This book on translation proposes a 'textual' perspective, making the text the primary object of research, which has the potential to act as a unifying concept to the multiple understandings presented in the large number of competing translation models. In keeping with its unifying aim, this study also tries to combine translation process and product. Section I deals with translation, text and translation studies; Section II covers the process of translation; Section III describes in detail what is meant by 'translation as text'; and section IV discusses translation evolution.