Lefevere took up the seminal work of Even-Zohar and Toury and redefined their concepts of literary system and norm. He treats translation, criticism, editing, and history as forms of “refraction” or “rewriting”. Refractions transfer literary works from one system into another and are determined by such factors as patronage, poetics, and ideology. This interpretive framework gives a new legitimacy to the study of literary translations by illuminating their creation of canons and traditions in the receiving culture. Lefevre argues that Romantic notions of authorial originality have marginalized translation studies, especially in the English-speaking world. And so he approaches the translated text with the sort of analytical sophistication that is usually reserved for original compositions.