Public service interpreting (PSI) is one of the first forms of intercultural communication in history. However, it was not until the second half of the twentieth century that PSI became the subject of research and started to develop as an academic discipline within Translation and Interpreting Studies (TIS). This chapter explores some of the controversies and critical issues that have dominated the field on its path toward professionalisation. It will include reflections on critical issues related to the role of institutions, codes and norms and the recognition of PSI as a profession.