Table of Contents: Acknowledgments Prologue I The Problem 1 Characterizing Metaphor 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Some Examples of Metaphors 1.3 Characteristics of Linguistic Metaphors 1.4 Degrees of Metaphoric Content: The Conventional vs. the Metaphorical 1.5 Metaphors in Non-Linguistic Domains 1.6 Metaphors, Similes, Analogies and Models 1.6.1 Metaphors and Similes 1.6.2 Metaphors and Analogies 1.6.3 Metaphors and Models 1.7 Conclusions 2 Enter Similarity-Creating Metaphors 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Some Examples of Similarity-Creating Metaphors 2.3 Psychological Studies of the Creation of Similarity 2.4 Creation of Similarity in Metaphor-Related Phenomena 2.4.1 Simile 2.4.2 Analogy 2.4.3 Models 2.5 Similarities and Creative problem Solving 2.5.1 Similarities Before and After the Metaphor 2.5.2 Similarities After but Not Before the Metaphor 2.5.3 Similarities Before but not After the Metaphor 2.6 Conclusions: The Problem of Similarity-Creating Metaphors 3 Approaches to Similarity-Creating Metaphors 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Max Black 3.3 Paul Ricoeur 3.4 Carl Hausman 3.5 Wheelwright - Mac Cormac 3.6 The Lakoffian Approach 3.7 My Earlier Approach 3.8 Kittay's Perspectival Theory 3.9 Conclusions 4 Cognition as Interaction 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Empirical Support for the Interaction View of Cognition 4.2.1 Concepts are More than Aggregates of Sense Data 4.2.2 Concepts can Organize the World Differently 4.2.3 Concepts Cannot Organize the World Arbitrarily 4.2.4 'Universals' and the Physiological Basis of Cognition 4.2.5 Summary 4.3 From Kant to Goodman: Worldmaking 4.4 Piaget's Constructivism 4.5 Lakoff-Johnson: The Bodily Basis of Cognition 4.6 Conclusions II A Theory 5.1 Introduction 5.2 An Example 5.3 Concept Networks 5.4 Environments and Sensorimotor Data Sets 5.5 Cognitive Relations and Coherency 5.6 Accommodation and Projection 5.7 Cognitive Models 5.7.1 Groupings on the Environment 5.7.2 Accommodation and Projection: Another Perspective 5.7.3 Representation and Description 5.7.4 Some Other Miscellaneous Notions 5.8 Layered Cognitive System and Multiple "Worlds" 5.9 Summary 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Classes and Groupings 6.3 Relations and Induced Groupings 6.3.1 Preliminary Definition 6.3.2 Difunctional Relations 6.3.3 Relations Within a Class 6.4 Functions and Operators 6.4.1 Functions 6.4.2 Operators 6.5 Algebras and Structures 6.5.1 Algebras 6.5.2 Descriptions and Structures 6.5.3 Closures and Generating Classes 6.5.4 Closure Over Operators 6.5.5 Computability of Operators 6.6 Subalgebras and Finite Generativity 6.7 Groupings on Algebras: Algebras of Classes 6.8 Relations Between Algebras: Correspondences 6.8.1 Products of Algebras and Correspondences 6.8.2 Groupings Induced by Correspondences 6.8.3 Difunctional Correspondences 6.9 Cognitive Models 6.9.1 Basic Definition 6.9.2 Local Coherency and Coherency 6.9.3 Some Characteristics of Cognitive Models 6.10 Cognitive Models Over an Environment 6.11 Projective and Accommodating Models 6.12 Finite Representability and Coherency 7 An Interaction Theory of Metaphor 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Metaphor as Projection 7.3 Nomenclature Associated with Metaphor 7.4 Modes of Metaphor 7.4.1 Similarity-Based (Comparative) Metaphors 7.4.2 Similarity-Creating (Projective) Metaphors 7.5 Summary III The Implications 8 Some Metaphor-Related Issues 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Thesis 'All Knowledge is Metaphorical' 8.2.1 Version 1: All Knowledge is Projective 8.2.2 Version 2: All Thought is Comparative 8.2.3 Version 3: All Conventional Meanings Arise By Way of Metaphor 8.2.4 Lakoff-Mac Cormac Debate 8.3 Metaphor and Correctness 8.3.1 Correctness, Truth and Coherency 8.3.2 Understanding vs. Correctness 8.3.3 Conventional and Metaphorical Correctness 8.4 Aptness (Quality) of Metaphor 9 On Predictive Analogy and Induction 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Predictive Analogy and Metaphor 9.3 The Search for Logical Justification of Predictive Analogy 9.3.1 Predictive Analogy as an Inductive Process 9.3.2 Predictive Analogy as a First Order Generalization 9.3.3 Predictive Analogy as Second Order Generalization 9.4 The Search for Empirical Justification of Predictive Analogy 9.4.1 Evidence from Classroom Experiments 9.4.2 Evidence from Real-World Problem-Solving Activities 9.5 The 'Dark Side' of Predictive Analogy 9.6 Predictive Analogy and Cognition 9.7 The Problem of Induction 9.8 The Sampling Principle, Randomness, and the Generalized Grue Paradox 9.9 The 'Dark Side 'of Induction 9.10 Induction in Cognition 10 On Computational Approaches to Metaphor and Analogy 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Computational Approaches to Linguistic Metaphors 10.3 Computational Approaches to Predictive Analogy 10.4 A Computational Model of Creative Analogies: Douglas Hofstadter 10.4.1 An Aside: Context-Sensitivity of Descriptions in Evans' Approach 10.4.2 Resumption: Hofstadter and Mitchell's Copycat 10.5 Projective (Similarity-Creating) Metaphor in Artificial Intelligence 10.5.1 Projection as 'Top-Down' Grouping 10.5.2 Novel vs. Conventional Projection 10.5.3 The Creation of Similarity 10.6 Modeling Metaphor as Change of Representation 10.7 Conclusions