In Translation Studies, there has been a significant increase in the range of methodologies used to examine the cognitive processes underlying translation and interpreting and determine how and where these processes are represented in the brain. Some recent data gathering tools, such as eye-tracking and keyboard logging, have by now become well-established in translation process research, but others, especially those yielding direct physiological and neurological data such as neuroimaging techniques, have yet to be widely adopted. The current paper offers a summary review of some findings concerning the neurological and physiological correlates of translation and interpreting from the perspective of recent studies that have employed a diverse array of these new data-gathering techniques to investigate bilingualism, language switching, and translation.