Theatre surtitling has evolved from subtitling to create a new and independent audiovisual translation (AVT) modality. From its inception in opera houses, it has developed its own features and translation techniques. It is a modality that relies highly on technique, offering a vast range of artistic possibilities, that theatre companies are already using, which adds complexity to the whole translation process. This chapter retraces the origins of theatre surtitling, comparing it to its two closest translation modalities, and presents its main specificities, advocating for the role of a single person, the surtitler, as the professional in charge of linking the technical, translation and artistic aspects to deliver an accurate translation. The chapter concludes on a prospective outlook, taking into account the technical advances that might, yet again, influence this modality.