Generative artificial intelligence and foreign language learning: L2 teachers’ perceptions of utility and ethics

Matt Kessler, Jihye Kim, Melike Akay & Tania Ferronato
University of South Florida | University of Mississippi

Prior studies exploring teachers’ perceptions of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools such as ChatGPT, Copilot, and Gemini have signaled tensions between instructors’ perceptions of GenAI’s usefulness and their beliefs regarding its ethicality. The current study furthers this line of inquiry, examining issues of ethics and utility by focusing specifically on teachers of languages other than English. Using a sequential mixed-methods design, this study employed a survey to understand language instructors’ (N = 101) perceptions of the ethicality of GenAI tool use in higher education, along with their perceptions of the usefulness of GenAI for supporting second language (L2) learning. Semi-structured interviews were then conducted with six teachers to further understand participants’ survey responses, with some teachers sharing additional artifacts (e.g., course policies regarding GenAI). The findings suggest that most teachers (92.1%) believe GenAI tools are ethical if used for specific purposes. There also appears to be a connection between teachers’ ethical beliefs and their perceptions of GenAI’s utility, in terms of whether GenAI is used by students as a scaffold/support mechanism versus being used to produce content. The implications of this study provide a roadmap for developing discipline-specific guidelines that preserve L2 learning integrity while leveraging GenAI’s utility.

Publication history
Table of contents

In recent years, applied linguists have examined the potential impacts of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) tools — tools built on large language models which are designed to rapidly produce human-like text and discourse. Within this arena, researchers have investigated a number of topics, such as students’ willingness to engage with GenAI tools (e.g., Kohnke, 2024; Ma, 2025), teachers’ adoption of GenAI in the language classroom (e.g., Law, 2024; Van de Poel & Gasiorek, 2024), and more broadly, the extent to which teachers and researchers can reliably distinguish AI- from human-produced texts (e.g., Casal & Kessler, 2023; Goulart et al., 2024). Since GenAI tools have the capacity to radically alter the teaching and learning of second or additional languages (L2s), a growing number of studies have also begun to focus on language teachers’ perceptions of these tools (e.g., Gao et al., 2024; Moorhouse et al., 2024; Moorhouse & Kohnke, 2024). In particular, many studies involving teachers’ perceptions have explored teachers’ beliefs of GenAI’s utility and the extent to which teachers believe GenAI can be integrated into the classroom. However, it is important to note that most research has focused on English as the target language (e.g., Alharbi, 2024; Dakakni & Safa, 2023; Gao et al., 2024), and little is known about the beliefs of instructors who teach languages other than English. Additionally, the findings of prior studies have pointed to potential tensions between teachers’ perceptions of GenAI’s utility and issues involving teachers’ concerns of the ethics of using such tools. Given the diverse nature of applied linguistics and the increasingly dynamic capabilities of GenAI tools themselves, it is vital to further investigate how teachers of a variety of languages perceive these tools, both in terms of utility and ethicality. Such findings are likely to have important implications for L2 teaching, learning, and educational policy.

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