H. defines the domain of a theory of communicative competence: it has to explain the type of achievements that a speaker intends to obtain by means of 'pragmatic universals' when transforming a sentence into an utterance. Amongst other things, H. proposes four universal classes of speech acts: 'kommunikativa' (including say, utter, speak, ask, answer, agree, quote, etc.), 'konstativa' (e.g. state, describe, inform, tell, remark, etc.), 'repräsentativa' (e.g. reveal, delude, etc.), and 'regulativa' (e.g. order, request, promise, excuse, advise, warn, etc.). An additional class of 'institutional' speech acts (e.g. greet, congratulate, thank, marry, baptize, etc.) is said not to belong to the pragmatic universals.