Language allows us to express and communicate our thoughts to others. Using language to communicate these thoughts relies on our abilities to both produce and to comprehend language. That is, without someone who can comprehend language (the ‘listener’), someone producing an utterance (the ‘speaker’) won’t be able to communicate thoughts via that utterance. Luckily, each one of us is both a speaker and a listener. Both the dependency between production and comprehension for communication and the fact that we all have both abilities, leads to a central question in language research: how are the two processes related? In other words, is going from thought to language and from language to thought, accomplished by a single system working in two directions, or by two separate systems? Most of the research on this question comes from the domain of psycholinguistics, primarily because of the focus on intermediate mental representations and processes.
References
Allport, D.A.
1984Speech production and comprehension: One lexicon or two? In W. Prinz & A.F. Sanders (eds.) Cognition and motor processes: 209–228. Springer.
Arbib, M.A., D. Caplan & J.C. Marshall
(eds.) Neural Models of Language ProcessesAcademic Press
Baars, B.J. & M.T. Motley & D.G. Mackay
1975Output editing for lexical status in artificially elicited slips of the tongue. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 14: 382–391.
Badecker, W. & M. Miozzo & R. Zanuttini
1995The two-stage model of lexical retrieval: Evidence from a case of anomia with selective preservation of grammatical gender. Cognition 57: 193–216.
Balota, D.A.
1990The role of meaning in word recognition. In D. A. Balota, G. B. Flores D’arcais & K. Rayner (eds.) Comprehension processes in reading. Erlbaum: 9–32.
Becker, C.A.
1976Allocation of attention during visual word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 5: 252–259.
Benedict, H.
1979Early lexical development: Comprehension and production. Journal of Child Language 6: 183–200.
Besner, D. & R.S. Mccann
1987Word frequency and pattern distortion in visual word identification and production: An examination of four classes of models. In M. Coltheart (ed.): 201–219.
Bock, J.K. & R. K. Warren
1985Conceptual accessibility and syntactic structure in sentence formulation. Cognition 21: 47–67.
Bock, J.K.
1986Meaning, sound, and syntax: Lexical priming in sentence production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 12: 575–586.
Bock, J.K.
1987aAn effect of the accessibility of word forms on sentence structures. Journal of Memory and Language 26: 119–137.
Bock, J.K.
1987bCoordinating words and syntax in speech plans. In A. Ellis (ed.) Progress in the psychology of language: 337–390. Erlbaum.
Bock, K. & W. Levelt
1994Language production: Grammatical encoding. In M. Gernsbacher (ed.) Handbook of psycholinguistics: 945–984. Academic Press.
Bock, K. & H. Loebell
1990Framing sentences. Cognition 35: 1–39.
Bock, J.K., H. Loebell & R. Morey
1992From conceptual roles to structural relations: Bridging the syntactic cleft. Psychological Review 99: 150–171.
Branigan, H.P., M.J. PickeringS.P. Liversedge, A.J. Stewart & T.P. Urbach
1995Syntactic priming: Investigating the mental representation of language. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 24: 489–506.
Brown, P.M. & G.S. Dell
1987Adapting production to comprehension: The explicit mention of instruments. Cognitive Psychology 19: 441–472.
Caramazza, A.
1991Issues in reading, writing, and speaking. A neuropsychological perspective. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Clark, H.H.
1996Using Language. Cambridge University Press.
ClarkHaviland
1977Comprehension and the given-new contract. In R.O. Freedle (ed.) Discourse production and comprehension: 1–40. Erlbaum.
Clark, H.H. & C.R. Marshall
1981Definite reference and mutual knowledge. In A. K. Joshi, B. L. Webber & I.A. Sag (eds.) Elements of discourse understanding: 10–63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clark, H.H. & G.L. Murphy
1982Audience design in meaning and reference. In J.F. Leny & W. Kintsch (eds.) Language and comprehension. North-Holland.
Clark, H. H. & R. Schreuder & S. Buttrick
1983Common ground and the understanding of demonstrative reference. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 22: 1–39.
Coltheart, M.
1978Lexical access in simple reading tasks. In G. Underwood (ed.) Strategies of information processing: 151–216. Academic Press.
Coltheart, M.
(ed.) Attention and performance XII. The psychology of readingErlbaum
Cutting, J.C.
1997The production and comprehension lexicons: What’s shared and what’s not. Paper presented at the 69th Annual Meeting of the Midwestern Psychological Association, Chicago.
Cutting, J.C. & V.S. Ferreira
1999Overlapping semantic and phonological processing in spoken word production. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 25: 318–344.
Dell, G.S.
1986A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production. Psychological Review 93: 283–321.
Dell, G.S.
1988The retrieval of phonological forms in production: Tests of predictions from a connectionist model. Journal of Memory and Language 27: 124–142.
Dell, G.S. & P.M. Brown
1991Mechanisms for listener-adaptation in language production: Limiting the role of the “model of the listener”. In D.J. Napoli & J.A. Kegl (eds.) Bridges between psychology and linguistics: 105–129. Erlbaum.
Dell, G.S. & P.G. O’seaghdha
1991Mediated and convergent lexical priming in language production: A comment on Levelt et al. 1991. Psychological Review 98: 604–614.
Dell, G.S. & Reich
1981Stages in sentence production: An analysis of speech error data. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 20: 611–629.
Ferrand, L. & J. Grainger & J. Segui
1994A study of masked form priming in picture and word naming. Memory & Cognition 22: 431–441.
Ferreira, V.S.
1996Is it better to give than to donate? Syntactic flexibility in language production. Journal of Memory & Language 35: 724–755.
Folk, J.R. & R.K. Morris
1995Multiple lexical codes in reading: Evidence from eye movements, naming time, and oral reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition 21: 1412–1429.
Forster
1976Accessing the mental lexicon. In R.J. Wales & E.W. Walker (eds.) New approaches to language mechanisms: 257–287. North-Holland.
Fox Tree, J.E.
1995The effects of false starts and repetitions on the processing of subsequent words in spontaneous speech. Journal of Memory and Language 34: 709–738.
Fox Tree, J.E. & H.H. Clark
1997Pronouncing “the” as /thiy/ to signal trouble in spontaneous conversation. Cognition 62: 151–167.
Fraser, C.J., U. Bellugi & R. Brown
1963Control of grammar in imitation, comprehension and production. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 2: 121–135.
Frazier, L.
1982Shared components of production and perception. In M.A. Arbibet al. (eds.): 225–236.
Frazier, L., L. Taft, C. Clifton, T. Roeper & K. Ehrlich
1984Parallel structure: A source of facilitation in sentence comprehension. Memory & Cognition 12: 421–430.
Fromkin, V.A.
1973Speech errors as linguistic evidence. Mouton.
Funnell, E. & A. Allport
1987Non-linguistic cognition and word meanings: Neuropsychological exploration of common mechanisms. In A. Allport, D.G. Mackay, W. Prinz & E. Scheerer (eds.), Language perception and production: 367–400. Academic Press. BoP
Garrett, M.F.
1980Levels of processing in sentence production. In Butterworth (ed.) Language production: Vol. 1: 177–220. Academic Press.
Garrett, M.F.
1982aRemarks on the relation between language production and language comprehension systems. In M.A. Arbibet al. (eds.): 209–224.
Garrett, M.F.
1982bA perspective on research in language production. In J. Mehler, E.C.T. Walker & M.F. Garrett (eds.) Perspectives on Mental Representation: 185–199. Erlbaum.
Garrett, M.F.
1988Processes in language production. In F.J. Newmeyer (ed.) Linguistics: The Cambridge survey III: 69–96. Cambridge University Press.
Gipson, P.
1986The production of phonology and auditory priming. British Journal of Psychology 77: 359–375.
Grainger, J. & L. Ferrand
1994Phonology and orthography in visual word recognition: Effects of masked homophone primes. Journal of Memory and Language 33: 218–233.
Horton, W.S. & B. Keysar
1996When do speakers take into account common ground?Cognition 59: 91–117. BoP
Keenan, E.L. & B. Comrie
1977Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar. Linguistic Inquiry 8: 63–99.
Kempen, G. & P. Huijbers
1983The lexicalization process in sentence production and naming: Indirect election of words. Cognition 14: 41–104. BoP
Keysar, B.
1994The illusory transparency of intention: Linguistic perspective taking in text. Cognitive Psychology 26: 165–208. MetBib
Lashley, K.S.
1951The problem of serial order in behaviour. In L.A. Jeffress (ed.) Cerebral mechanisms in behaviour: 112–136. Wiley.
Levelt, W.J.M.
1983Monitoring and self-repair in speech. Cognition 14: 41–104.
Levelt, W.J.M.
1989Speaking: From intention to articulation. MIT Press.
Levelt, W.J.M. & S. Kelter
1982Surface form and memory in question answering. Cognitive Psychology 14: 78–106. BoP
Levelt, W.J.M., H. Schriefers, D. Vorberg, A.S. Meyer, T. Pechmann & J. Havinga
1991The time course of lexical access in speech production: A study of picture naming. Psychological Review 98: 122–142.
1987The organization of perception and action: A theory for language and other cognitive skills. Springer.
Mattson, M.E. & B.J. Baars
1992Error-minimizing mechanisms. In B.J. Baars (ed.) Experimental slips and human error: Exploring the architecture of volition: 263–287. Plenum Press.
Meyer, A.S. & H. Schriefers
1991Phonological facilitation in picture-word interference experiments: Effects of stimulus onset asynchrony and types of interfering stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 17: 1146–1160.
Monsell, S.
1987On the relation between lexical input and output pathways for speech. In A. Allport, D.G. Mackay, W. Prinz, W. Prinz & E. Scheerer (eds.) Language perception and production: Relationships between listening, speaking, reading, and writing: 273–312. Academic Press.
Motley, M.T., C.T. Camden & B.J. Baars
1981Toward verifying the assumptions of laboratory-induced slips of the tongue: The output-error and editing issues. Human Communication Research 8: 3–15.
Nooteboom, S.G.
1980Speaking and unspeaking: Detection and correction of phonological and lexical errors in spontaneous speech. In V.A. Fromkin (ed.) Errors in linguistic performance. Academic Press.
Patterson, K.E. & V. Coltheart
1987Phonological processes in reading: A tutorial review. In M. Coltheart (ed.): 421–447.
Peterson, R.R. & P. Savoy
1998Lexical selection and phonological encoding during language production: Evidence for cascaded processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition 24: 539–557.
Roelofs, A.
1992A spreading activation theory of lemma retrieval in speaking. Cognition 42: 107–142.
Schreuder, R., M. Grendel, N. Poulisse, A. Roelofs & M. Van De Voort
1990Lexical processing, morphological complexity and reading. In D.A. Balotaet al. (eds.): 125–142.
Schriefers, H., A.S. Meyer & W. Levelt
1990Exploring the time course of lexical access in language production: Picture-word interference studies. Journal of Memory and Language 29: 86–102.
Shallice, T.
1988Specialization within the semantic system. Cognitive Neuropsychology 5: 133–142.
Shallice, T., P. Mcleod & K. Lewis
1985Isolating cognitive modules with the dual-task paradigm: Are speech perception and production separate processes?The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 37A: 507–532.
Starreveld, P.A. & W. La Heij
1996Time-course analysis of semantic and orthographic context effects in picture naming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 22: 896–918.
Stemberger, J.P.
1985An interactive activation model of language production. In A. Ellis (ed.) Progress in the psychology of language: 143–186. Erlbaum.
Stuart, G.P. & D.M. Jones
1996From auditory image to auditory percept: Facilitation through common processes?Memory & Cognition 24: 296–304.
Tanenhaus, M.K., H.P. Flanagan & M.S. Seidenberg
1980Orthographic and phonological activation in auditory and visual word recognition. Memory & Cognition 11: 103–107.
Underwood, G.
1976Semantic interference from unattended printed words. British Journal of Psychology 67: 327–338.
Underwood, G., R.S. Parry & L. Bull
1978Simple reading tasks are affected by unattended context. In M. Gruneberg, P.E. Morris & R.N. Sykes (eds.) Practical Aspects of Memory: 515–522Academic Press.
1987A ROWS is a ROSE: Spelling, sound and reading. Memory and Cognition 15: 181–198.
Van Orden, G.C., J.C. Johnston & B.L. Hale
1988Word identification in reading proceeds from spelling to sound to meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 14: 371–386.
Van Wijk, C. & G. Kempen
1987A dual system for producing self-repairs in spontaneous speech: Evidence from experimentally elicited corrections. Cognitive Psychology 19: 403–440.
Vigliocco, G., T. Antonini & M.F. Garrett
1997Grammatical gender is on the tip of Italian tongues. Psychological Science 8: 314–317.
Zwitserlood, P.
1994Access to phonological-form representations in language comprehension and production. In C. Clifton & L. Frazier (eds.) Perspectives on sentence processing: 83–106. Erlbaum.