419031110 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code Z 244 Eb 15 9789027244185 06 10.1075/z.244 13 2026002273 DG 002 02 01 z.244 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/z.244 1 B01 Carole P. Biggam Biggam, Carole P. Carole P. Biggam University of Glasgow 2 B01 Domicele Jonauskaite Jonauskaite, Domicele Domicele Jonauskaite University of Lausanne 3 B01 Mari Uusküla Uusküla, Mari Mari Uusküla Tallinn University 4 B01 Dimitris Mylonas Mylonas, Dimitris Dimitris Mylonas Northeastern University London 01 eng 234 viii 226 LAN009000 v.2006 CF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.ANTHR Anthropological Linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.COGN Cognition and language 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.PRAG Pragmatics 24 JB Subject Scheme PSY.COGPSY Cognitive psychology 06 01 This volume presents recent research in colour studies with a particular focus on language, offering both continuity and innovation within the field. All chapters are developed from papers first presented at the Progress in Colour Studies 2022 (PICS2022) conference, held at Tallinn University, Estonia. Building on the results of earlier PICS meetings and publications, this book continues the series’ tradition of offering fresh perspectives on colour across languages and cultures.<br />The contributions examine colour in linguistic contexts ranging from semantics and pragmatics to translation, lexicography, and discourse, employing approaches such as corpus-based analysis and experimental methods. Some chapters formulate broad discussions on colour and its role in language and culture, while others present in-depth studies of single colour terms such those denoting red, green, grey, orange, or beige. The volume’s international scope is reflected in the diversity of languages represented.<br />The book opens with an editorial preface situating the contributions within the broader field. It also includes a comprehensive subject index and numerous illustrations. Taken together, these studies make the volume an essential resource for scholars interested in the linguistic dimensions of colour and their broader cognitive and cultural implications. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/z.244.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027232175.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027232175.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/z.244.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/z.244.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/z.244.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/z.244.hb.png 10 01 JB code z.244.prelim i iv 4 Prelim pages -1 10 01 JB code z.244.toc v vi 2 Table of contents 0 10 01 JB code z.244.pre vii viii 2 Preface 1 10 01 JB code z.244.01lev 1 14 14 Chapter 2 1 A01 Carsten Levisen Levisen, Carsten Carsten Levisen Roskilde University 20 colour semantics 20 cultural semantics 20 environmental semantics 20 language and vision 20 linguacultural relativity 20 visual semantics 01 In this essay, I will critically explore “colour” as a category in cross-linguistic semantics. Contrasting Berlin and Kay’s paradigm of “Basic Colour Terms” with Wierzbicka’s paradigm of “Visual Semantics”, the aim is partly to make explicit the inherent problems within the Basic Colour Terms tradition, but also to envision a new role and place for “colour” within a broader paradigm of Visual Semantics. Arguing for an approach based on the Humboldtian principle of “no outside to language”, on linguacultural relativity, and on emic-based analytical commitments, the essay proposes a broad, environmental cosmovision of Visual Semantics that allows for a renewal of the study of language, culture, and vision. 10 01 JB code z.244.02san 15 28 14 Chapter 3 1 A01 Jodi L. Sandford Sandford, Jodi L. Jodi L. Sandford University of Perugia 20 cognitive linguistics 20 colour semantics 20 colours are possessions / accompaniment / instruments 20 construction grammar 20 image schemas 01 How do we structure the conceptual nature of language and our experience of colour? I discuss one of the ways in which we do this through the construction [WITH *COLOUR]. <i>With</i> is one of the three most frequent prepositions used with colour terms, as is evident from the <i>Corpus of Contemporary American English</i>. The sense elaboration of this construction stems from conceptual metaphors such as COLOURS <sc>are possessions / accompaniment / instruments</sc>. This paper presents the construction and proposes a description of the statistically significant embodied patterns English speakers use in its conceptualisation. It considers how image schemas and conceptual metaphors combine to reflect the different senses of <i>with</i> and proposes a mapping of the corpus data. 10 01 JB code z.244.03jon 29 57 29 Chapter 4 1 A01 Domicele Jonauskaite Jonauskaite, Domicele Domicele Jonauskaite University of Lausanne | University of Vienna 2 A01 Giulia F. M. Spagnulo Spagnulo, Giulia F. M. Giulia F. M. Spagnulo University of Lausanne 3 A01 Déborah Epicoco Epicoco, Déborah Déborah Epicoco University of Lausanne 4 A01 Christine Mohr Mohr, Christine Christine Mohr University of Lausanne 20 affect 20 colour 20 cross-modal correspondences 20 design 20 emotion 20 feeling 20 mood 20 psychology 20 psychophysiological recordings 20 virtual reality (VR) 01 Colours are regularly linked to emotions in behaviour and languages. While research on conceptual colour-emotion correspondences is accumulating, we know little as to whether colour influences felt affective states. Such research should inquire about what people currently feel (self-reported emotions) or assess psychophysiological changes. We reviewed thirty-one studies targeting colour and felt affective states. Only eight of them immersed participants in coloured environments, real or virtual, and accounted for lightness and/or chroma in addition to hue. Results of these eight studies were inconsistent. We observed tendencies hinting at higher physiological arousal in warm and more chromatic environments. We need more systematic studies before we can conclude that colour impacts felt affective states. 10 01 JB code z.244.04gad 58 73 16 Chapter 5 1 A01 Carlo Martins Gaddi Gaddi, Carlo Martins Carlo Martins Gaddi University of São Paulo 2 A01 Marcelo Fernandes da Costa Costa, Marcelo Fernandes da Marcelo Fernandes da Costa University of São Paulo 20 children 20 chromatic Basic Colour Term 20 colour categorisation 20 colour cognition 20 colour preference 20 colour saliency 20 interval scale 20 law of Comparative Judgement 20 psychophysical method 20 ranking order procedure 01 We verify the possible relationships between the colour names and their respective preferences in adults and children. 300 adults took an online test (mean age = 30 years; <i>SD</i> = 1.02) and 52 children in person (23 aged 6 years; 29 aged 7 years), consisting of ordering 8 colours according to personal preference. Except for the colours brown and blue, the least and most preferred in both groups, we did not find relationships between the preferences. Also, the considerable differences between the ranking of colour names and that of the corresponding colour preferences show that personal preference does not have much impact on the learning of colour names and is probably related to other factors, such as context and culture. 10 01 JB code z.244.05ogu 74 112 39 Chapter 6 1 A01 Merle Oguz Oguz, Merle Merle Oguz Tallinn University 20 Cognitive Metaphor Theory 20 colour idioms 20 Estonian 20 Swedish 20 Turkish 01 Previous studies have indicated that some colour idioms are recognised universally, and others are culture-specific. This study compared the colour idioms of three languages from different language families: Swedish (Indo-European, Germanic); Estonian (Finno-Ugric, Finnic); Turkish (Altai, Turkic). Cognitive Metaphor Theory was used for qualitatively analysing the idioms. The results indicated that there was a large overlap in the conceptual metaphors that each language recognised. Some idioms that appeared opaque judging by their linguistic form only proved to be quite transparent when the motivations behind them were identified. The comparative examination of colour idioms across different language families provides a unique opportunity for deepening our comprehension of the extent to which cultural variations shape the way we perceive the world. 10 01 JB code z.244.06bim 113 126 14 Chapter 7 1 A01 David Bimler Bimler, David David Bimler Independent researcher 2 A01 Mari Uusküla Uusküla, Mari Mari Uusküla Tallinn University 20 basic colour terms 20 blue 20 colour categorisation 20 colour naming 20 green 20 light blue 01 Among languages that recognise different categories for ‘blue’ and ‘green’ in their colour lexicons, some further partition ‘blue’ according to lightness. We asked whether this subdivision would affect the ‘blue’/‘green’ boundary. We identified this boundary in seven European languages, using a dataset in which speakers of each language gave colour names to sixty-five standardised colour samples. The frequencies of ‘blue’- and ‘green’-naming for each sample were expressed as functions of hue-angle, with the angle where the two functions cross being the category boundary. No differences were found between languages with or without separate basic terms for ‘light blue’, implying that the emergence of these ‘light blue’ terms is not caused by reduced salience or coverage of ‘blueness’. 10 01 JB code z.244.07esp 127 146 20 Chapter 8 1 A01 Isabel Espinosa-Zaragoza Espinosa-Zaragoza, Isabel Isabel Espinosa-Zaragoza University of Alicante 20 brand identity 20 colour language 20 colour naming 20 colour terminology 20 connotation 20 cosmetics 20 denotation 20 English for Specific Purposes (ESP) 20 marketing 01 This study examines sex- and romance-themed non-transparent English lipstick colour names in online shopping. A sample of lipstick colour names was manually collected from twelve brand websites and categorised semantically. The study focuses on a subset of 148 lipstick colour names in the sex and romance category, discussing their symbolic associations and naming conventions. The analysis reveals that while non-transparent colour names referencing sex and romance often evoke associations with red and pink, they lack the precision of both basic colour terms and non-basic terms. The findings suggest that obscure names prioritise connotations over denotations, aiming to evoke consumer desire or enhance perceptions of attractiveness. While these naming conventions appeal to consumers, adding supplementary descriptions could improve clarity without compromising their intended allure. 10 01 JB code z.244.08sta 147 167 21 Chapter 9 1 A01 Danuta Stanulewicz Stanulewicz, Danuta Danuta Stanulewicz University of Gdańsk 2 A01 Adam Pawłowski Pawłowski, Adam Adam Pawłowski University of Wrocław 20 agriculture 20 corpus study 20 ecology 20 green 20 Polish 20 Polish press 20 politics 20 vegetation 01 The aim of this paper is to investigate the use of the term for <sc>green</sc>, <i>zielony</i>, in the press released in Poland in 1945–1963 and in 2010. The data have been extracted from <i>ChronoPress: Portal Tekstów Prasowych</i> (Pawłowski 2021), a corpus of Polish newspapers and magazines, and the <i>National Corpus of Polish</i> (<i>Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego</i>). At the time of writing this paper, the number of the occurrences of <i>zielony</i> in <i>ChronoPress</i> amounts to 1,761. Our analysis reveals that the dominant uses of <i>zielony</i> in <i>ChronoPress</i> texts mainly relate to vegetation, including agriculture, although this word also happens to be used in other contexts. In 2010, <i>zielony</i> is mainly employed in the context of ecology and parks in urban areas. 10 01 JB code z.244.09hat 168 186 19 Chapter 10 1 A01 Veera Hatakka Hatakka, Veera Veera Hatakka University of Helsinki 20 access semantics 20 brightness 20 Cognitive Grammar 20 colour semantics 20 Finnish language 20 lightness 20 qualitative corpus analysis 01 In linguistic colour semantics, lightness words have often been perceived as modifying elements of other colour expressions in languages with established, such as basic, colour terms. However, lightness words can also appear independently. This study focusses on the Finnish lightness words <i>tumma</i> ‘dark’ and <i>vaalea</i> ‘light’ as independently occurring colour words. The analysis was conducted as a qualitative corpus analysis within the frameworks of cognitive semantics. The meanings of the words <i>tumma</i> and <i>vaalea</i> were analysed in different usage situations, and the results reveal that, depending on the context, lightness of colour is conceptualised in different ways in the use of these words, and that, in the use of <i>tumma</i> and <i>vaalea,</i> the whole concept of colour, not only lightness, can be conceptualised. 10 01 JB code z.244.10tei 187 203 17 Chapter 11 1 A01 Paula Teixeira Moláns Teixeira Moláns, Paula Paula Teixeira Moláns University of Glasgow 20 colour semantics 20 diglossia 20 Galician 20 orange category 01 Important differences in the categorisation and labelling of <sc>orange</sc> were found in data collected in 2021 from two generations of Galician speakers. Young adults strongly agreed on <sc>orange</sc> being an independent category labelled <i>laranxa</i> (‘orange’) or its Spanish cognate <i>naranja</i>. Elderly participants had much lower consensus rates. Some shared the semantic extension and the label(s) of their young counterparts while others used the label <i>color butano</i> (‘butane gas bottle-coloured’) for highly saturated orange samples alone. Half of them, however, used categories such as <sc>red</sc>+<sc>orange</sc> (labelled <i>encarnado, roxo</i> or the Spanish cognate <i>rojo)</i>, <sc>yellow+orange</sc> (<i>amarelo, marelo</i> or the Spanish cognate <i>amarillo</i>) and <sc>pink+orange</sc> (<i>rosa</i>). These contrasts suggest two stages of linguistic assimilation towards Spanish and illustrate the increasing linguistic pressure that Galician faces in a diglossic context. 10 01 JB code z.244.11sta 204 221 18 Chapter 12 1 A01 Danuta Stanulewicz Stanulewicz, Danuta Danuta Stanulewicz University of Gdańsk 2 A01 Ewa Komorowska Komorowska, Ewa Ewa Komorowska University of Szczecin 20 associations 20 beige 20 connotations 20 Polish 20 prototypical references 20 survey study 01 The aim of this paper is to investigate how the noun <i>beż</i> and adjective <i>beżowy</i> ‘beige’, borrowed from French, are understood by Polish speakers. In a survey study, 100 participants (50 women and 50 men) were asked to write down their own definitions of beige as well as to provide associations and names of objects (both natural and artificial) and phenomena which are typically beige. The results of the survey indicate that Polish speakers perceive this colour as a mixture of brown and white, and they point to sand and white coffee as possible candidates for prototypical references of the adjective <i>beżowy</i>. 10 01 JB code z.244.index 223 226 4 Index 13 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20260220 2026 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 13 15 9789027232175 01 JB 3 John Benjamins e-Platform 03 jbe-platform.com 09 WORLD 20 01 00 125.00 EUR R 01 00 105.00 GBP Z 01 gen 00 163.00 USD S 344031109 03 01 01 JB John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 JB code Z 244 Hb 15 9789027232175 13 2026002272 BB 01 z.244 01 https://benjamins.com 02 https://benjamins.com/catalog/z.244 1 B01 Carole P. Biggam Biggam, Carole P. Carole P. Biggam University of Glasgow 2 B01 Domicele Jonauskaite Jonauskaite, Domicele Domicele Jonauskaite University of Lausanne 3 B01 Mari Uusküla Uusküla, Mari Mari Uusküla Tallinn University 4 B01 Dimitris Mylonas Mylonas, Dimitris Dimitris Mylonas Northeastern University London 01 eng 234 viii 226 LAN009000 v.2006 CF 2 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.ANTHR Anthropological Linguistics 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.COGN Cognition and language 24 JB Subject Scheme LIN.PRAG Pragmatics 24 JB Subject Scheme PSY.COGPSY Cognitive psychology 06 01 This volume presents recent research in colour studies with a particular focus on language, offering both continuity and innovation within the field. All chapters are developed from papers first presented at the Progress in Colour Studies 2022 (PICS2022) conference, held at Tallinn University, Estonia. Building on the results of earlier PICS meetings and publications, this book continues the series’ tradition of offering fresh perspectives on colour across languages and cultures.<br />The contributions examine colour in linguistic contexts ranging from semantics and pragmatics to translation, lexicography, and discourse, employing approaches such as corpus-based analysis and experimental methods. Some chapters formulate broad discussions on colour and its role in language and culture, while others present in-depth studies of single colour terms such those denoting red, green, grey, orange, or beige. The volume’s international scope is reflected in the diversity of languages represented.<br />The book opens with an editorial preface situating the contributions within the broader field. It also includes a comprehensive subject index and numerous illustrations. Taken together, these studies make the volume an essential resource for scholars interested in the linguistic dimensions of colour and their broader cognitive and cultural implications. 04 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475/z.244.png 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_jpg/9789027232175.jpg 04 03 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/475_tif/9789027232175.tif 06 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_front/z.244.hb.png 07 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/125/z.244.png 25 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/1200_back/z.244.hb.png 27 09 01 https://benjamins.com/covers/3d_web/z.244.hb.png 10 01 JB code z.244.prelim i iv 4 Prelim pages -1 10 01 JB code z.244.toc v vi 2 Table of contents 0 10 01 JB code z.244.pre vii viii 2 Preface 1 10 01 JB code z.244.01lev 1 14 14 Chapter 2 1 A01 Carsten Levisen Levisen, Carsten Carsten Levisen Roskilde University 20 colour semantics 20 cultural semantics 20 environmental semantics 20 language and vision 20 linguacultural relativity 20 visual semantics 01 In this essay, I will critically explore “colour” as a category in cross-linguistic semantics. Contrasting Berlin and Kay’s paradigm of “Basic Colour Terms” with Wierzbicka’s paradigm of “Visual Semantics”, the aim is partly to make explicit the inherent problems within the Basic Colour Terms tradition, but also to envision a new role and place for “colour” within a broader paradigm of Visual Semantics. Arguing for an approach based on the Humboldtian principle of “no outside to language”, on linguacultural relativity, and on emic-based analytical commitments, the essay proposes a broad, environmental cosmovision of Visual Semantics that allows for a renewal of the study of language, culture, and vision. 10 01 JB code z.244.02san 15 28 14 Chapter 3 1 A01 Jodi L. Sandford Sandford, Jodi L. Jodi L. Sandford University of Perugia 20 cognitive linguistics 20 colour semantics 20 colours are possessions / accompaniment / instruments 20 construction grammar 20 image schemas 01 How do we structure the conceptual nature of language and our experience of colour? I discuss one of the ways in which we do this through the construction [WITH *COLOUR]. <i>With</i> is one of the three most frequent prepositions used with colour terms, as is evident from the <i>Corpus of Contemporary American English</i>. The sense elaboration of this construction stems from conceptual metaphors such as COLOURS <sc>are possessions / accompaniment / instruments</sc>. This paper presents the construction and proposes a description of the statistically significant embodied patterns English speakers use in its conceptualisation. It considers how image schemas and conceptual metaphors combine to reflect the different senses of <i>with</i> and proposes a mapping of the corpus data. 10 01 JB code z.244.03jon 29 57 29 Chapter 4 1 A01 Domicele Jonauskaite Jonauskaite, Domicele Domicele Jonauskaite University of Lausanne | University of Vienna 2 A01 Giulia F. M. Spagnulo Spagnulo, Giulia F. M. Giulia F. M. Spagnulo University of Lausanne 3 A01 Déborah Epicoco Epicoco, Déborah Déborah Epicoco University of Lausanne 4 A01 Christine Mohr Mohr, Christine Christine Mohr University of Lausanne 20 affect 20 colour 20 cross-modal correspondences 20 design 20 emotion 20 feeling 20 mood 20 psychology 20 psychophysiological recordings 20 virtual reality (VR) 01 Colours are regularly linked to emotions in behaviour and languages. While research on conceptual colour-emotion correspondences is accumulating, we know little as to whether colour influences felt affective states. Such research should inquire about what people currently feel (self-reported emotions) or assess psychophysiological changes. We reviewed thirty-one studies targeting colour and felt affective states. Only eight of them immersed participants in coloured environments, real or virtual, and accounted for lightness and/or chroma in addition to hue. Results of these eight studies were inconsistent. We observed tendencies hinting at higher physiological arousal in warm and more chromatic environments. We need more systematic studies before we can conclude that colour impacts felt affective states. 10 01 JB code z.244.04gad 58 73 16 Chapter 5 1 A01 Carlo Martins Gaddi Gaddi, Carlo Martins Carlo Martins Gaddi University of São Paulo 2 A01 Marcelo Fernandes da Costa Costa, Marcelo Fernandes da Marcelo Fernandes da Costa University of São Paulo 20 children 20 chromatic Basic Colour Term 20 colour categorisation 20 colour cognition 20 colour preference 20 colour saliency 20 interval scale 20 law of Comparative Judgement 20 psychophysical method 20 ranking order procedure 01 We verify the possible relationships between the colour names and their respective preferences in adults and children. 300 adults took an online test (mean age = 30 years; <i>SD</i> = 1.02) and 52 children in person (23 aged 6 years; 29 aged 7 years), consisting of ordering 8 colours according to personal preference. Except for the colours brown and blue, the least and most preferred in both groups, we did not find relationships between the preferences. Also, the considerable differences between the ranking of colour names and that of the corresponding colour preferences show that personal preference does not have much impact on the learning of colour names and is probably related to other factors, such as context and culture. 10 01 JB code z.244.05ogu 74 112 39 Chapter 6 1 A01 Merle Oguz Oguz, Merle Merle Oguz Tallinn University 20 Cognitive Metaphor Theory 20 colour idioms 20 Estonian 20 Swedish 20 Turkish 01 Previous studies have indicated that some colour idioms are recognised universally, and others are culture-specific. This study compared the colour idioms of three languages from different language families: Swedish (Indo-European, Germanic); Estonian (Finno-Ugric, Finnic); Turkish (Altai, Turkic). Cognitive Metaphor Theory was used for qualitatively analysing the idioms. The results indicated that there was a large overlap in the conceptual metaphors that each language recognised. Some idioms that appeared opaque judging by their linguistic form only proved to be quite transparent when the motivations behind them were identified. The comparative examination of colour idioms across different language families provides a unique opportunity for deepening our comprehension of the extent to which cultural variations shape the way we perceive the world. 10 01 JB code z.244.06bim 113 126 14 Chapter 7 1 A01 David Bimler Bimler, David David Bimler Independent researcher 2 A01 Mari Uusküla Uusküla, Mari Mari Uusküla Tallinn University 20 basic colour terms 20 blue 20 colour categorisation 20 colour naming 20 green 20 light blue 01 Among languages that recognise different categories for ‘blue’ and ‘green’ in their colour lexicons, some further partition ‘blue’ according to lightness. We asked whether this subdivision would affect the ‘blue’/‘green’ boundary. We identified this boundary in seven European languages, using a dataset in which speakers of each language gave colour names to sixty-five standardised colour samples. The frequencies of ‘blue’- and ‘green’-naming for each sample were expressed as functions of hue-angle, with the angle where the two functions cross being the category boundary. No differences were found between languages with or without separate basic terms for ‘light blue’, implying that the emergence of these ‘light blue’ terms is not caused by reduced salience or coverage of ‘blueness’. 10 01 JB code z.244.07esp 127 146 20 Chapter 8 1 A01 Isabel Espinosa-Zaragoza Espinosa-Zaragoza, Isabel Isabel Espinosa-Zaragoza University of Alicante 20 brand identity 20 colour language 20 colour naming 20 colour terminology 20 connotation 20 cosmetics 20 denotation 20 English for Specific Purposes (ESP) 20 marketing 01 This study examines sex- and romance-themed non-transparent English lipstick colour names in online shopping. A sample of lipstick colour names was manually collected from twelve brand websites and categorised semantically. The study focuses on a subset of 148 lipstick colour names in the sex and romance category, discussing their symbolic associations and naming conventions. The analysis reveals that while non-transparent colour names referencing sex and romance often evoke associations with red and pink, they lack the precision of both basic colour terms and non-basic terms. The findings suggest that obscure names prioritise connotations over denotations, aiming to evoke consumer desire or enhance perceptions of attractiveness. While these naming conventions appeal to consumers, adding supplementary descriptions could improve clarity without compromising their intended allure. 10 01 JB code z.244.08sta 147 167 21 Chapter 9 1 A01 Danuta Stanulewicz Stanulewicz, Danuta Danuta Stanulewicz University of Gdańsk 2 A01 Adam Pawłowski Pawłowski, Adam Adam Pawłowski University of Wrocław 20 agriculture 20 corpus study 20 ecology 20 green 20 Polish 20 Polish press 20 politics 20 vegetation 01 The aim of this paper is to investigate the use of the term for <sc>green</sc>, <i>zielony</i>, in the press released in Poland in 1945–1963 and in 2010. The data have been extracted from <i>ChronoPress: Portal Tekstów Prasowych</i> (Pawłowski 2021), a corpus of Polish newspapers and magazines, and the <i>National Corpus of Polish</i> (<i>Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego</i>). At the time of writing this paper, the number of the occurrences of <i>zielony</i> in <i>ChronoPress</i> amounts to 1,761. Our analysis reveals that the dominant uses of <i>zielony</i> in <i>ChronoPress</i> texts mainly relate to vegetation, including agriculture, although this word also happens to be used in other contexts. In 2010, <i>zielony</i> is mainly employed in the context of ecology and parks in urban areas. 10 01 JB code z.244.09hat 168 186 19 Chapter 10 1 A01 Veera Hatakka Hatakka, Veera Veera Hatakka University of Helsinki 20 access semantics 20 brightness 20 Cognitive Grammar 20 colour semantics 20 Finnish language 20 lightness 20 qualitative corpus analysis 01 In linguistic colour semantics, lightness words have often been perceived as modifying elements of other colour expressions in languages with established, such as basic, colour terms. However, lightness words can also appear independently. This study focusses on the Finnish lightness words <i>tumma</i> ‘dark’ and <i>vaalea</i> ‘light’ as independently occurring colour words. The analysis was conducted as a qualitative corpus analysis within the frameworks of cognitive semantics. The meanings of the words <i>tumma</i> and <i>vaalea</i> were analysed in different usage situations, and the results reveal that, depending on the context, lightness of colour is conceptualised in different ways in the use of these words, and that, in the use of <i>tumma</i> and <i>vaalea,</i> the whole concept of colour, not only lightness, can be conceptualised. 10 01 JB code z.244.10tei 187 203 17 Chapter 11 1 A01 Paula Teixeira Moláns Teixeira Moláns, Paula Paula Teixeira Moláns University of Glasgow 20 colour semantics 20 diglossia 20 Galician 20 orange category 01 Important differences in the categorisation and labelling of <sc>orange</sc> were found in data collected in 2021 from two generations of Galician speakers. Young adults strongly agreed on <sc>orange</sc> being an independent category labelled <i>laranxa</i> (‘orange’) or its Spanish cognate <i>naranja</i>. Elderly participants had much lower consensus rates. Some shared the semantic extension and the label(s) of their young counterparts while others used the label <i>color butano</i> (‘butane gas bottle-coloured’) for highly saturated orange samples alone. Half of them, however, used categories such as <sc>red</sc>+<sc>orange</sc> (labelled <i>encarnado, roxo</i> or the Spanish cognate <i>rojo)</i>, <sc>yellow+orange</sc> (<i>amarelo, marelo</i> or the Spanish cognate <i>amarillo</i>) and <sc>pink+orange</sc> (<i>rosa</i>). These contrasts suggest two stages of linguistic assimilation towards Spanish and illustrate the increasing linguistic pressure that Galician faces in a diglossic context. 10 01 JB code z.244.11sta 204 221 18 Chapter 12 1 A01 Danuta Stanulewicz Stanulewicz, Danuta Danuta Stanulewicz University of Gdańsk 2 A01 Ewa Komorowska Komorowska, Ewa Ewa Komorowska University of Szczecin 20 associations 20 beige 20 connotations 20 Polish 20 prototypical references 20 survey study 01 The aim of this paper is to investigate how the noun <i>beż</i> and adjective <i>beżowy</i> ‘beige’, borrowed from French, are understood by Polish speakers. In a survey study, 100 participants (50 women and 50 men) were asked to write down their own definitions of beige as well as to provide associations and names of objects (both natural and artificial) and phenomena which are typically beige. The results of the survey indicate that Polish speakers perceive this colour as a mixture of brown and white, and they point to sand and white coffee as possible candidates for prototypical references of the adjective <i>beżowy</i>. 10 01 JB code z.244.index 223 226 4 Index 13 02 JBENJAMINS John Benjamins Publishing Company 01 John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam/Philadelphia NL 04 20260220 2026 John Benjamins B.V. 02 WORLD 08 565 gr 01 JB 1 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 +31 20 6739773 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 https://benjamins.com 01 WORLD US CA MX 20 42 24 01 02 JB 1 00 125.00 EUR R 02 02 JB 1 00 132.50 EUR R 01 JB 10 John Benjamins Publishing Company +31 20 6304747 bookorder@benjamins.nl 01 GB 20 24 02 02 JB 1 00 105.00 GBP Z 01 JB 2 Casemate Academic 610-853-9131 610-853-9143 Girard.Kratz@casematepublishers.com 01 https://benjamins.com 02 US CA MX 20 24 01 gen 02 JB 1 00 163.00 USD