When the name of Luther is quoted in relation to translation, everyone thinks of his plea for liberty with respect to the original, and of respect for the idiomatic character of the target language. Luther would not be very original in the history of translational thought if his contribution were limited to this idea that has been rehashed all over again since Cicero. Why offer a new French translation of the Sendbrief vom Dolmetschen? Things are more complicated than that, and the reflection of Luther the translator is rooted in his religious convictions. This volume aims to shed some light on the bonds between Luther and theology, ‘defence and translation’ of the German language and translation theory.