Contrastive studies, as a method of linguistic analysis, have a long tradition dating back at least to the end of the nineteenth century, with three important landmarks: the 1920s and the 1930s in American structuralism, the Chomskyan revolution in the 1960s with the emergence of generative grammar, and the ‘post-revolutionary’ emphasis on theoretical contrastive projects which subsequently began to appear all over Europe. The latest landmark, dating back to the 1970s, is constituted by the transfer from an emphasis on grammatical competence to communicative competence as an element of sociocultural competence. Sociocultural competence incorporates grammatical as well as pragmatic issues (see Sajavaara 1981).
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