Two millennia of language policies in China: Retrospect and prospect

Jie Zeng & Yanling Zhao
Chengdu Normal University
Abstract

This scholarly investigation delves into the metamorphosis of China’s language policies across three distinct epochs spanning over two millennia, tracing from ancient China to contemporary times. Employing a sociolinguistic lens, the analysis elucidates the historical trajectories of these policies, accentuating their theoretical and pragmatic implications, particularly in the realms of linguistic strategies for ethnic minorities and the overarching national language. The derived conclusions highlight a nuanced amalgamation of subjectivity and diversity within these policies, encompassing both the elevation of Mandarin and the preservation of minority languages. By deciphering historical patterns, this study aspires to furnish insights that could inform prospective orientations in China’s linguistic policy formulation, set against the evolving backdrop of global interconnectedness, the Belt and Road Initiative, and the nation’s overarching developmental objectives.

Keywords:
Publication history

Date received: 27 June 2023

Date accepted: 15 November 2023

Published online: 15 February 2024

Table of contents

Language is not only a means of communication but also a reflection of a country’s culture, ideals, and social environment. China’s language policy has undergone significant transformations throughout its history, reflecting shifting priorities and political ideologies. The evolution of language policy in the country can be categorized into three stages, adapted from Zhou’s (2019) framework of China’s language policy research. These stages are ancient China (1600 BC–1840 AD), modern China (1840–1949), and new China (1949-present). The new China period can be further divided into three sub-stages: (a) the establishment of the “subjectivity with diversity” language policy (1949–1979), (b) language normalization and standardization (1979–2000), and (c) the promulgation and implementation of the law on common spoken and written languages (2000-present).

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