This publication discusses the increasing use of non-discriminatory language in current English. Particularly in the realm of person reference, ways to include women and men equally have evolved. It argues that in principle, German has been undergoing the same development but for structural reasons, English has adopted additional tactics to express gender-inclusiveness. The resulting complexity is an ample object of inquiry by linguists, and it introduces new questions for translation theorists and practitioners. The present book examines this subject in both theory and application. Part I lays the theoretical foundation, including topics pertaining to linguistic reference, meaning, word-formation, pronominalization and translation. These elements are brought together to provide a detailed description of person reference in English and German. The first part also provides the basis for a methodology to analyse source and target language texts in terms of human reference. In Part II, this analytical tool is used to compare six English texts with their German translations and the strategies of translators encountering gender-inclusiveness are made explicit.