The author posits that translation cannot exist without interacting with its environment. It is closely related to human development, social progress, and translation research. In the global ecological environment, translation needs not only a social but also a biological foundation. The development of translation cannot be separated from the ecological environment which is a multi-dimensional system existing in time and space. This system regulates the emergence, existence, and development of translation. The study analyses the ecological environment, the social environment and environment regulating translation as external factors, and the individual translator's physical health and psyche as internal factors. It treats the phenomena, features and laws of various translation levels and genres from an ecological perspective: the author starts with the ecological structure of translation and analyses the ecological function, principle, evolution, evaluation, development, and laws of translation. In this study, the author strives to establish and perfect a new branch of Translation Studies, namely Translation Ecology.