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528017467 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code Z 210 Eb 15 9789027265999 06 10.1075/z.210 13 2017012280 DG 002 02 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Crossroads Semantics</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Computation, experiment and grammar</Subtitle> 01 z.210 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/z.210 1 B01 Hilke Reckman Reckman, Hilke Hilke Reckman Aarhus University 2 B01 Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng Leiden University 3 B01 Maarten Hijzelendoorn Hijzelendoorn, Maarten Maarten Hijzelendoorn Leiden University 4 B01 Rint Sybesma Sybesma, Rint Rint Sybesma Leiden University 01 eng 337 viii 329 LAN016000 v.2006 CFG 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SEMAN Semantics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 As language is a multifaceted phenomenon, the study of language, as long as it is geared at providing a comprehensive picture of it, cannot be restricted to one component or one approach. This applies to the many different components of language as well, including semantics.<br />If we want to fully understand the phenomenon of language meaning, we must not limit our research to lexical semantics, syntax-induced meaning or pragmatics. In order to enable ourselves to construct a consistent account of meaning, we need to extract relevant information from research done in different frameworks and from different theoretical standpoints.<br />This volume brings together a number of computational, psycholinguistic as well as theoretical studies, which highlight and illustrate how research done in one subfield of linguistics can be relevant to others.<br />The articles highlight the different ways in which one can work with different aspects of language meaning. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/z.210.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027212481.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027212481.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/z.210.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/z.210.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/z.210.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/z.210.hb.png 10 01 JB code z.210.int 1 7 7 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 10 01 JB code z.210.01rui 9 20 12 Chapter 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 1. Bridging theoretical and experimental linguistic research</TitleText> 1 A01 Bobby Ruijgrok Ruijgrok, Bobby Bobby Ruijgrok Leiden University Centre for Linguistics Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition 20 cognitive architecture of language 20 computation 20 computational (psycho)linguistics 20 ellipsis 20 grammatical theories 20 sentence processing 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> At present, the alignment of linguistic theories and processing models is in its infancy. While scholars in both research groups try to unravel the nature of human language, it appears to be problematic to bring the two enterprises together. Relevant questions include whether the groups&#160;&#8211; each employing different levels of analysis&#160;&#8211; ultimately describe different cognitive systems and to what extent the ways in which data are collected (i.e. offline versus online) address the same hypotheses. In this paper I will argue in favour of a single cognitive system that maps linear strings (sounds or symbols) to complex conceptual representations and vice versa, comparable to a &#8220;One-System Architecture&#8221; as recently proposed by Lewis &#38; Phillips (2015). In the context of ellipsis research, I will show that we should understand the human language system in terms of three levels of description. Further, I will argue for computational linguistics to play a mediating role in bridging theoretical and psycholinguistic methods of enquiry. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.p1 Section header 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Data and its use</TitleText> 10 01 JB code z.210.02cre 23 37 15 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 2. Experimental research</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Problems and opportunities in the big-data era</Subtitle> 1 A01 Henk Cremers Cremers, Henk Henk Cremers University of Amsterdam 20 big-data 20 Experimental research 20 scientific evaluation 20 statistics 20 theory testing 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> Experimental research in psychology, psycholinguistics or medicine provides quantitative and therefore seemingly conclusive and trustworthy evidence. However, it has been convincingly shown that most research findings are actually false. This has hardly influenced the dominant scientific evaluation system which reflects a continued trust in the unbiasedness of data by a strong reliance on simple quantifications of scientific quality and productivity, such as number of publications and number of citations. This state of affairs is remarkable in the light of a long history of strong criticism of commonly used inference methods and scientific evaluation systems, which is now backed by large-scale research projects directly questioning the reproducibility of scientific findings. This way, the large amounts of data&#160;&#8211; &#8220;big-data&#8221;&#160;&#8211; have helped to uncover some of these problematic issues, but also provided a more open attitude towards data and code sharing. In addition, novel analytic frameworks may help to better integrate empirical data with computational models. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.03bou 39 56 18 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 3. Finding long-distance dependencies in the Lassy Corpus</TitleText> 1 A01 Gosse Bouma Bouma, Gosse Gosse Bouma University of Groningen 20 corpora 20 Dutch 20 long-distance dependencies 20 parasitic gaps 20 resumptive prolepsis 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> In this paper, we present the results of searching for long-distance dependencies in an automatically annotated treebank for Dutch. We concentrate on phenomena that have recently been subject to debate, and where conflicting claims have been made regarding the question whether these constructions actually occur with some frequency in spontaneous language use. Long-distance dependencies involving a tensed or infinitival subordinate clause are quite rare and show collocational effects. Resumptive prolepsis and R-pronominal parasitic gaps are outside the scope of the computational grammar. We show that access to syntactic annotation even in such cases helps to find positive examples relatively quickly. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.04van 57 76 20 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 4. How to compare speed and accuracy of syntactic parsers</TitleText> 1 A01 Gertjan van Noord Noord, Gertjan van Gertjan van Noord University of Groningen 20 Accuracy 20 Alpino 20 Dutch 20 Efficiency 20 HPSG 20 Parsing 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> The paper introduces a methodological innovation as well as a practical innovation. Firstly, two scenarios are introduced to compare accurate, but slow parsers on the one hand, with faster, but less accurate parsers on the other hand. Secondly, a corpus-based technique is described to improve the efficiency of wide-coverage high-accuracy parsers. By keeping track of the derivation steps which lead to the best parse for a very large collection of sentences, the parser learns which parse steps can be filtered without significant loss in parsing accuracy, but with an important increase in parsing efficiency. Experimental results with the Alpino parser for Dutch indicate that the technique yields much faster parsers that perform with almost the same level of accuracy. An interesting characteristic of our approach is that it is self-learning, in the sense that it uses unannotated corpora. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.05van 77 92 16 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 5. Adposition clusters in Dutch</TitleText> 1 A01 Frank Van Eynde Van Eynde, Frank Frank Van Eynde University of Leuven 20 adposition 20 circumposition 20 cluster 20 Dutch 20 regular expression. 20 stranding 20 string search 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> This paper demonstrates that Dutch not only has verb clusters, but also adposition clusters. It identifies the adpositions that participate in clustering and provides quantitative data about their use in corpora of spoken Dutch and written Dutch. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.06hoe 93 106 14 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 6. Polarity licensing and intervention by conjunction</TitleText> 1 A01 Jack Hoeksema Hoeksema, Jack Jack Hoeksema University of Groningen 20 conjunction 20 intervention 20 negation 20 Polarity 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> The licensing of polarity items by negation and other operators may be disrupted by an intervening conjunction. Conjunction intervenes when the polarity item is a conjunct or part of a conjunct, and negation or another licensor is outside the conjunction, having scope over it. Intervention effects on the licensing of polarity items have been studied at least since Linebarger (1980), but not much empirical research has been done on the peculiar problems posed by intervention by conjunction. In this paper, I present evidence from corpus data (from English, Dutch and German) that the intervention effect noted in the literature is not always absolute and sometimes even nonexistent. Asymmetric types of conjunction are an important exception, and for a variety of polarity items even regular conjunction does not lead to any disruption of licensing. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.07kem 107 123 17 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 7. Frequential test of (S)OV as unmarked word order in Dutch and German clauses</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A serendipitous corpus-linguistic experiment</Subtitle> 1 A01 Gerard Kempen Kempen, Gerard Gerard Kempen Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen Cognitive Psychology Unit, Leiden University 2 A01 Karin Harbusch Harbusch, Karin Karin Harbusch Department of Computer Science, University of Koblenz-Landau 20 corpus linguistics 20 Dutch 20 fluency 20 German 20 markedness 20 psycholinguistics 20 sentence planning 20 SOV 20 SVO 20 verb frequency 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> In a paper entitled &#8220;Against markedness (and what to replace it with)&#8221;, Haspelmath argues &#8220;that the term &#8216;markedness&#8217; is superfluous&#8221;, and that frequency asymmetries often explain structural (un)markedness asymmetries (Haspelmath 2006). We investigate whether this argument applies to Object and Verb orders in main (VO, marked) and subordinate (OV, unmarked) clauses of spoken and written German and Dutch, using English (without VO/OV alternation) as control. Frequency counts from six treebanks (three languages, two output modalities) do not support Haspelmath&#8217;s proposal. However, they reveal an unexpected phenomenon, most prominently in spoken Dutch and German: a small set of extremely high-frequent finite verbs with unspecific meanings populates main clauses much more densely than subordinate clauses. We suggest these verbs accelerate the start-up of grammatical encoding, thus facilitating sentence-initial output fluency. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.08pos 125 137 13 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 8. Kratzer&#8217;s effect in the nominal domain</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Fake indexicals in Dutch and German</Subtitle> 1 A01 Gertjan Postma Postma, Gertjan Gertjan Postma Meertens Institute Amsterdam 20 Dutch 20 English 20 fake indexicals 20 German 20 Limburgian 20 paradigms 20 possessive morphology 20 sloppy identity 20 verbal morphology 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> Fake indexicals are 1/2 person pronouns that do not have a fixed referent but vary over a set. It has been shown that fake indexicals are subject to morphological restrictions imposed by the verbal morphology. In this paper, we show that fake indexicals in the nominal domain are subject to similar morphological restrictions. Only if the morphology is invariant under 1&#8596;3 person permutation does the sloppy reading occur. This is studied both theoretically and empirically within the Dutch dialectological space. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.09sch 139 154 16 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 9. Is bilingual speech production language-specific or non-specific?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of gender congruency in Dutch-English bilinguals</Subtitle> 1 A01 Niels O. Schiller Schiller, Niels O. Niels O. Schiller Leiden University Centre for Linguistics 2 A01 Rinus G. Verdonschot Verdonschot, Rinus G. Rinus G. Verdonschot Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands 20 bilingual language control 20 Gender congruency 20 Language Production 20 Psycholinguistics 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> The present paper looks at semantic interference and gender congruency effects during bilingual picture-word naming. According to Costa, Miozzo &#38; Caramazza (1999), only the activation from lexical nodes within a language is considered during lexical selection. If this is accurate, these findings should uphold with respect to semantic and gender/determiner effects even though the distractors are in another language. In the present study three effects were found, (1) a main effect of language, (2) semantic effects for both target language and non-target language distractors, and (3) gender congruency effects for targets with target-language distractors only. These findings are at odds with the language-specific proposal of Costa et al. (1999). Implications of these findings are discussed. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.10van 155 176 22 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 10. Prosody of restrictive and appositive relative clauses in Dutch and German</TitleText> 1 A01 Vincent J. van Heuven Heuven, Vincent J. van Vincent J. van Heuven University of Pannonia, Hungary Leiden University, The Netherlands 2 A01 Constantijn Kaland Kaland, Constantijn Constantijn Kaland Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy 20 appositive 20 Dutch 20 German 20 relative clause 20 restrictive 20 structure-prosody interface 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> Restrictive and appositive relative clauses differ in their meaning and structure. The first restrict the class to which the antecedent refers, whereas the latter denote additional information on the antecedent. In terms of structure, this difference concerns the relation between antecedent and relative clause, which is either narrow (restrictives) or loose (appositives). How these relations are encoded in prosody is the topic of investigation. Although there is considerable agreement on what prosodic cues distinguish restrictives and appositives across languages, claims mainly come from prescriptive literature. The current study investigates the structure-prosody interface experimentally by means of perception tests for Dutch and German. Results indicate that these languages differ in how prosody signals structural cohesion or breaking. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.11dev 177 189 13 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 11. Licensing distributivity</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The role of plural morphology</Subtitle> 1 A01 Hanna de Vries de Vries, Hanna Hanna de Vries Utrecht University 20 British English 20 distributivity 20 group nouns 20 plurality 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> This study investigates how the availability of quantificational distributivity depends on the morphosyntactic number of the VP, based on two different case studies: first, the behaviour of sentences with a group <sc>NP</sc> subject (such as <i>the class</i> or <i>my family</i>) in British English; and second, the interpretation of coordinated VPs in sentences like <i>The guests are surrounding the newlyweds and singing or dancing</i>. I argue that distributivity is only available when the VP is plural, not when it is singular or uninflected. This approach goes back to Link&#8217;s (1983) original intuition that pluralisation and distributivity are two sides of the same coin. It also provides support for compositional analyses of semantic pluralisation, according to which predicates originate as singular and are pluralised at a higher derivational level, instead of being &#8220;born plural&#8221; as in e.g. Krifka (1992), Landman (1996), and Kratzer (2008). </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.p2 Section header 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Implementation and theory building</TitleText> 10 01 JB code z.210.12van 193 205 13 Chapter 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 12. Extending categorial grammar to phonology</TitleText> 1 A01 Marc van Oostendorp Oostendorp, Marc van Marc van Oostendorp Meertens Instituut, Amsterdam 20 autosegmentalism 20 categorial grammar 20 formalism 20 phonology 20 representations 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> What would be the implications of applying categorial grammar technology to phonological structure? We show how expressing phonological insights requires a few extensions into the formalism in order to be able to deal with autosegmentalism, with feature repulsion and with the interface with syntax (and possibly with semantics). It is argued that both our understanding of categorial grammar and phonology can profit from the confrontation. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.13den 207 225 19 Chapter 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 13. Stacking up for the long way down</TitleText> 1 A01 Marcel den Dikken Dikken, Marcel den Marcel den Dikken Eötvös Loránd University Hungarian Academy of Sciences 20 cyclicity 20 directionality of structure building 20 filler-gap dependencies 20 locality 20 predication 20 pushdown stacks 20 subjacency 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> In Categorial Grammar, &#8220;[t]he combinatorics of long-distance dependencies are steered &#8230; by conditions on the state of argument stacks&#8221; (Cremers 2004: 99). In this paper I argue that in mainstream Chomskyan syntax, modelling filler-gap dependencies in these terms also works well, and is superior to the standard bottom-up movement-based approach. The discussion focuses primarily on the familiar locality restrictions on the establishment of long-distance filler-gap dependencies, and recasts &#8220;Subjacency&#8221; and &#8220;ECP&#8221; effects from the perspective of the top-down approach. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.14ame 227 248 22 Chapter 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 14. Meaning between algebra and culture</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Auto-antonyms in the Ewe verb lexicon</Subtitle> 1 A01 Felix K. Ameka Ameka, Felix K. Felix K. Ameka Department of African Languages and Cultures, Leiden University Centre for Linguistics 20 auto-antonymy 20 converse 20 directional opposition 20 Ewe 20 meaning construction 20 placement verbs 20 polysemy 20 reversive 20 three levels of meaning 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> Semanticists continue to debate questions like: are meanings about &#8220;things in the world&#8221; or &#8220;things in the mind&#8221;? Are meanings about algebraic calculations or about cultural conceptions? How are multiple senses of a word related? This chapter explores some of these questions through a detailed semantic analysis of two verbs in Ewe (Gbe), a Kwa language of West Africa. I argue that the senses of the verbs involve directional opposition: <i>mie</i> &#8216;germinate/dry up&#8217; and <i>dr&#243;</i> &#8216;put load up on/down from head&#8217;. As such they are auto-antonyms. From a logical point of view, the interpretations of the verb <i>mie</i> may not look antonymous, but from the perspective of cultural practices and conceptualisations the image schematic representations go in opposite direction. I propose Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM)-inspired semantic representations for the verbs which show the contrasts transparently. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.15van 249 261 13 Chapter 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 15. Whether you like it or not, this is a paper about <i>or not</i></TitleText> 1 A01 Ton van der Wouden Wouden, Ton van der Ton van der Wouden Meertens Instituut Leiden University 2 A01 Frans Zwarts Zwarts, Frans Frans Zwarts University of Groningen 20 Coordination 20 disjunction 20 Dutch 20 English 20 negation 20 pragmatics 20 semantics 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> The paper deals with the English expression <i>or not</i> and its Dutch counterpart <i>of niet</i>. It is argued that the phrase&#8217;s meaning contribution is not descriptive (truth-conditional), but primarily pragmatic in nature, with a different interpretation depending on the exact context it is used in. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.16roo 263 279 17 Chapter 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 16. Between desire and necessity</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The complementarity of <i>want</i> and <i>need</i></Subtitle> 1 A01 Johan Rooryck Rooryck, Johan Johan Rooryck Leiden University 20 Binding 20 desirability 20 Dutch 20 English 20 evaluation 20 modal 20 necessity 20 perspective 20 Speaker 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> In this paper, I relate three seemingly unrelated properties of the modal verb <i>want</i> that distinguish it from the semantically minimally different verb <i>need.</i> I show that these properties are determined by a single selectional characteristic that involves the evidential notions of perspective or evaluation. I argue that these notions must be configurationally represented, and that their properties can be couched in Binding theoretic principles. In addition, I show that uses of <i>want</i> expressing necessity and probability rather than desirability can be derived from this syntactic representation. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.17bob 281 304 24 Chapter 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 17. Inner aspect and the comparative quantifiers</TitleText> 1 A01 Boban Arsenijević Arsenijević, Boban Boban Arsenijević University of Potsdam University of Niš 20 comparative quantifiers 20 event kinds 20 inner aspect 20 telicity tests 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> This paper discusses the behavior of undergoers involving comparative quantifiers with respect to the inner aspect of the eventuality. It departs from clashing results of telicity tests with such VPs. Arguments are provided for a version of the view proposed by Krifka (1998), namely that comparative quantifiers receive a higher scope, and do not contribute to the aspectual composition of the eventuality. Moreover, it is argued&#160;&#8211; coming somewhat close to Diesing (1992), Borer (2005), Kennedy and Levin (2008) and Arsenijevi&#263; (2006b)&#160;&#8211; that all quantified undergoers are best modeled in terms of scalar semantics. It is also argued, building on Arsenijevi&#263; (2006a), that the inner aspect of an event predicate is determined at the VP (event kind level). </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.18han 305 325 21 Chapter 22 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 18. The expressive <i>en maar</i>-construction</TitleText> 1 A01 Hans Broekhuis Broekhuis, Hans Hans Broekhuis Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meertens Institute, Amsterdam 2 A01 Norbert Corver Corver, Norbert Norbert Corver Utrecht University, Utrecht Institute of Linguistics OTS 20 conjunction en ‘and' 20 discourse particle 20 expressivity 20 root infinitive 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> This article discusses constructions of the type <i>En maar zeuren!</i> &#8216;You keep on nagging&#8217;, which express a negative attitude of the speaker towards the proposition expressed by the construction. We will argue that <i>en</i> &#8216;and&#8217; should be seen as a regular conjunction conjoining a phonetically empty clause with an overt infinitival clause: <i>[[&#216;] en [maar zeuren]]</i>. The proposition expressed by the empty clause is determined by the common ground and contrasts with the propositional content of the second clause. This contrast is essential for obtaining the expressive meaning, but is potentially problematic in light of the regular interpretation of <i>en</i>. We solve this by claiming that the contrastive reading is expressed by the conjunction in tandem with the discourse particle <i>maar</i>, which can also be used as a contrastive/oppositional conjunction. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.19.ind 327 329 3 Miscellaneous 23 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20170412 2017 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027212481 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 21 01 00 105.00 EUR R 01 00 88.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 158.00 USD S 836017466 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code Z 210 Hb 15 9789027212481 13 2016052101 BB <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Crossroads Semantics</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Computation, experiment and grammar</Subtitle> 01 z.210 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/z.210 1 B01 Hilke Reckman Reckman, Hilke Hilke Reckman Aarhus University 2 B01 Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng Leiden University 3 B01 Maarten Hijzelendoorn Hijzelendoorn, Maarten Maarten Hijzelendoorn Leiden University 4 B01 Rint Sybesma Sybesma, Rint Rint Sybesma Leiden University 01 eng 337 viii 329 LAN016000 v.2006 CFG 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SEMAN Semantics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.THEOR Theoretical linguistics 06 01 As language is a multifaceted phenomenon, the study of language, as long as it is geared at providing a comprehensive picture of it, cannot be restricted to one component or one approach. This applies to the many different components of language as well, including semantics.<br />If we want to fully understand the phenomenon of language meaning, we must not limit our research to lexical semantics, syntax-induced meaning or pragmatics. In order to enable ourselves to construct a consistent account of meaning, we need to extract relevant information from research done in different frameworks and from different theoretical standpoints.<br />This volume brings together a number of computational, psycholinguistic as well as theoretical studies, which highlight and illustrate how research done in one subfield of linguistics can be relevant to others.<br />The articles highlight the different ways in which one can work with different aspects of language meaning. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/z.210.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027212481.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027212481.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/z.210.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/z.210.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/z.210.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/z.210.hb.png 10 01 JB code z.210.int 1 7 7 Chapter 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Introduction</TitleText> 10 01 JB code z.210.01rui 9 20 12 Chapter 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 1. Bridging theoretical and experimental linguistic research</TitleText> 1 A01 Bobby Ruijgrok Ruijgrok, Bobby Bobby Ruijgrok Leiden University Centre for Linguistics Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition 20 cognitive architecture of language 20 computation 20 computational (psycho)linguistics 20 ellipsis 20 grammatical theories 20 sentence processing 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> At present, the alignment of linguistic theories and processing models is in its infancy. While scholars in both research groups try to unravel the nature of human language, it appears to be problematic to bring the two enterprises together. Relevant questions include whether the groups&#160;&#8211; each employing different levels of analysis&#160;&#8211; ultimately describe different cognitive systems and to what extent the ways in which data are collected (i.e. offline versus online) address the same hypotheses. In this paper I will argue in favour of a single cognitive system that maps linear strings (sounds or symbols) to complex conceptual representations and vice versa, comparable to a &#8220;One-System Architecture&#8221; as recently proposed by Lewis &#38; Phillips (2015). In the context of ellipsis research, I will show that we should understand the human language system in terms of three levels of description. Further, I will argue for computational linguistics to play a mediating role in bridging theoretical and psycholinguistic methods of enquiry. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.p1 Section header 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Data and its use</TitleText> 10 01 JB code z.210.02cre 23 37 15 Chapter 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 2. Experimental research</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Problems and opportunities in the big-data era</Subtitle> 1 A01 Henk Cremers Cremers, Henk Henk Cremers University of Amsterdam 20 big-data 20 Experimental research 20 scientific evaluation 20 statistics 20 theory testing 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> Experimental research in psychology, psycholinguistics or medicine provides quantitative and therefore seemingly conclusive and trustworthy evidence. However, it has been convincingly shown that most research findings are actually false. This has hardly influenced the dominant scientific evaluation system which reflects a continued trust in the unbiasedness of data by a strong reliance on simple quantifications of scientific quality and productivity, such as number of publications and number of citations. This state of affairs is remarkable in the light of a long history of strong criticism of commonly used inference methods and scientific evaluation systems, which is now backed by large-scale research projects directly questioning the reproducibility of scientific findings. This way, the large amounts of data&#160;&#8211; &#8220;big-data&#8221;&#160;&#8211; have helped to uncover some of these problematic issues, but also provided a more open attitude towards data and code sharing. In addition, novel analytic frameworks may help to better integrate empirical data with computational models. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.03bou 39 56 18 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 3. Finding long-distance dependencies in the Lassy Corpus</TitleText> 1 A01 Gosse Bouma Bouma, Gosse Gosse Bouma University of Groningen 20 corpora 20 Dutch 20 long-distance dependencies 20 parasitic gaps 20 resumptive prolepsis 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> In this paper, we present the results of searching for long-distance dependencies in an automatically annotated treebank for Dutch. We concentrate on phenomena that have recently been subject to debate, and where conflicting claims have been made regarding the question whether these constructions actually occur with some frequency in spontaneous language use. Long-distance dependencies involving a tensed or infinitival subordinate clause are quite rare and show collocational effects. Resumptive prolepsis and R-pronominal parasitic gaps are outside the scope of the computational grammar. We show that access to syntactic annotation even in such cases helps to find positive examples relatively quickly. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.04van 57 76 20 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 4. How to compare speed and accuracy of syntactic parsers</TitleText> 1 A01 Gertjan van Noord Noord, Gertjan van Gertjan van Noord University of Groningen 20 Accuracy 20 Alpino 20 Dutch 20 Efficiency 20 HPSG 20 Parsing 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> The paper introduces a methodological innovation as well as a practical innovation. Firstly, two scenarios are introduced to compare accurate, but slow parsers on the one hand, with faster, but less accurate parsers on the other hand. Secondly, a corpus-based technique is described to improve the efficiency of wide-coverage high-accuracy parsers. By keeping track of the derivation steps which lead to the best parse for a very large collection of sentences, the parser learns which parse steps can be filtered without significant loss in parsing accuracy, but with an important increase in parsing efficiency. Experimental results with the Alpino parser for Dutch indicate that the technique yields much faster parsers that perform with almost the same level of accuracy. An interesting characteristic of our approach is that it is self-learning, in the sense that it uses unannotated corpora. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.05van 77 92 16 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 5. Adposition clusters in Dutch</TitleText> 1 A01 Frank Van Eynde Van Eynde, Frank Frank Van Eynde University of Leuven 20 adposition 20 circumposition 20 cluster 20 Dutch 20 regular expression. 20 stranding 20 string search 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> This paper demonstrates that Dutch not only has verb clusters, but also adposition clusters. It identifies the adpositions that participate in clustering and provides quantitative data about their use in corpora of spoken Dutch and written Dutch. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.06hoe 93 106 14 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 6. Polarity licensing and intervention by conjunction</TitleText> 1 A01 Jack Hoeksema Hoeksema, Jack Jack Hoeksema University of Groningen 20 conjunction 20 intervention 20 negation 20 Polarity 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> The licensing of polarity items by negation and other operators may be disrupted by an intervening conjunction. Conjunction intervenes when the polarity item is a conjunct or part of a conjunct, and negation or another licensor is outside the conjunction, having scope over it. Intervention effects on the licensing of polarity items have been studied at least since Linebarger (1980), but not much empirical research has been done on the peculiar problems posed by intervention by conjunction. In this paper, I present evidence from corpus data (from English, Dutch and German) that the intervention effect noted in the literature is not always absolute and sometimes even nonexistent. Asymmetric types of conjunction are an important exception, and for a variety of polarity items even regular conjunction does not lead to any disruption of licensing. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.07kem 107 123 17 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 7. Frequential test of (S)OV as unmarked word order in Dutch and German clauses</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A serendipitous corpus-linguistic experiment</Subtitle> 1 A01 Gerard Kempen Kempen, Gerard Gerard Kempen Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen Cognitive Psychology Unit, Leiden University 2 A01 Karin Harbusch Harbusch, Karin Karin Harbusch Department of Computer Science, University of Koblenz-Landau 20 corpus linguistics 20 Dutch 20 fluency 20 German 20 markedness 20 psycholinguistics 20 sentence planning 20 SOV 20 SVO 20 verb frequency 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> In a paper entitled &#8220;Against markedness (and what to replace it with)&#8221;, Haspelmath argues &#8220;that the term &#8216;markedness&#8217; is superfluous&#8221;, and that frequency asymmetries often explain structural (un)markedness asymmetries (Haspelmath 2006). We investigate whether this argument applies to Object and Verb orders in main (VO, marked) and subordinate (OV, unmarked) clauses of spoken and written German and Dutch, using English (without VO/OV alternation) as control. Frequency counts from six treebanks (three languages, two output modalities) do not support Haspelmath&#8217;s proposal. However, they reveal an unexpected phenomenon, most prominently in spoken Dutch and German: a small set of extremely high-frequent finite verbs with unspecific meanings populates main clauses much more densely than subordinate clauses. We suggest these verbs accelerate the start-up of grammatical encoding, thus facilitating sentence-initial output fluency. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.08pos 125 137 13 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 8. Kratzer&#8217;s effect in the nominal domain</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Fake indexicals in Dutch and German</Subtitle> 1 A01 Gertjan Postma Postma, Gertjan Gertjan Postma Meertens Institute Amsterdam 20 Dutch 20 English 20 fake indexicals 20 German 20 Limburgian 20 paradigms 20 possessive morphology 20 sloppy identity 20 verbal morphology 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> Fake indexicals are 1/2 person pronouns that do not have a fixed referent but vary over a set. It has been shown that fake indexicals are subject to morphological restrictions imposed by the verbal morphology. In this paper, we show that fake indexicals in the nominal domain are subject to similar morphological restrictions. Only if the morphology is invariant under 1&#8596;3 person permutation does the sloppy reading occur. This is studied both theoretically and empirically within the Dutch dialectological space. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.09sch 139 154 16 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 9. Is bilingual speech production language-specific or non-specific?</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The case of gender congruency in Dutch-English bilinguals</Subtitle> 1 A01 Niels O. Schiller Schiller, Niels O. Niels O. Schiller Leiden University Centre for Linguistics 2 A01 Rinus G. Verdonschot Verdonschot, Rinus G. Rinus G. Verdonschot Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, The Netherlands 20 bilingual language control 20 Gender congruency 20 Language Production 20 Psycholinguistics 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> The present paper looks at semantic interference and gender congruency effects during bilingual picture-word naming. According to Costa, Miozzo &#38; Caramazza (1999), only the activation from lexical nodes within a language is considered during lexical selection. If this is accurate, these findings should uphold with respect to semantic and gender/determiner effects even though the distractors are in another language. In the present study three effects were found, (1) a main effect of language, (2) semantic effects for both target language and non-target language distractors, and (3) gender congruency effects for targets with target-language distractors only. These findings are at odds with the language-specific proposal of Costa et al. (1999). Implications of these findings are discussed. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.10van 155 176 22 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 10. Prosody of restrictive and appositive relative clauses in Dutch and German</TitleText> 1 A01 Vincent J. van Heuven Heuven, Vincent J. van Vincent J. van Heuven University of Pannonia, Hungary Leiden University, The Netherlands 2 A01 Constantijn Kaland Kaland, Constantijn Constantijn Kaland Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy 20 appositive 20 Dutch 20 German 20 relative clause 20 restrictive 20 structure-prosody interface 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> Restrictive and appositive relative clauses differ in their meaning and structure. The first restrict the class to which the antecedent refers, whereas the latter denote additional information on the antecedent. In terms of structure, this difference concerns the relation between antecedent and relative clause, which is either narrow (restrictives) or loose (appositives). How these relations are encoded in prosody is the topic of investigation. Although there is considerable agreement on what prosodic cues distinguish restrictives and appositives across languages, claims mainly come from prescriptive literature. The current study investigates the structure-prosody interface experimentally by means of perception tests for Dutch and German. Results indicate that these languages differ in how prosody signals structural cohesion or breaking. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.11dev 177 189 13 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 11. Licensing distributivity</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The role of plural morphology</Subtitle> 1 A01 Hanna de Vries de Vries, Hanna Hanna de Vries Utrecht University 20 British English 20 distributivity 20 group nouns 20 plurality 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> This study investigates how the availability of quantificational distributivity depends on the morphosyntactic number of the VP, based on two different case studies: first, the behaviour of sentences with a group <sc>NP</sc> subject (such as <i>the class</i> or <i>my family</i>) in British English; and second, the interpretation of coordinated VPs in sentences like <i>The guests are surrounding the newlyweds and singing or dancing</i>. I argue that distributivity is only available when the VP is plural, not when it is singular or uninflected. This approach goes back to Link&#8217;s (1983) original intuition that pluralisation and distributivity are two sides of the same coin. It also provides support for compositional analyses of semantic pluralisation, according to which predicates originate as singular and are pluralised at a higher derivational level, instead of being &#8220;born plural&#8221; as in e.g. Krifka (1992), Landman (1996), and Kratzer (2008). </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.p2 Section header 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Implementation and theory building</TitleText> 10 01 JB code z.210.12van 193 205 13 Chapter 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 12. Extending categorial grammar to phonology</TitleText> 1 A01 Marc van Oostendorp Oostendorp, Marc van Marc van Oostendorp Meertens Instituut, Amsterdam 20 autosegmentalism 20 categorial grammar 20 formalism 20 phonology 20 representations 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> What would be the implications of applying categorial grammar technology to phonological structure? We show how expressing phonological insights requires a few extensions into the formalism in order to be able to deal with autosegmentalism, with feature repulsion and with the interface with syntax (and possibly with semantics). It is argued that both our understanding of categorial grammar and phonology can profit from the confrontation. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.13den 207 225 19 Chapter 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 13. Stacking up for the long way down</TitleText> 1 A01 Marcel den Dikken Dikken, Marcel den Marcel den Dikken Eötvös Loránd University Hungarian Academy of Sciences 20 cyclicity 20 directionality of structure building 20 filler-gap dependencies 20 locality 20 predication 20 pushdown stacks 20 subjacency 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> In Categorial Grammar, &#8220;[t]he combinatorics of long-distance dependencies are steered &#8230; by conditions on the state of argument stacks&#8221; (Cremers 2004: 99). In this paper I argue that in mainstream Chomskyan syntax, modelling filler-gap dependencies in these terms also works well, and is superior to the standard bottom-up movement-based approach. The discussion focuses primarily on the familiar locality restrictions on the establishment of long-distance filler-gap dependencies, and recasts &#8220;Subjacency&#8221; and &#8220;ECP&#8221; effects from the perspective of the top-down approach. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.14ame 227 248 22 Chapter 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 14. Meaning between algebra and culture</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Auto-antonyms in the Ewe verb lexicon</Subtitle> 1 A01 Felix K. Ameka Ameka, Felix K. Felix K. Ameka Department of African Languages and Cultures, Leiden University Centre for Linguistics 20 auto-antonymy 20 converse 20 directional opposition 20 Ewe 20 meaning construction 20 placement verbs 20 polysemy 20 reversive 20 three levels of meaning 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> Semanticists continue to debate questions like: are meanings about &#8220;things in the world&#8221; or &#8220;things in the mind&#8221;? Are meanings about algebraic calculations or about cultural conceptions? How are multiple senses of a word related? This chapter explores some of these questions through a detailed semantic analysis of two verbs in Ewe (Gbe), a Kwa language of West Africa. I argue that the senses of the verbs involve directional opposition: <i>mie</i> &#8216;germinate/dry up&#8217; and <i>dr&#243;</i> &#8216;put load up on/down from head&#8217;. As such they are auto-antonyms. From a logical point of view, the interpretations of the verb <i>mie</i> may not look antonymous, but from the perspective of cultural practices and conceptualisations the image schematic representations go in opposite direction. I propose Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM)-inspired semantic representations for the verbs which show the contrasts transparently. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.15van 249 261 13 Chapter 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 15. Whether you like it or not, this is a paper about <i>or not</i></TitleText> 1 A01 Ton van der Wouden Wouden, Ton van der Ton van der Wouden Meertens Instituut Leiden University 2 A01 Frans Zwarts Zwarts, Frans Frans Zwarts University of Groningen 20 Coordination 20 disjunction 20 Dutch 20 English 20 negation 20 pragmatics 20 semantics 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> The paper deals with the English expression <i>or not</i> and its Dutch counterpart <i>of niet</i>. It is argued that the phrase&#8217;s meaning contribution is not descriptive (truth-conditional), but primarily pragmatic in nature, with a different interpretation depending on the exact context it is used in. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.16roo 263 279 17 Chapter 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 16. Between desire and necessity</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The complementarity of <i>want</i> and <i>need</i></Subtitle> 1 A01 Johan Rooryck Rooryck, Johan Johan Rooryck Leiden University 20 Binding 20 desirability 20 Dutch 20 English 20 evaluation 20 modal 20 necessity 20 perspective 20 Speaker 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> In this paper, I relate three seemingly unrelated properties of the modal verb <i>want</i> that distinguish it from the semantically minimally different verb <i>need.</i> I show that these properties are determined by a single selectional characteristic that involves the evidential notions of perspective or evaluation. I argue that these notions must be configurationally represented, and that their properties can be couched in Binding theoretic principles. In addition, I show that uses of <i>want</i> expressing necessity and probability rather than desirability can be derived from this syntactic representation. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.17bob 281 304 24 Chapter 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 17. Inner aspect and the comparative quantifiers</TitleText> 1 A01 Boban Arsenijević Arsenijević, Boban Boban Arsenijević University of Potsdam University of Niš 20 comparative quantifiers 20 event kinds 20 inner aspect 20 telicity tests 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> This paper discusses the behavior of undergoers involving comparative quantifiers with respect to the inner aspect of the eventuality. It departs from clashing results of telicity tests with such VPs. Arguments are provided for a version of the view proposed by Krifka (1998), namely that comparative quantifiers receive a higher scope, and do not contribute to the aspectual composition of the eventuality. Moreover, it is argued&#160;&#8211; coming somewhat close to Diesing (1992), Borer (2005), Kennedy and Levin (2008) and Arsenijevi&#263; (2006b)&#160;&#8211; that all quantified undergoers are best modeled in terms of scalar semantics. It is also argued, building on Arsenijevi&#263; (2006a), that the inner aspect of an event predicate is determined at the VP (event kind level). </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.18han 305 325 21 Chapter 22 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter 18. The expressive <i>en maar</i>-construction</TitleText> 1 A01 Hans Broekhuis Broekhuis, Hans Hans Broekhuis Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meertens Institute, Amsterdam 2 A01 Norbert Corver Corver, Norbert Norbert Corver Utrecht University, Utrecht Institute of Linguistics OTS 20 conjunction en ‘and' 20 discourse particle 20 expressivity 20 root infinitive 01 <abstract> <atl>Abstract</atl> This article discusses constructions of the type <i>En maar zeuren!</i> &#8216;You keep on nagging&#8217;, which express a negative attitude of the speaker towards the proposition expressed by the construction. We will argue that <i>en</i> &#8216;and&#8217; should be seen as a regular conjunction conjoining a phonetically empty clause with an overt infinitival clause: <i>[[&#216;] en [maar zeuren]]</i>. The proposition expressed by the empty clause is determined by the common ground and contrasts with the propositional content of the second clause. This contrast is essential for obtaining the expressive meaning, but is potentially problematic in light of the regular interpretation of <i>en</i>. We solve this by claiming that the contrastive reading is expressed by the conjunction in tandem with the discourse particle <i>maar</i>, which can also be used as a contrastive/oppositional conjunction. </abstract> 10 01 JB code z.210.19.ind 327 329 3 Miscellaneous 23 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20170412 2017 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 670 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 42 20 01 02 JB 1 00 105.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 111.30 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 20 02 02 JB 1 00 88.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 1 20 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 158.00 USD