373018707 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code Z 221 Hb 15 9789027203229 13 2018059723 BB <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Late Modern English Medical Texts</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Writing medicine in the eighteenth century. Including the LMEMT Corpus</Subtitle> 01 z.221 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/z.221 1 B01 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen University of Helsinki 2 B01 Turo Hiltunen Hiltunen, Turo Turo Hiltunen University of Helsinki 01 eng 452 xix 432 , incl. CD-RoM LAN009010 v.2006 CF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.DISC Discourse studies 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.ENG English linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.HL Historical linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.PRAG Pragmatics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.SOCIO Sociolinguistics and Dialectology 06 01 The eighteenth century in medicine is a fallow period lying between the innovations of the Royal Society (1662–) with its new ways of doing science and the nineteenth-century achievements of clinical and laboratory medicine. The period deserves more attention, as the seeds of some modern approaches, like statistics leading to probabilities, date from this century. This volume provides a comprehensive description of the main developments in 1700–1800. Its main focus is on language use in context, with stylistic variation according to genres, authors and audiences. The volume is interdisciplinary: the chapters chart changes and continuities and draw on corpus linguistics, discourse analysis, history of medicine, digital humanities and computer science, and all studies are based on the corpus of <i>Late Modern English Medical Texts</i> (LMEMT). In addition, the volume contains a detailed description of corpus categories focusing on chronological coverage of the texts, criteria for inclusion, discourse forms, and background facts. The volume concludes with a Manual of the corpus, providing information about annotation conventions and examples of how the corpus can be used.<br />The book is accompanied by a CD-rom containing the corpus. The corpus consists of files in XML and TXT format, which can be used in various corpus research software programs. 05 [T]he LMEMT corpus achieves what the compilers intended: it presents a excellent sampling of eighteenth-century medical writing and, alongside MEMT and EMEMT, provides continuity of corpus coverage from the medieval through the late modern English periods of medical writing in English. It is not only an indispensable resource for those interested in historical pragmatics and domain-specific language usage in the history of the English language, but also those interested in the history of medicine. Richard J. Whitt, University of Nottingham, on Linguist List 32.888 (10 March 2021) 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/z.221.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027203229.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027203229.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/z.221.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/z.221.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/z.221.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/z.221.hb.png 10 01 JB code z.221.ack Miscellaneous 1 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Acknowledgements</TitleText> 10 01 JB code z.221.pre Miscellaneous 2 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Preface</TitleText> 10 01 JB code z.221.con Miscellaneous 3 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Conventions used in this book</TitleText> 10 01 JB code z.221.loa Miscellaneous 4 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">List of abbreviations</TitleText> 10 01 JB code z.221.loc Miscellaneous 5 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">List of contributors</TitleText> 10 01 JB code z.221.01hil 1 16 16 Chapter 6 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;1. Towards new knowledge</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The corpus of <i>Late Modern English Medical Texts</i></Subtitle> 1 A01 Turo Hiltunen Hiltunen, Turo Turo Hiltunen 2 A01 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen 01 <i>Late Modern English Medical Texts</i> (LMEMT) is a new corpus representing printed medical writing in the eighteenth century. This chapter describes the structure and the main compilation principles of the corpus. Representativeness is a complex notion in corpus linguistics in general, and the issue is particularly challenging in the context of eighteenth-century medicine, where the volume of published texts increased considerably and the scope of the discipline widened. To provide a realistic picture of the variety of medical texts in this century, the field is divided into text categories, which reflect contemporary divisions and incorporate texts written for different purposes and addressed to different audiences. The corpus is designed for studies in areas such as linguistics, pragmatics, medical history, and Digital Humanities, which are showcased in the contributions to this book. 10 01 JB code z.221.02taa 17 30 14 Chapter 7 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;2. Sociohistorical and cultural context of <i>Late Modern English Medical Texts</i></TitleText> 1 A01 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen 2 A01 Peter Murray Jones Jones, Peter Murray Peter Murray Jones 3 A01 Turo Hiltunen Hiltunen, Turo Turo Hiltunen 01 The eighteenth century presents as a transition period towards more modern practices in medical history. In this chapter we probe into these developments as reflected in medical writing and provide a sociohistorical overview of the background for the corpus. When compared to the earlier phases of medical writing in England, the sheer number of texts in the vernacular grew enormously while readerships with the ability to read and learn about medical issues widened, making it possible for medical knowledge to reach new layers of society. The ways of writing science were also changing: the beginning of the Royal Society period had been a period of innovation in cutting-edge science in communicating new discoveries. These practices continue in the learned circles, but polite society favoured more rhetorical styles, and the scholastic tradition was also present. According to our (socio)pragmatic approach, we focus on variation in texts to different audiences, and all observations are contextualized with qualitative discourse analysis. Significant changes were taking place both in the underlying philosophy of science and its applications, e.g. statistical assessments emerged, paving the way to evidence-based medicine. 10 01 JB code z.221.03taa 31 74 44 Chapter 8 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;3. Topics of eighteenth-century medical writing with triangulation of methods</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">LMEMT and the underlying reality</Subtitle> 1 A01 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen University of Helsinki 2 A01 Gerold Schneider Schneider, Gerold Gerold Schneider University of Zurich 3 A01 Peter Murray Jones Jones, Peter Murray Peter Murray Jones University of Cambridge 01 This chapter deals with the most important developments within society and the medical discourse community in the eighteenth-century Britain. It applies several methods by way of triangulation to probe into relevant aspects of the history of medicine and medical writing between 1700 and 1800. The first part provides a comprehensive overview, mostly based on the previous literature, giving pertinent background information to the corpus and its text selection. The second part contains the first large-scale mapping of medical writing in the late modern period as an interdisciplinary enterprise between computer science, medical history, and linguistics with a Digital Humanities application. The results of empirical bottom-up quantitative assessments with Topic Modeling and Kernel Density Estimation applications reveal what changes and what remains constant in this period. The programs also indicate which texts were important as forerunners of innovative ideas and which adhered to the old patterns of thought. The third part quotes pertinent text extracts for illustration and applies discourse analytical methods for a qualitative assessment. These passages show how the developments towards more modern approaches progressed and how linguistic practices reflect increasing professionalization in the field. 10 01 JB code z.221.04gen 75 88 14 Chapter 9 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;4. Regimens and their readers in eighteenth-century England</TitleText> 1 A01 David Gentilcore Gentilcore, David David Gentilcore University of Leicester 01 This chapter focuses on eighteenth-century developments in regimens, a well-established genre of medical writing dedicated to preventing illnesses by advocating temperance in diet and other non-naturals. Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century challenges to Galenic medicine in the form of chemical and mechanical medicine also affected regimen texts, resulting in a decline of works offering advice on diet and lifestyle. However, the eighteenth century saw a revival of the genre, which now took into consideration the chemical interpretations of foods and how they affect the human body as well as mechanical explanations of the working of the body. Furthermore, the readership of regimen texts extended from the upper and middling classes to include the bourgeoisie, who now had the wealth and leisure time required to be able to follow the advice laid out in these texts. This chapter exemplifies the new attitudes to preventive medicine through the views of two of the most influential regimen writers of this century, George Cheyne and William Buchan. Buchan in particular also provided recommendations to improve the diet of the poor, thus bringing dietary advice within the reach of the English nation as a whole. 10 01 JB code z.221.05leh 89 112 24 Chapter 10 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;5. Medical case reports in Late Modern English</TitleText> 1 A01 Anu Lehto Lehto, Anu Anu Lehto 2 A01 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen 01 This chapter shifts the focus to the patients, using discourse analysis. The medical case report is a narrative of a single case of disease or injury and it is one of the genres that have continuity throughout the history of English medical writing from the late medieval period to the present. However, its functions and linguistic realizations vary in different periods. Attention will be paid to the degree of conventionalization in the genre developments and the perspective through which the narrative is told. The method relies on both quantitative corpus linguistic and qualitative discursive analysis. The period and this century represent a transition from the earlier thought styles to more modern approaches to medicine. The first statistical assessments appear toward the end of the eighteenth century. The study traces how the developments in medical thinking are reflected in case narratives of different layers and fields of medical writing. The linguistic form of case studies varies considerably between different text categories, in particular <sc>specific treatises</sc>, <sc>surgical and anatomical texts</sc>, <sc>public health</sc>, and <sc>periodicals</sc>, and they are often embedded in longer texts within other genres. Instruction was the most common purpose of writing and continues in the eighteenth century, but new functions emerge as well, as the case reports demonstrate new methods of treatment and cures, and patients begin to record their own experiences as patients. This shift of angle is noteworthy, as for the first time we have &#8220;ego-documents&#8221; of the kind. 10 01 JB code z.221.06wit 113 128 16 Chapter 11 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;6. Household medicine and recipe culture in eighteenth-century Britain</TitleText> 1 A01 Alun Withey Withey, Alun Alun Withey University of Exeter 01 Care of the sick and health issues in the eighteenth century household are discussed in their complex social, cultural, and intellectual contexts of the day. Medical remedies belonged to a vibrant economy of knowledge and were eagerly collected and collated as part of a wider interest in the expansion of intellectual boundaries. As new physical theories, trends, and fads abounded, they were disseminated in a medical literature that sought to edify the general reader as well as the medical professional. While the consumption of medical texts was never massive, medical literature served both to promulgate new ideas and also to provide a further source from which medical knowledge could be derived and shared. The nascent market for proprietary medicines, including the explosion of newspaper advertising, brought metropolitan medicine to the doorsteps of towns and villages across Britain in increasing numbers. The proliferation of apothecary shops in towns also arguably reduced the need for households to concoct their own preparations, with a vast range of oils, syrups, pastes, pills, and medicaments on sale. Also, the impact of new technologies could be felt in bodily technologies and the willingness of people to attempt to correct or transform their own bodies, all made possible by new, &#8220;enlightened&#8221; materials. But the eighteenth century also saw much continuity. In many respects, medical knowledge remained firmly rooted in what had gone before. Humoral medicine still predominated, with all its attendant evacuative measures. Throughout the century, the home remained central to medicine, with public medicine only slowly beginning to make an impact, and then mostly in urban areas. 10 01 JB code z.221.07taa 129 144 16 Chapter 12 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;7. Polite society language practices</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Letters to the Editor in <i>The Gentleman&#8217;s Magazine</i></Subtitle> 1 A01 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen 01 This chapter presents a pragmatic study on polite society language practices. Politeness, sociability, and concern for public good have been pointed out as values underpinning the late eighteenth-century culture among gentility, and it was important to recognize one&#8217;s own position in relation to others and act accordingly. Detailed assessments on how these qualities were expressed in language use are still few. The material of this study comes from the Letters to the Editor in <i>The Gentleman&#8217;s Magazine</i> (GM), where issues of health were debated on a broad front. The diseases that come up in the material are mostly minor discomforts and everyday nuisances, but dietary advice and first aid tips were common, too. Polite speech acts prevail; fierce debates are also encountered, but impolite speech acts are mitigated or veiled in politeness. This chapter applies an ethnographic and socio-constructivist approach to politeness as a discursive practice, focusing on people&#8217;s own notions of what was appropriate and desirable for smooth interaction in polite society. The method of analysis is qualitative and corpus-based. The GM provided a new means for literate people to keep abreast of the latest developments, and through these language practices, we have access to eighteenth-century opinions on what the polite society considered worth attention. 10 01 JB code z.221.08leh 145 172 28 Chapter 13 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;8. Changing portrayals of medicine and patients in eighteenth-century medical writing</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Lexical bundles in <sc>public health</sc>, <sc>methods</sc>, and case studies</Subtitle> 1 A01 Anu Lehto Lehto, Anu Anu Lehto University of Helsinki 01 This chapter turns the attention to three-word lexical bundles and aims to reveal repeated linguistic elements and text-external concepts in medical texts. The study is carried out in the corpus categories of <sc>public health</sc> and <sc>methods</sc> and additionally in the genre of case studies that are found across the corpus. The analysis applies a corpus-driven approach and assesses the functions of the word strings by categorising them into referential and textual bundles and stance expressions. The survey reveals various differences and diachronic changes in each of the corpus categories. Texts on public health concern the wellbeing of citizens and discuss medical matters on the social level. Texts on methods, in contrast, concentrate on medicines and the diseases of the patients, and case studies similarly focus on the patient and employ narrative structures. The bundles indicate novel practices in eighteenth-century medical writing, i.e. many bundles point to the increasing importance of observation especially in <sc>methods</sc> and case studies, and bundles related to statistical methods and quantification are found among the repeated constructions. Further, the bundles display new themes in medicine, e.g. texts on public health contain bundles that refer to the hospital movement and extend an understanding of hygiene. At the same time, the distribution of the functional categories is rather similar in the material, as referential bundles prevail followed by textual bundles and stance expressions, indicating many continuities in medical writing that stem from earlier periods. 10 01 JB code z.221.09taa 173 198 26 Chapter 14 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;9. Professional and lay medical texts in the eighteenth century</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">A linguistic stylistic assessment</Subtitle> 1 A01 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen 01 This study focuses on stylistic features in medical texts for different audiences in various channels of publication. My aim is to explore whether there are differences between medical writings for professional and lay audiences. Authors mostly belonged to educated professionals who wrote for their peers, but there are also writings for general audiences. The most important channel for communicating new medical knowledge was through monographs, but the first specialized medical journals were founded in the 1730s. The first magazine for polite society readership was established in the same decade. Texts dealing with fashionable topics like inoculation, longevity, sea bathing, air and water are compared to one another. The main method is qualitative discourse analysis aided by corpus linguistic methods. Writings for professional audiences rely on knowledge-based arguments, while texts for lay readers contain more emotive language use, where a polite society style of writing is present, too. The dichotomy between professional and lay proves problematic and in the light of the present data the assumption of a clear borderline between professional and lay does not hold. 10 01 JB code z.221.10tyr 199 228 30 Chapter 15 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;10. The <i>symptom</i> comes of age</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Sign semantics from the Late Middle to the Late Modern English</Subtitle> 1 A01 Jukka Tyrkkö Tyrkkö, Jukka Jukka Tyrkkö 01 The observation, recognition and interpretation of signs of illness has been recognised as one of the cornerstones of medical practice since Hippocrates. Over the centuries, the repertoire of signifier terms used by medical writers has undergone numerous changes. This chapter traces the history of signifier terms used in English vernacular medicine from the Late Middle period to the Late Modern English period. Commenting on the frequencies of the individual terms as well as their many uses and changing meanings, this study demonstrates how a superficially generic lexical field can reflect changes in scientific thought style and index the individual authors&#8217; intellectual and professional affiliations. 10 01 JB code z.221.c11 229 336 108 Chapter 16 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;11. LMEMT category descriptions</TitleText> 10 01 JB code z.221.11.1.taa 231 238 8 Miscellaneous 17 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">11.1. General treatises and textbooks</TitleText> 1 A01 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen 10 01 JB code z.221.11.2 241 278 38 Miscellaneous 18 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">11.2. Specific treatises</TitleText> 10 01 JB code z.221.11.2a.rat 243 249 7 Miscellaneous 19 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">11.2a. Diseases</TitleText> 1 A01 Maura Ratia Ratia, Maura Maura Ratia 10 01 JB code z.221.11.2b.leh 251 260 10 Miscellaneous 20 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">11.2b. Methods</TitleText> 1 A01 Anu Lehto Lehto, Anu Anu Lehto 2 A01 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen 10 01 JB code z.221.11.2c.suh 261 270 10 Miscellaneous 21 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">11.2c. Therapeutic substances</TitleText> 1 A01 Carla Suhr Suhr, Carla Carla Suhr 2 A01 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen 10 01 JB code z.221.11.2d.pah 271 278 8 Miscellaneous 22 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">11.2d. Midwifery</TitleText> 1 A01 Päivi Pahta Pahta, Päivi Päivi Pahta University of Tampere 10 01 JB code z.221.11.3.taa 279 288 10 Miscellaneous 23 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">11.3. Medical recipe collections</TitleText> 1 A01 Anu Lehto Lehto, Anu Anu Lehto 2 A01 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen 10 01 JB code z.221.11.4.suh 289 297 9 Miscellaneous 24 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">11.4. Regimens</TitleText> 1 A01 Carla Suhr Suhr, Carla Carla Suhr 10 01 JB code z.221.11.5.tyr 299 306 8 Miscellaneous 25 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">11.5. Surgical and anatomical texts</TitleText> 1 A01 Jukka Tyrkkö Tyrkkö, Jukka Jukka Tyrkkö Linnaeus University , Sweden 10 01 JB code z.221.11.6.leh 307 315 9 Miscellaneous 26 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">11.6. Public health</TitleText> 1 A01 Anu Lehto Lehto, Anu Anu Lehto 10 01 JB code z.221.11.7.hil 317 320 4 Miscellaneous 27 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">11.7. Scientific periodicals</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">The <i>Philosophical Transactions</i> and the <i>Edinburgh Medical Journal</i></Subtitle> 1 A01 Turo Hiltunen Hiltunen, Turo Turo Hiltunen 10 01 JB code z.221.11.8.taa 327 336 10 Miscellaneous 28 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">11.8. General periodical</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02"><i>The Gentleman&#8217;s Magazine</i></Subtitle> 1 A01 Irma Taavitsainen Taavitsainen, Irma Irma Taavitsainen 10 01 JB code z.221.12hil 337 358 22 Chapter 29 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Chapter&#160;12. Manual to the LMEMT corpus</TitleText> 1 A01 Turo Hiltunen Hiltunen, Turo Turo Hiltunen 2 A01 Jukka Tyrkkö Tyrkkö, Jukka Jukka Tyrkkö 10 01 JB code z.221.app 359 396 38 Miscellaneous 30 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Primary data</TitleText> <Subtitle textformat="02">Catalogue of corpus texts</Subtitle> 10 01 JB code z.221.ref1 397 400 4 Miscellaneous 31 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Other primary sources</TitleText> 10 01 JB code z.221.ref3 401 420 20 Miscellaneous 32 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">References</TitleText> 10 01 JB code z.221.ind1 421 424 4 Miscellaneous 33 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Name index</TitleText> 10 01 JB code z.221.ind3 425 432 8 Miscellaneous 34 <TitleType>01</TitleType> <TitleText textformat="02">Subject Index</TitleText> 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20191204 2019 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 960 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 21 84 16 01 02 JB 1 00 99.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 104.94 EUR R 01 JB 10 bebc +44 1202 712 934 +44 1202 712 913 sales@bebc.co.uk 03 GB 21 16 02 02 JB 1 00 83.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 John Benjamins North America +1 800 562-5666 +1 703 661-1501 benjamins@presswarehouse.com 01 https://benjamins.com 01 US CA MX 21 1 16 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 149.00 USD