D. studies the aspect of argumentative force via the influence of realizing and de-realizing modifiers on the modified 'predicates'. The notion of de-realizing modifier is then used to define the distinction between attenuating morphemes (such as UN PEU) and inverting morphemes (such as PEU), to describe restriction (marked, for instance, by NE ...QUE), and to study the argumentative function of various time indications.