Creole languages are languages of which we know more or less precisely when they emerged. Contrary to other languages, which tend to arise through a very gradual process of dialect differentiation in an uninterrupted linguistic tradition, creoles result from interruptions in the ordinary transmission of language from generation to generation. When we say that the moment of emergence is known, we are talking about a fifty year period. Sranan, for instance, the creole of coastal Surinam, emerged between 1650 and 1700.
References
Andersen, R. W.
1999Temporal frames in spoken Papiamentu discourse. In J. Rickford & S. Romaine (eds.): 353–371.
Arends, J.
1989Syntactic developments in Sranan. PhD. dissertation University of Nijmegen.
Arends, J.
1995The Early Stages of Creolization. John Benjamins.
Arends, J.P. Muysken & N. Smith
1995Pidgins and Creoles. An introduction. Benjamins.
Bickerton, D.
1981The Roots of Language. Karoma.
Bickerton, D.
1986Beyond roots. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 1: 225–232.
Bickerton, D.
1991On the supposed ‘gradualness’ of creole development. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 6: 25–58.
Carden, G. & W. A. Stewart
1988Binding theory binding program, and creolization. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Studies 3: 1–67.
Childs, G. T.
1997The status of Isicamtho an Nguni-based urban variety of Soweto. In A. Spears & D. Winford (eds.) The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles: 341–370. Benjamins.
Corne, C.
1999From French to Creole: The Development of New Vernaculars in the French Colonial World. Westminster Creolistics Series.
Escure, G.
1997Creole and Dialect Continua. Benjamins.
Escure, G.
2005aVariation in pidgins and creoles. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics , 2nd edition. Elsevier Publishers.
Escure, G.
2005bBelize: Language situation. The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics , 2nd edition. Elsevier Publishers.
Escure, G. & A. Schwegler
2005Creoles Contact and Language Change: Linguistic and Social Implications vol. 27. Benjamins.
Faraclas, N.
. et al. 2005Ritualized insults and the African diaspora; Sounding in African American Vernacular English and Wording in Nigerian English. In S. Mühleisen & B. Migge (eds.): 45–72.
Farquharson, J.
2005Faiya-bon. The socio-pragmatics of homophobia in Jamaican (Dancehall) culture. In S. Mühleisen & B. Migge (eds.): 101–18.
Figueroa, E.
2005Rude sounds: Kiss teeth and negotiation of the public sphere. In S. Mühleisen & B. Migge (eds.): 73–99.
Fuentes Guerra, J. & A. Schwegler
2005Lengua y ritos del Palo Monte Mayombe: Dioses cunaos y sus Fuentes africanas. Vervuert Iboamericana.
Givón, T.
1979Prolegomena to any sane creology. !! In Hanckock, I. (eds.) Readings in Creole studies: 3–36. Story-Scientia.
Herzfeld, A. & D. Moskowitz
2004The Limonese calypso as an identity marker. In G. Escure & A. Schwegler (eds.): 259–84.
Holm, J.
1988Pidgins and Creoles (2 vols.). Cambridge University Press.
Huber, M.
1999Ghanaian Pidgin English in its West African Context. Benjamins.
Labov, W.
1990[1971] On the adequacy of natural languages , The development of tense. In J. V. Singler (ed.) 1 Pidgin and Creole Tense-mood-aspect Systems: 1–58. Benjamins.
Masuda, H.
1999The trinary components in creole discourse: universals substrata, and superstrata. In J. Rickford & S. Romaine (eds.): 373–389.
Masuda, H.
2002Narrative representation theory: a creole-linguistic approach to superstructure. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 17 (1): 1–52.
Migge, B.
2004The speech event Kuutu in the Eastern Maroon community. In G. Escure & A. Schwegler (eds.): 285–306.
Migge, B.
2005Greeting and social change. !! In Mühleisen S. & B. Migge (eds.): 121–144.
Mühleisen, S. & B. Migge
2005Politeness and face in Caribbean creoles. Benjamins.
Mühlhäusler, P.
1986Pidgin and creole linguistics. Blackwell.
Naro, A. J.
1973The origin of West African pidgin. Papers from the 9th regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. 442–449.
Patrick, P. & A. Payne-Jackson
1995Functions of Rasta Talk in a Jamaican Creole healing narrative: ‘A bigfoot den gi’ mi’. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 6 (1): 1–38.
Pollard, V.
1989The particle en in Jamaican Creole: a discourse related account. English World-Wide 10 (1): 55–68.
Rickford, J. & S. Romaine
1999Creole genesis attitudes and discourse,: studies celebrating Charlene J. Sato vol. ,20. Benjamins.
Roberts, S.
2004The role of style and identity in the development of Hawaiian Creole. In G. Escure & A. Schwegler (eds.): 331–50.
Romaine, S.
1988Pidgin and creole languages. Longman.
Sankoff, G.
1980aThe social life of language. University of Pennsylvania Press.
Sankoff, G.
1980bVariability and explanation in language and culture. In G. Sankoff 1980a.: 257–270.
Suzanne, G. & S. Laberge
1980On the acquisition of native speakers by a language. In G. Sankoff 1980a.: 195–210.
Seuren, P. M. & H. Wekker
1986Semantic transparency as a factor in creole genesis. In P. Muysken & N. Smith (eds.) Substrata versus universals in creole genesis: 57–70. Benjamins.
Shields-Brodber, K.
2001Contrapuntal conversations and the performance floor. In P. Christie (ed.) Due respect: essays on English and English-related creoles in the Caribbean in honor of Professor Robert Le Page: 208–218. University of the West Indies.
Singler, J. V.
1999On the marking of temporal sequencing in Vernacular Liberian English. In J. Rickford & S. Romaine (eds.): 337–351.
Smith, G.
2002Growing up with Tok Pisin: Contact Creolization and Change in Papua New Guinea,’s National Language. Battlebridge Publications.
Snow, P.
2005The use of "bad" language as a politeness strategy in a Panamaniana Creole village. !! In Mühleisen S. & B. Migge (eds.): 23–43.
Spears, A.
1993Foregrounding and backgrounding in Haitian discourse. In F. Byrne & D. Winford (eds.) Focus and grammatical relations in creole languages: 249–65. Benjamins.
Thomason, S. G.
2001Language contact. An introduction. Edinburgh University Press.
Veenstra, T. & H. Den Besten
1995Fronting. In J. Arends P. Muysken & N. Smith (eds.): 303–315: Benjamins.
Winford, D.
2003An introduction to contact linguistics. Blackwell.