An analysis of Jakobson's linguistic theory through the notion of opposition. The phonologic foundations of this theory define an epistemology characterized by a binary logic and a realistic conception of structures. They equally draw a symmetric, homogene and relatively closed communication model. The works devoted to domains as neurolinguistics and poetry however reveal contradictory configurations. The big polarities of linguistic structuralism in the end appear as necessary components of relatively non-contradictory or relatively contradictory configurations.