Stanton (Eds.), Nelson textbook of pediatrics (19th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier.

Jones, R., Hunt, C., Stevens, R., Dalrymple, J., Driscoll, R., Sleet, S. & Smith, J.B.

(2009) Management of common gastrointestinal disorders: Quality criteria based on patients’ views and practice guidelines. The British Journal of General Practice, 59(563), e199.

Kaemmerer H., Meisner H., Hess J. & Perloff J.

(2004) Surgical treatment of patent ductus arteriosus: A new historical perspective. American Journal Of Cardiology, 94(9), 1153–4.

Kambanaros, M. & van Steenbrugge, W.

(2004) Interpreters and language assessment: Confrontation naming and interpreting. Advances in Speech-Language Pathology, 6(4), 247–252.

Kauffman, T., Barr, J. & Moran, M.

(Eds.) (2007) Geriatric rehabilitation manual (2nd ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland & New York, NJ: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.

Kemp, C. & Rasbridge, L.

(2004) Refugee and immigrant health: A handbook for health professionals. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Kingsnorth, A.

(2011) Fundamentals of surgical practice: A preparation guide for the Intercollegiate MRCS Examination. Leiden, the Netherlands: Cambridge University Press.

Kitzmiller, J.L., Wallerstein, R., Correa, A., & Kwan, S.

(2010) Preconception care for women with diabetes and prevention of major congenital malformations. Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology, 88(10), 791–803.

Kussmaul, W.G.

(2012) Guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of stable Ischemic Heart Disease: Keeping up with a constantly evolving evidence base. Annals of Internal Medicine, 157(10), 749–751.

Langdon, H., Quintanar-Sarellana, R.

(2003) Roles and responsibilities of the interpreter in interactions with Speech-Language Pathologists, parents, and students. Seminars in Speech and Language, 24(3), 235–244.

Leeseberg Stamler, L. & Yiu, L.

(2005) Community health nursing: A Canadian perspective. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Longmore, M., Wilkinson, I., Davidson, E., Foulkes, A. & Mafi, A.

(2010) Oxford handbook of clinical medicine. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Longo, D.

(2012) Harrisons online: Principles of internal medicine. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Mancia, G., Laurent, S., Agabiti-Rosei, E., Ambrosioni, E., Burnier, M., Caulfield, M.J., Cifkova, R., Clément, D., Coca, A., Dominiczak, A., Erdine, S., Fagard, R., Farsang, C., Grassi, G., Haller, H., Heagerty, A., Kjeldsen, S.E., Kiowski, W., Mallion, J.M., Manolis, A., Narkiewicz, K., Nilsson, P., Olsen, M.H., Rahn, K.H., Redon, J., Rodicio, J., Ruilope, L., Schmieder, R.E., Struijker-Boudier, H.AJ., van Zwieten, P.A., Viigimaa, M. & Zanchetti, A.

(2009) Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: A European Society of Hypertension Task Force document. Journal of Hypertension, 27(11), 2121–2158.

Martinez, G.

(2008) Language-in-healthcare policy, interaction patterns, and unequal care on the U.S.-Mexico border. Language Policy, 7, 345–363.

Marx, J., Hockberger, R., & Walls, R.

(2009) Rosen’s emergency medicine-concepts and clinical practice, (7th ed.). Maryland Heights, MI: Mosby/Elsevier.

Mayo Clinic

(2012) Cholesterol levels. Retrieved June 28, 2012, from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cholesterol-levels/CL00001.

McLatchie, G., Borley, N. & Chikwe, J.

(2007) Oxford handbook of clinical surgery. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

McVary K., Roehrborn C., Avins, A.L., Barry, M.J., Bruskewitz, R.C., Donnell, R.F., Foster, H.E. Jr, Gonzalez, C.M., Kaplan, S.A., Penson, D.F., Ulchaker, J.C. & Wei, J.T.

(2011) Update on AUA guideline on the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Journal of Urology, 185(5), 1793–803.

Melman, A. & Newnham, R.

(2011) A what-comes-next guide to a safe and informed recovery. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Miller D. & Leary S.

(2007) Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurology, 6(10), 903–912.

Miller, B.

(2010) General surgical lists and reminders. Brisbane, Australia: University of Queensland Press.

Nicodemus, B.

(2009) Prosodic markers and utterance boundaries in American Sign Language interpretation. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press.

Nicolaides, K.H., Syngelaki, A., Ashoor, G., Birdir, C., & Touzet, G.

(2012) Noninvasive prenatal testing for fetal trisomies in a routinely screened first-trimester population. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 206(2012), 322.e1–322.e15.

Nursing and Midwifery Council

(2010) Changes to pre-registration nursing programmes: FAQs. Nursing and Midwifery Council. Retrieved from http://nmc-uk.org.

Qaseem, A., Fihn, S.D., Williams, S., Dallas, P., Owens, D.K. & Shekelle, P.

(2012) Diagnosis of Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: Summary of a Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians/American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American Association for Thoracic Surgery/Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association/Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Annals of internal medicine, 157(10), 729–734.

Qureshi, A.

(2011) Textbook of interventional neurology. Leiden, the Netherlands: Cambridge University Press.

Ramos, G.A., Chopra, I.J. & Bales, S.R.

(2012) Endocrine disorders in pregnancy. Women’s Health Review: A Clinical Update in Obstetrics-Gynecology (Expert Consult-Online), 226.

Ramsay, N.A., Kenny, M.W., Davies, G. & Patel, J.P.

(2005) Complimentary and alternative medicine use among patients starting warfarin. British Journal of Haematology, 130(5), 777–780.

Reiss, U., Zucker, M. & Hanley, J.

(2002) Natural hormone balance for women. New York, NY: Atria Books.

Robertson, A.

(1998) Preparing for birth: Background notes for pre-natal classes (3rd ed.). Glebe, Australia: Ace Graphics.

Roehrborn, C.

(2011) Male lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Medical Clinics of North America, 95(1), 87–100.

Roseberry-McKibbin, C.

(2002) Multicultural students with special language needs (2nd ed.). Oceanside, CA: Academic Associates.

Schenker, Y., Wang, F., Selig, S.J., Ng, R. & Fernandez, A.

(2007) The impact of language barriers on documentation of informed consent at a hospital with on-site interpreter services. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(Suppl 2), 294–299.

Sinclair, A. & Dickinson, E.

(1998) Effective practice in rehabilitation: The evidence of systematic reviews. King’s Fund.

Singh, J., Christensen, R., Wells, G., Suarez-Almazor, M., Buchbinder, R., Lopez-Olivo, M., Tanjong Ghogomu, E. & Tugwell, P.

(2012) Update of the 2008 ACR Recommendations for use of DMARDs and biologics in the treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Care & Research, 625–639.

Smyth, R. & Openshaw, P.

(2006) Bronchiolitis. Lancet, 368(9532), 312–322.

Sobin, L., Gospodarowicz, M. & Wittekind, C.

(Eds.) (2009) TNM classification of malignant tumors (7th ed.). Oxford, England: Wiley-Blackwell.

Soper, N. & Kaufman, D.

(2011) Northwestern handbook of surgical procedures. Evanston, IL: North- western University.

Sperry, L.

(2006) Cognitive behavior therapy of DSM-IV-TR personality disorders 2. New York, NY: Routledge.

Tanner, J.M., Whitehouse, R.H. & Hughes, P.C.R.

(1976) Relative importance of growth hormone and sex steroids for the growth at puberty of trunk length, limb length, and muscle width in growth hormone-deficient children. The Journal of pediatrics, 89(6), 1000–1008.

–

Tarrant, A., Ryan, M., Hamilton, P. & Bejaminov, O.

(2008) A pictorial review of hypovolaemic shock in adults. British Journal of Radiology, 81, 252–257.

Tasker, R.C., McClure, R.J. & Acerini, C.L.

(2013) Oxford handbook of paediatrics. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.

Tesio, L.

(2007) Functional assessment in rehabilitative medicine: Principles and methods. Europa Medicophysica, 43(4), 515.

Turner, S., Paton, J., Higgins, B. & Douglas, G.

(2011) British guidelines on the management of asthma: What’s new for 2011? Thorax, 66(12), 1104–1105.

University of Virginia

(2013) Refusal of treatment of minors. Retrieved from: http://www.med-ed.virginia.edu/courses/rad/consent/4/refusal_of_treatment.html

Van Tulder, M., Malmivaara, A. & Koes, B.