This concluding contribution highlights the principal insights contained in the research case studies reported upon in this volume. It critiques some of the approaches and assumptions, and addresses some remaining challenges and key questions. The papers derive from the New Speaker COST Network which holds three research-related aims. It seeks to coordinate a cross-case analysis of new speaker profiles within and across three multilingual strands and to identify common themes and theoretical frameworks across this disciplinary spectrum. Secondly it seeks to develop a set of research questions and a basic work plan for a dynamic international research project. Thirdly it seeks to develop a typology of new speaker profiles in the context of a multilingual Europe.