O. argues that a number of cross-cultural similarities on a phonetic level (having to do with intonation, sound symbolism, etc.) arise due to an innately specified 'frequency code' which associates high acoustic frequency with the primary meaning of 'small vocalizer' and thus secondary meanings such as 'subordinate, submissive etc.' and associates low acoustic frequencey with the primary meaning of 'large vocalizer' and secondary meanings such as 'dominant, aggressive, threatening, etc.'.