Chapter published in:
Language Dispersal Beyond Farming
Edited by Martine Robbeets and Alexander Savelyev
[Not in series 215] 2017
► pp. 155–181

Farming and the Trans-New Guinea family

A consideration

| KITLV | University of Cologne
The island of New Guinea, located to the north of Australia, is one of the world’s major centres of early agriculture and plant domestication. At the same time, a large number of the languages of New Guinea and adjacent areas share a common origin and are believed to belong to a single language family, the Trans-New Guinea family. This paper presents a first attempt to apply the farming-language dispersal hypothesis to the New Guinea case. While the archaeological literature on early agriculture in New Guinea has focused mainly on taro, there is reason to doubt that taro was associated with the Trans-New Guinea expansion. In this paper, I instead consider the role of banana and sugarcane. The occurrence in many Trans-New Guinea languages of related terms for these two crops suggests that these were part of the “farming package” which fuelled the expansion of the family and its speakers.
Keywords: New Guinea, Papuan languages, Trans-New Guinea family, vegeculture
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

For any use beyond this license, please contact the publisher at rights@benjamins.nl.

Published online: 21 December 2017
https://doi.org/10.1075/z.215.07sch
References

References

Ahmed, Ibrar
2014 Evolutionary dynamics in taro (Colocasia esculenta L.). PhD dissertation, Massey University, New Zealand.Google Scholar
Balme, Jane
2013 Of boats and string: The maritime colonisation of Australia. Quaternary International 285: 68–75. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Barker, Graeme, Hunt, Christopher & Carlos, Jane
2011 Transitions to farming in Island Southeast Asia: Archaeological, biomolecular and palaeoecological perspectives. In Why Cultivate? Anthropological and Archaeological Approaches to Foraging-Farming Transitions in Southeast Asia, Graeme Barker & Monica Janowski (eds), 61–74. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.Google Scholar
Bellwood, Peter
2002 Farmers, foragers, languages, genes: The genesis of agricultural societies. In Examining the Farming/Language Dispersal Hypothesis, Peter Bellwood & Colin Renfrew (eds), 17–28. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge University.Google Scholar
2011 Holocene population history in the Pacific Region as a model for worldwide food producer dispersals. Current Anthropology 52: 363–378. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Blench, Roger
2016 Things your classics master never told you: a borrowing from Trans New Guinea languages into Latin. Ms.Google Scholar
Bourke, R. Michael
2009 History of agriculture in Papua New Guinea. In Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea, R. Michael Bourke & Tracy Harwood (eds), 10–26. Canberra: ANU Press.Google Scholar
Bourke, R. Michael & Allen, Bryant
2009 Village food production systems. In Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea, R. Michael Bourke & Tracy Harwood (eds), 193–269. Canberra: ANU Press.Google Scholar
Brown, Paula
1978 Highland Peoples of New Guinea. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Chaïr, Hana et al.
2016 Genetic diversification and dispersal of taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott). PLoS One 11 (6) :e0157712. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Chi-Shan Chang, Hsiao-Lei Liu, Ximena Moncada, Andrea Seelenfreund, Daniela Seelenfreund, and Kuo-Fang Chung
. A holistic picture of Austronesian migrations revealed by phylogeography of Pacific paper mulberry PNAS 2015 112 (44) 13537–13542; published ahead of print October 5 2015, doi: CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, William C.
1971 Place and People: An Ecology of a New Guinean Community. Canberra: Australian National University Press.Google Scholar
Coates, David J., Yen, Douglas E. & Gaffey, P. M.
1988 Chromosome variation in taro, Colocasia esculenta: Implications for origin in the Pacific. Cytologia 53: 551–560. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Daniels, John & Daniels, Christian
1993 Sugarcane in prehistory. Archaeologia Oceania 28: 1–7. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
De Langhe, Edmond, Vrydaghs, Luc, de Maret, Pierre, Perrier, Xavier & Denham, Tim
2009 Why bananas matter: An introduction to the history of banana domestication. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 7: 165–177. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Denham, Timothy & Donohue, Mark
2009 Pre-Austronesian dispersal of banana cultivars West from New Guinea: linguistic relics from Eastern Indonesia. Archaeology in Oceania 44: 18–28. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Denham, Timothy
2011 Early agriculture and plant domestication in New Guinea and Island Southeast Asia. Current Anthropology 52 (4): 379–395. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Denham, Timothy et al.
2003 Origins of agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea. Science 301: 189–193. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Denham, Timothy, Haberle, Simon & Lentfer, Carol
2004 New evidence and interpretations for early agriculture in highland New Guinea. Antiquity 78: 839–857. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Desjardins, Anne E. & McCarthy, Susan A.
2004 Maize in southeast Asian archipelago and Australia. In Milho, Makka and Yu Mai: Early Journeys of Zea Mays to Asia, Anne E. Desjardins & Susan A. McCarthy (eds). Online publication, National Agricultural Library. https://​www​.nal​.usda​.gov​/research​/maize​/chapter6​.shtml
Dobney, Keith, Cucchi, Thomas & Larson, Greger
2008 The pigs of Island Southeast Asia and the Pacific: New evidence for taxonomic status and human-mediated dispersal. Asian Perspectives 47 (1): 59–74. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Donohue, Mark & Denham, Tim
2009 Banana (Musa spp.) domestication in the Asia-Pacific region: Linguistic and archaeobotanical perspectives. Ethnobotany Research & Applications 7: 293–332. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2010 Farming and language in Island Southeast Asia. Current Anthropology 51: 223–256. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Dutton, Tom
1973 “Cultural” items of basic vocabulary in the Gulf and other districts of Papua (Part 1: Foodstuffs and Associated Agricultural Terms). In The Linguistic Situation in the Gulf District and Adjacent Areas, Papua New Guinea, Karl J. Franklin (ed.), 411–607. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
1977 The distribution of cultural vocabulary in Papua. In New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study, Vol. 3: Language, Culture, Society, and the Modern World, Stephen A. Wurm (ed.), 51–100. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Ellen, Roy, Soselisa, Hermien L. & Wulandari, Asri Peni
2012 The biocultural history of Manihot esculenta in the Moluccan Islands of Eastern Indonesia: Assessing evidence for the movement and selection of cassava germplasm. Journal of Ethnobiology 32 (2): 157–184. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Fairbairn, Andrew
2005 An archaeobotanical perspective on plant-use practices in lowland northern New Guinea. World Archaeology 37: 487–502. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Fairbairn, Andrew & Swadling, Pamela
2005 Re-dating mid-Holocene betelnut (Areca catechu L.) and other plant use at Dongan, Papua New Guinea. Radiocarbon 47(3): 377–382. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Foley, William A.
1986 The Papuan Languages of New Guinea. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Fullagar, Richard, Field, Judith, Denham, Tim & Lentfer, Carol
2006 Early and mid-Holocene processing of taro (Colocasia esculenta) and yam (Doscorea sp.) at Kuk Swamp in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 595–614. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, Dorian Q. et al.
2009 The domestication process and domestication rate in rice: Spikelet bases from the Lower Yangtze. Science 323: 1607–1610. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Godelier, Maurice
1986 The Making of Great Men. Male Domination and Power among the New Guinea Baruya. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Golson, Jack
1976 Archaeology and agricultural history in the New Guinea Highlands. In Problems in Economic and Social Archaeology, G. de G. Sieveking, I. A. Longworth & K. E. Wilson (eds), 201–220. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
1977 No room at the top: Agricultural intensification in the New Guinea Highlands. In Sunda and Sahul, J. Allen, J. Golson & R. Jones (eds), 601–638. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gomes, Sibylle M. et al.
2015 Human settlement history between Sunda and Sahul: A focus on East Timor (Timor-Leste) and the Pleistocenic mtDNA diversity. BMC Genomics 16: 70. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gongora, Jaime et al.
2008 Indo-European and Asian origins for Chilean and Pacific chickens revealed by mtDNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 105 (30): 10308–13. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gonzalez-Lorca, J. et al.
2015 Ancient and modern introduction of Broussonetia papyrifera ([L.] Vent.; Moraceae) into the Pacific: Genetic, geographical and historical evidence. New Zealand Journal of Botany 53: 75–89. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Greenhill, Simon. J.
nd. TransNewGuinea.org website. http://​transnewguinea​.org/
Greenhill, Simon J.
2015 TransNewGuinea.org: An online database of New Guinea Languages. PLoS ONE 10 (10): e0141563. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Greig, Karen, Walter, Richard & Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth A.
2015 Dogs and people in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. In The Routledge Handbook of Bioarchaeology in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands, M. Oxenham & H. Buckley (eds), 462–482. Abingdon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Grivet, Laurent, Daniels, Christian, Glaszman, Jean-Christophe & D’Hont, Angelique
2004 A review of recent molecular genetics evidence for sugarcane evolution and domestication. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 2: 9–17. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Haberle, Simon G.
1995 Identification of cultivated Pandanus and Colocasia in pollen records and the implications for the study of early agriculture in New Guinea. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 4: 195–210. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hays, Terence E.
2005 Vernacular names for tubers in Irian Jaya: implications for prehistory. In Papuan Pasts: Cultural, Linguistic and Biological Histories of Papuan-Speaking Peoples, A. Pawley, R. Attenborough, J. Golson & R. Hide (eds), 625–670. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Heider, Karl G.
1970 The Dugum Dani. Papuan Culture in the Highlands of West New Guinea. Chicago IL: Aldine.Google Scholar
Heinsohn, Thomas E.
2010 Marsupials as Introduced Species. In Altered Ecologies: Fire, Climate and Human Influence on Terrestrial Landscapes, Simon Haberle, Janelle Stevenson & Matthew Prebble (eds.), 133–176. Canberra: Terra Australis, ANU Epress.Google Scholar
Herdt, Gilbert
1999 The Sambia: Ritual, Sexuality, and Change in Papua New Guinea. Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hill, Catherine et al.
2006 Phylogeography and ethnogenesis of aboriginal Southeast Asians. Molecular Biology and Evolution 23: 2480–2491. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2007 A mitochondrial stratigraphy for Island Southeast Asia. American Journal of Human Genetics 80: 29–43. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Huang, Xuehui et al.
2012 A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice. Nature 490: 497–501. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Jentsch, Thunar & Doetsch, Rainer
1986 Keman, eine Siedlung im Hochland von Papua-Neuguinea: Bestandsaufnahme und Untersuchung des kulturellen Wandels. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.Google Scholar
Jinam, Timothy A., Phipps, Maude E., Saitou, Naruya & The Hugo Pan-Asian SNP Consortium
2013 Admixture patterns and genetic differentiation in negrito groups from West Malaysia estimated from genome-wide SNP Data. Human Biology 85: 173–188. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kjær, Anders, Barfod, Anders S., Asmussen, Conny B. & Seberg, Ole
2004 Investigation of genetic and morphological variation in the sago palm (Metroxylon sagu; Arecaceae) in Papua New Guinea. Annals of Botany 94: 109–117. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Koch, Gerd
1984 Malingdam: Ethnographische Notizen über einen Siedlungsbereich im oberen Eipomek-Tal des zentrales Bergland von Irian Jaya (West-Neuguinea), Indonesien. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.Google Scholar
Kocher Schmid, Christin
1991 Of People and Plants: a Botanical Ethnography of Nokopo Village, Madang and Morobe Provinces, Papua New Guinea [Ethnologisches Seminar der Universität und Museum für Volkerkunde]. Basel: Wepf & Co.Google Scholar
Kuruvilla, K. M. & Singh, Avtar
1981 Karotypic and electrophorectic studies on taro and its origin. Euphytica 30: 405–413. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Larson, Greger et al.
2007 Phylogeny and ancient DNA of Sus provides insights into neolithic expansion in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 104(12): 4834–9. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2010 Patterns of East Asian pig domestication, migration, and turnover revealed by modern and ancient DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107(17): 7686–7691. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lebot, Vincent & Aradhya, Mallikarjuna K.
1991 Isozyme variation in taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) from Asia and Oceania. Euphytica 56: 55–66.Google Scholar
Lebot, Vincent et al.
2004 Characterisation of taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) genetic resources in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 51: 381–392. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Loy, Thomas H., Spriggs, Matthew & Wickler, Stephen
1992 Direct evidence for human use of plants 28,000 years ago: starch residues on stone artefacts from the northern Solomon Islands. Antiquity 66: 898–912. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Luyken, R. & Jansen, A. A.
1960 Nutritional state of the Marind-Anim tribe in South New Guinea. Tropical Geographical Medicine June 12: 145–148.Google Scholar
Macaulay, Vincent et al.
2005 Single, rapid coastal settlement of Asia revealed by analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes. Science 308: 1034–1036. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Malapa, Roger, Arnau, Gemma, Noyer, Jean-Louis & Lebot, Vincent
2005 Genetic diversity of the greater yam (Dioscorea alata L.) and relatedness to D. nummularia Lam. and D. transversa Br. as revealed with AFLP markers. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 52: 919–929. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Maloney, Bernard K.
1996 Canarium in the Southeast Asian and Oceanic archaeobotanical and pollen records. Antiquity 70 (270): 926–933. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Matthews, Peter Joseph
1990 The Origins, Dispersal and Domestication of Taro. PhD dissertation, The Australian National University, Canberra.Google Scholar
1991 A possible tropical wildtype taro: Colocasia esculenta var. aquatilis . Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin 11: 69–81. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth A.
2015 Tracking Austronesian expansion into the Pacific via the paper mulberry plant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 112(44): 13432–13433. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
McElhanon, Kenneth A. & Voorhoeve, Clemens L.
1970 The Trans-New Guinea Phylum: Explorations in Deep-level Genetic Relationships. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Milliken, William
nd. An account of the ethnobotany of the Yali people in the highlands of New Guinea (West Papua). Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. http://​rbg​-web2​.rbge​.org​.uk​/ethnobotany​/Yali​.pdf
Nauheimer, Lars, Boyce, Peter C. & Renner, Susanne S.
2012 Giant taro and its relatives: A phylogeny of the large genus Alocasia (Araceae) sheds light on Miocene floristic exchange in the Malesian region. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 63(1): 43–51. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Neumann, Katharina
2003 New Guinea: A cradle of agriculture. Science 301(5630): 180–181. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
O’Connell, James F. & Jim Allen
2012 The restaurant at the end of the universe: Modelling the Colonisation of Sahul. Australian Archaeology 74: 5–17. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
O’Connor, Sue
2007 New evidence from East Timor contributes to our understanding of earliest modern human colonisation east of the Sunda Shelf. Antiquity 81: 523–35. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2015 Rethinking the Neolithic in Island Southeast Asia, with particular reference to the archaeology of Timor Leste and Sulawesi. Archipel 90: 15–47. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Oskarsson, Mattias C. R. et al.
2011 Mitochondrial DNA data indicate an introduction through Mainland Southeast Asia for Australian dingoes and Polynesian domestic dogs. Proceedings of the Royal Soceity B 2011 doi: Crossref.Google Scholar
Pawley, Andrew
1995 C.L. Voorhoeve and the Trans New Guinea Phylum hypothesis. In Connie Baak, Mary Bakker and Dick van der Meij (eds), Tales from a Concave World. Liber Amoricum Bert Vooerhoeve, 83–122. Leiden University, Projects Division, Department of Languages and Cultures of South-East Asia and Oceania.Google Scholar
1998 The Trans New Guinea hypothesis: a reassessment. In Jelle Miedema, C. Ode & R.A.C. Dam (eds), Perspectives on the Bird’s Head, 655–690. Projects Division, Dept. of Languages and Cultures of Southeast Asia and Oceania, Leiden University. Editions Rodopi.Google Scholar
2001 The Proto Trans New Guinea obstruents. In A. Pawley, M. Ross and D. Tryon (eds), The Boy from Bundaberg: Essays in Melanesian Linguistics in Honour of Tom Dutton, 261–300. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
2005 Trans New Guinea Hypothesis: Recent research and its implications. In Papuan Pasts: Cultural, Linguistic and Biological Histories of Papuan-Speaking Peoples, Andrew Pawley, Robert Attenborough, Jack Golson & Robin Hide (eds), 67–107. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
2012 How reconstructable is Proto-Trans New Guinea? Problems, progress, prospects. In History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages, Part One, H. Hammarström & W. van den Heuvel (eds), 88–164. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.Google Scholar
Pawley, Andrew. & Hammarström, Harald
Forthcoming. The Trans New Guinea. In The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area. A Comprehensive Guide, B. Palmer ed. Berlin De Gruyter Mouton
Perrier, Xavier et al.
2009 Combining biological approaches to shed light on the evolution of edible bananas. Ethnobotany Research and Applications 7: 199–216. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2011 Multidisciplinary perspectives on banana (Musa spp.) domestication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 108(28): 11311–11318. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Petermann, August
1915 Dr. A. Petermann’s Mitteilungen aus Justus Perthes’ geographischer Anstalt, Vol. 61. Gotha: Justus Perthes.Google Scholar
Rankin, R. L.
2008 The Comparative Method, in The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, B. D. Joseph & R. D. Janda (eds.), 183–212. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford, UK. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Renfrew, Colin
1987 Archaeology and Language: the Puzzle of Indo-European Origin. Cambridge: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Ross, Malcolm
1996 Contact-induced change and the comparative method: Cases from Papua New Guinea. In The Comparative Method Reviewed: Regularity and Irregularity in Language Change, Mark Durie & Malcolm Ross (eds), 180–217. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
2001 Contact-induced change in Oceanic languages in North-West Melanesia. In Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance: Problems in Comparative Linguistics, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald & Robert M. W. Dixon (eds), 134–166. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
2005 Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages. In Papuan Pasts. Cultural, Linguistic and Biological Histories of Papuan-Speaking Peoples, A. Pawley, R. Attenborough, J. Golson & R. Hide (eds), 15–65. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Roullier, Caroline, Kambouo, Rosa, Paofa, Janet, McKey, Doyle & Lebot, Vincent
2013 On the origin of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) genetic diversity in New Guinea, a secondary center of diversity. Heredity 110: 594–604. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Schapper, Antoinette
2015 Wallacea, a linguistic area. Archipel 90: 99–151. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Schapper, Antoinette, Huber, Juliette & van Engelenhoven, Aone
2014 The relatedness of Timor-Kisar and Alor-Pantar languages: A preliminary demonstration. In Alor-Pantar Languages: History and Typology, Marian Klamer (ed.), 99–154. Berlin: Language Science Press.Google Scholar
Schuurkamp, Gerrit J. T.
1995 The Min of the Papua New Guinea Star Mountains: A Look at Their Traditional Culture and Heritage. Kempt Head Point, Nova Scoti: Ok Tedi Mining.Google Scholar
Scott, Graham
1978 The Fore Language of Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Sillitoe, Paul
1980 Confusions in the classifications. How the Wola name their plants. Ethnos 45: 133–156. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1983 Roots of the Earth: Crops in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Silva, Fabio et al.
2015 Modelling the geographical origin of rice cultivation in Asia using the rice archaeological database. PLoS ONE 10 (9): e0137024. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Smallhorn, Jacinta
2011 The Binanderean Languages of Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Soares, Pedro et al.
2008 Climate change and postglacial human dispersals in Southeast Asia. Molecular Biology and Evolution 25: 1209–1218. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Spier, Robert F. G.
1951 Some notes on the origin of taro. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 7: 69–76. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Storey, Alice A. et al.
2012 Investigating the global dispersal of chickens in prehistory using ancient mitochondrial DNA signatures. PLoS ONE 7 (7): e39171. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Strathern, Andrew J. & Stewart, Pamela J.
1999 On the theory of stability and change in ritual: the legacy of Roy Rappaport. Review essay on Roy Rappaport’s (1999) Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity. Social Analysis 43 (3): 116–121.Google Scholar
Suter, Edgar
2012 Verbs with pronominal object prefixes in Finisterre-Huon languages. In History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages, Part one, Harald Hammarström & Wilco van den Heuvel (eds), 23–58. Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea.Google Scholar
Tabbada, Kristina A. et al.
2010 Philippine mitochondrial DNA diversity: A populated viaduct between Taiwan and Indonesia? Molecular Biology and Evolution 27: 21–31. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Thurston, William R.
1987 Processes of Change in the Languages of North-Western New Britain. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
1989 How exoteric languages build a lexicon: Esoterogeny in West New Britain. In VICAL 1, Oceanic Languages: Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Ray Harlow & Robin Hooper (eds), 555–579. Auckland: Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand.Google Scholar
Tumonggor, Meryanne K. et al.
2013 The Indonesian archipelago: An ancient genetic highway linking Asia and the Pacific. Journal of Human Genetics 58: 165–73. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Usher, Timothy
nd. New Guinea World Website. https://​sites​.google​.com​/site​/newguineaworld/
Usher, Timothy & Schapper, Antoinette
In preparation. The Greater West Bomberai family. Oceanic Linguistics.
Usher, Timothy & Suter, Edgar
2015 The Anim languages of Southern New Guinea. Oceanic Linguistics 54: 110–142. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
van den Heuvel, Wilco & Fedden, Sebastian
2014 Greater Awyu and Greater Ok: Inheritance or contact? Oceanic Linguistics 53: 1–35. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Waddell, Eric W.
1969 The Dynamics of a New Guinea Highlands Agricultural System. PhD dissertation, Australian National University.Google Scholar
Wurm, Stephen A., Voorhoeve, Clemens L. & McElhanon, Kenneth
1975 The Trans New Guinea phylum in general. In New Guinea Area Languages, Vol. 1: Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene, Stephen A. Wurm (ed.), 299–322. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Yen, Douglas E. & Wheeler, Jocelyn M.
1968 Introduction of taro into the Pacific: The indications of the chromosome numbers. Ethnology 7: 259–267. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Yen, Douglas E.
1980 The Southeast Asian foundations of Oceanic agriculture: A reassessment. Journal de la Societé des Océanistes 36: 140–147. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Zerega, Nyree J. C., Ragone, Diane & Motley, Timothy J.
2004 Complex origins of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis, Moraceae): implications for human migrations in the Pacific. American Journal of Botany 91: 760–766. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Zumbroich, Thomas J.
2008 The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: A synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond. E-journal of Indian Medicine 1: 87–140.Google Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 5 other publications

Nelson, Sarah, Irina Zhushchikhovskaya, Tao Li, Mark Hudson & Martine Robbeets
2020. Tracing population movements in ancient East Asia through the linguistics and archaeology of textile production. Evolutionary Human Sciences 2 Crossref logo
Pedro, Nicole, Nicolas Brucato, Veronica Fernandes, Mathilde André, Lauri Saag, William Pomat, Céline Besse, Anne Boland, Jean-François Deleuze, Chris Clarkson, Herawati Sudoyo, Mait Metspalu, Mark Stoneking, Murray P. Cox, Matthew Leavesley, Luisa Pereira & François-Xavier Ricaut
2020. Papuan mitochondrial genomes and the settlement of Sahul. Journal of Human Genetics 65:10 ► pp. 875 ff. Crossref logo
Robbeets, Martine & Chuan-Chao Wang
2020. About millets and beans, words and genes. Evolutionary Human Sciences 2 Crossref logo
Schapper, Antoinette
2020.  In Austronesian Undressed [Typological Studies in Language, 129], ► pp. 391 ff. Crossref logo
Urban, Matthias
2020. Mountain linguistics. Language and Linguistics Compass 14:9 Crossref logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 05 april 2021. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.