Translation process research is an active interdisciplinary research area within translation studies attracting translation scholars, computer scientists and the machine learning community alike. Novel data acquisition methods have been developed in recent years leading to large sets of translation process data that is analysed qualitatively as well as quantitatively. What has been anticipated already decades ago, today, computational linguistics methods are instrumental for translation process research and translation studies to enhance machine translation technologies by analysing real human behaviour. Empirical translation process research thus becomes more formalized and interconnected with computational linguistics methods and may potentially give answers to questions raised long time ago. In this chapter the authors trace the development of computational linguistics and translation process research from this angle and point to developments that they think will further drive this vibrant field of research.