Shen describes the relation of metaphor to several other poetic figures, notably, simile, zeugma, and synaeshetic metaphors. In his chapter ("Metaphor ind Poetic Figures") he aims to answer the difficult question "How can many novel figurative expressions whose meanings are difficult to describe often be so easy to understand?" Shen argues that the "cognitive directionality" principle (i.e., metaphorical source domains tend to represent conceptually more accessible, concrete, and salient concepts than do target domains) accounts for various empirical findings on the distribution and comprehension of poetic figures. This work complements research on conceptual metaphor theory and experimental psycholinguistic studies of figurative language by demonstrating how the meanings and systematicity of many novel poetic figures arise from the interaction of different linguistic conventions and fundamental cognitive principles. (Raymond Gibbs)