The role of children’s literature in Portugal has been subject to various studies and investigations, with significant contributions from very diverse areas. This paper intends to describe its history, namely the most important Portuguese authors. Next, it is discussed the translation process for this type of literature, especially in children’s didactic books, and mainly on what concerns the original’s adequacy to the cultural reality of the target language. Numerous examples from English texts and Portuguese translations serve the purpose of explaining concepts but also of contextualizing ideas, presenting practical solutions that can lead to new paths of investigation.