In recent decades cognitive translation studies has engaged more deeply with the cognitive sciences, integrating the study of mental processes into its understanding of the translation task. The information processing paradigm has been a mainstay of the conceptual framework of the cognitive sciences and has also been wholeheartedly adopted by cognitive translation scholars. However, up till now researchers only focused on investigating two of the three “levels” of cognitive information processing: the computational (task) level and the algorithmic/representational (mental processing) level. They are just beginning to study the implementation level where mental processing during the translation task engages with neural structures and arrays. This chapter investigates some important issues in cognitive translation studies from the perspective of the information processing paradigm and the “implementation” level where translation is enacted in neuronal arrays. It also emphasizes new research directions and points out the potential problems and opportunities of collaboration between translation science and cognitive neuroscience.