The presence of the Augustinians in America can be traced in Mexico by the year 1533 and was fundamental for the expansion of the Order through the Continent, as well as in Asia, the Pacific and certain regions in Africa. In order to achieve their most important objective, that is to evangelize indigenous populations and to promote the ‘Church of the poor’, before starting their missionary labor, they had first to overcome the linguistic obstacles. This explains why translation and the elaboration of grammars and dictionaries played such a decisive role in their activities. The Augustinians carried out an impressive number of such works not only in many different Amerindian languages, but also in Spanish. Although this material is not always easy to locate, it can be consulted by means of catalogues and libraries, such as the PP. Agustinos Filipinos de Valladolid library and also through the catalogue designed by the University of Valladolid research Project Catalogación y estudio de las traducciones de los agustinos españoles, http://www.traduccion-monacal.uva.es/index.asp). The context of evangelization, their approach to translation, lexicography and grammar, the solutions they offered to answer linguistic and metalinguistic problems are essential topics in this field and provide crucial insights for the history and theory of translation.