The term ‘ontology’ refers to a philosophical discipline which can be defined in relation to its object (e.g. ‘being’, or ‘entity’) or in relation to other philosophical disciplines such as e.g. metaphysics or epistemology. Though the concept has a long philosophical history, the term itself came to be used from the 17th century onwards where it can be found in the Lexicon Philosophicum (1613) published by Rudolphus Goclenius (Göckel). The term was later canonized by Christian Wolff (1679–1754) and Alexander Baumgarten (1714–1762). As the science of ‘Being’, ontology is concerned with the most general and fundamental properties, modes, and aspects of being, or of entities in general, as illustrated in the work of Husserl and Heidegger. Though here we will be more concerned with what is usually called ‘formal’ ontology, which combines the methods of ‘informal’ (classical) ontology with insights from modern formal methods in symbolic logic and aims at the development of a logic of all forms and modes of being, we will use traditional ontological views to clarify certain points of view.

References

Church, A.

1958 Ontological commitment. The Journal of Philosophy 55: 1008–1014.

Quine, W. V. O.

1951 Ontology and ideology. In W. V. O. Quine Philosophical studies II. Cambridge University Press.

Quine, W. V. O.

1953 From a logical Point of View. Harvard University Press.

Quine, W. V. O.

1960 Word and Object.MIT Press.

Quine, W. V. O.

1981 Theories and Things. Harvard University Press.