The paper explores the phenomenon of censorship in communist Czechoslovakia from 1948 to 1989 in relation to translations and translation theory. Following a brief overview of the major historical events in the given period, translations from English, French, German, Russian, Spanish and Portuguese into Czech are considered. Finally, the paper also deals with the issue of censorship as it was accounted for by the Czechoslovak translation theoreticians, Jiří Levý and Anton Popovič.