In summary, the following points can be made: First, thinkers who have been hostile to the use of metaphors have themselves had difficulty doing without figures of speech, even in the process of denigrating them. Second, behaviorism, a school of thought commonly associated with the antimetaphorical positivist tradition, has often relied on metaphorical formulations, both in its prehistory and in its early history. Third, each of the major neobehaviorists discussed here has made extensive use of metaphors. Fourth, each of these thinkers has used metaphors not merely as rhetorical devices, but in systematic ways that reveal a pattern of deep-seated commitments amounting to the formulation of a world view. And, fifth, each of these neobehaviorists began his career with serious interests in epistemology and eventually extended his coherent metaphor system to the roots of human epistemology as well as to cases of animal "knowing." Thus, each of their metaphor systems can be said to be coherent both in the sense of stemming from a cohesive metaphysical world view and in the sense of being applied consistently to a wide range of intelligent organismic functioning. (Laurence Smith, p. 240)