The understanding of translation problems can greatly benefit from the diverse perceptions of the aims and challenges of translation in different cultures. The most influential discussions on translation theory and practice begin with a reconstruction of translation culture since its origin. In this chapter, the author discusses the evolution of translation culture, he highlights the impact of machine translation, has a look at multidisciplinarity, and discusses European multilingualism and its new challenges. He looks at language policy and translation services within the European context. Tosi also considers the translator as a mediator and talks about language standardisation and national attitudes. Finally, the author enters into the subject of good communication.