Membership categorisation analysis (MCA) is an approach to gain knowledge about how social and moral order is performed and made sense of in the everyday activities of people (Housley & Fitzgerald 2009, Fitzgerald & Housley 2015). More specifically, MCA is used for the empirical analysis of explicit and implicit categorisation in language – spoken or written – and the close examination of how categories are described, how they go together in collections, so called Membership Categorisation Devices (MCD), how they pair up with other categories, for example as contrasting or standardized relational pairs, and how they perform social norms telling us how members of certain categories should behave.
References
Clifton, Jonathan
2009 “A membership categorisation analysis of the Waco Siege: Perpetrator-victim identity as a moral discrepancy device for ‘doing’ subversion.” Sociological Research Online 14 (5): 1–11.
2002 “Members’ gendering work: ‘Women’, ‘feminists’ and membership categorisation analysis.” Discourse & Society 13 (6): 819–825.
Eglin, Peter and Stephen Hester
2006The Montreal Massacre: A Story of Membership Categorisation Analysis. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
Evans, Bryn and Richard Fitzgerald
2016 “ ‘It’s training man!’ Membership categorisation and the institutional moral order of basketball training.” Australian Journal of Linguistics 36 (2): 205–223.
Fitzgerald, Richard
2012 “Membership categorisation analysis: Wild and promiscuous or simply the joy of Sacks?” Discourse Studies 14 (3): 305–311.
Fitzgerald, Richard and William Housley
(eds)2015Advances in Membership Categorisation Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Garfinkel, Harold
1964 “Studies of the routine grounds of everyday activities”. Social Problems 11 (3): 225–250.
Heritage, John
2005 “Conversation analysis and institutional talk.” In Handbook of Language and Social Interaction, ed. by Kristine L. Fitch and Robert E. Sanders, 103–147. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Hester, Stephen and Peter Eglin
(eds)1997Culture in Action: Studies in Membership Categorisation Analysis. Washington D.C.: University Press of America.
Higgins, Christina
2009 “ ‘Are you Hindu?’ Resisting membership categorisation through language alternation” In Talk-in-Interaction: Multilingual Perspectives, ed. by Hanh thi Nguyen and Gabriele Kasper, 111–136. Mānoa: National Foreign Language Resource Center.
Housley, William
2002 “Moral discrepancy and ‘fudging the issue’ in a radio news interview.” Sociology 36 (1): 5–21.
Housley, William and Richard Fitzgerald
2003 “Moral discrepancy and political discourse: Accountability and the allocation of blame in a political news interview.” Sociological Research Online 8 (2): 1–9.
Housley, William and Richard Fitzgerald
2009 “Membership categorisation, culture and norms in action.” Discourse & Society 20: 345–362.
Housley, William and Robin J. Smith
2011 “Mundane reason, membership categorisation practices and the everyday ontology of space and place in interview talk.” Qualitative Research 11 (6): 698–715.
Housley, William, Helena Webb, Adam Edwards, Rob Procter and Marina Jirotka
2017 “Membership categorisation and antagonistic Twitter formulations.” Discourse & Communication 11 (6): 567–590.
Hughes, Mark and Andrew King
2018 “Representations of LGBT ageing and older people in Australia and the UK.” Journal of Sociology 54 (1): 125–140.
Idevall Hagren, Karin
2019 “ ‘She has promised never to use the N-word again’: Discourses of racism in a Swedish media debate.” Discourse, Context & Media 31: 100322–100329.
Idevall Hagren, Karin and Theres Bellander
2014. “Membership Categorisation Analysis – för analyser av kategoriseringar i tal och skrift [Membership Categorisation Analysis – for analysing categorisation in speech and written text].” In Analysing text AND talk/Att analysera texter OCH samtal: Arbetsrapporter om modern svenska (FUMS Rapport nr. 233), ed. by Anna-Malin Karlsson and Henna Makkonen-Craig, 46–70. Uppsala University: The department of Scandinavian Languages.
Jayyusi, Lena
1984Categorization and the moral order. London: Routledge.
Jayyusi, Lena
1991 “Values and moral judgements: Communicative praxis as moral order.” In Ethnomethodology and the Human Sciences, ed. by Graham Button, 227–251. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Law, John
2009 “Actor network theory and material semiotics.” In The New Blackwell Companion to Social Theory, ed. by Bryan Turner, 141–158. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Leudar, Ivan and Jiří Nekvapil
2004 “Media dialogical networks and political argumentation.” Journal of Language and Politics 3 (2): 247–266.
McHoul, Alec W. and Rod Watson
1973 “Two axes for the analysis of ‘commonsense’ and ‘formal’ geographical in classroom talk”. British Journal of Sociology and Education 5 (3): 281–302.
Myers, Greg and Sofia Lampropoulou
2013 “What place references can do in social research interviews.” Discourse Studies 15 (3): 333–351.
Nekvapil, Jiří and Ivan Leudar
2006 “Sequencing in media dialogical networks.” Ethnographic Studies 8: 30–43.
O’Neill, Katherine and Amanda LeCouteur
2014 “Naming the problem: A membership categorisation analysis study of family therapy.” Journal of Family Therapy 36: 268–286.
Rapley, Mark, David McCarthy and Alec McHoul
2003 “Mentality or morality: Membership categorisation, multiple meanings and mass murder.” British Journal of Social Psychology 42 (3): 427–444.
Rautajoki, Hanna
2012 “Membership categorisation as a tool for moral casting in TV discussion: The dramaturgical consequentiality of guest introductions.” Discourse Studies 14 (2): 243–260.
Sacks, Harvey
1972 “On the analysability of stories by children.” In Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication, ed. by John J. Gumperz and Dell Hymes, 325–345. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Sacks, Harvey
1974 “On the analysability of stories by children.” In Ethnomethodology: Selected Readings, ed. by Roy Turner, 216–232. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Sacks, Harvey
1979 “A revolutionary category: Hotrodder.” In Everyday Language: Studies in Ethnomethodology, ed. by George Psathas, 7–14. New York: Irvington.
Sacks, Harvey
1992Lectures on Conversation, vol. I & II. London: Blackwell.
Schegloff, Emanuel
2007 “Categories in action: Person-reference and membership categorisation.” Discourse Studies 9 (4): 433–466.
Shrikant, Natasha
2018 “The discursive construction of race as a professional identity category in two Texas Chambers of Commerce.” International Journal of Business Communication 55 (1): 94–117.
Silverman, David
1998Harvey Sacks: Social Science and Conversation Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sowińska, Agnieszka and Tatiana Dubrovskaja
2012 “Discursive construction and transformation of ‘us’ and ‘them’ categories in the newspaper coverage on the US anti-ballistic missile system: Polish versus Russian version.” Discourse & Communication 6 (4): 449–468.
Stokoe, Elizabeth
2003 “Mothers, single women and sluts: Gender, morality and membership categorisations in neighbour disputes.” Feminism and Psychology 13 (3): 317–344.
Stokoe, Elizabeth
2010 “ ‘I’m not gonna hit a lady’: Conversation analysis, membership categorisation and men’s denials of violence towards women.” Discourse & Society 21 (1): 59–82.
Stokoe, Elizabeth
2012 “Moving forward with membership categorisation analysis: Methods for systematic analysis”. Discourse Studies 14: 277–304.
Stokoe, Elizabeth and Frederick Attenborough
2015 “Prospective and retrospective categorisation: Category proffers and inferences in social interaction and rolling news media.” In Advances in Membership Categorisation Analysis, ed. by Richard Fitzgerald and William Housley, 51–70. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
1978 “Categorization, authorization and blame-negotiation in conversation.” Sociology 12 (1): 105–113.
Watson, Rod
1997 “Some general reflections on ‘categorisation’ and ‘sequence’ in the analysis of conversation.” In Culture in Action: Studies in Membership Categorisation Analysis, ed. by Stephen Hester and Peter Eglin, 49–76. Washington D.C.: University Press of America.
Watson, Rod
(ed.)2009Analysing Practical and Professional Texts: A Naturalistic Approach. Farnham: Ashgate.
Whitehead, Kevin A.
2012 “Racial categories as resources and constraints in everyday interactions: Implications for racialism and non-racialism in post-apartheid South Africa.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 35 (7): 1248–1265.
Whitehead, Kevin A. and Kim Baldry
2018 “Omni-relevant and contingent membership categories in research interview and focus group openings.” Qualitative Research 18 (2): 135–152.
Zimmerman, Don H.
1978 “Ethnomethodology.” The American Sociologist 13: 6–15.