An American at the origins of European Sprachwissenschaft and Italian historiographical
thought: William Dwight Whitney and his approach to linguistic issues
Francesca M.Dovetto
Università di Napoli Federico II
Summary
This contribution is dedicated to William Dwight Whitney (1827–1897), a scholar who generally has a modest space
dedicated to him in the historiography of linguistics, despite his name and works having had considerable circulation among his
contemporaries. His originality and method are outlined with particular attention being given to his reception in Europe and in
the setting of Italian studies of theoretical and empirical linguistics.
Whitney was among the first to contest Schleicher’s concept of language as a natural fact, claiming, instead, that
it has social nature, as an ‘institution’ created by man; he was a forerunner in recognizing the relevance of signs and their
value, and of language acquisition. In his demonstrations and in his methods he proposes a science of historical linguistics but
at the same time it is open to 20th century linguistics and the concept of language as a complex system ordered and crossed by
relationships. Both his unique approach to the study of Sanskrit, which emphasised the study of its use and its variants, and his
interest for modern languages, makes him a particularly interesting scholar, as he and his reception testify the rise, in Europe
and especially in Italy, of a new approach to linguistic issues, no longer exclusively historical-comparative, but also
theoretical and general.
Nonetheless, Whitney ought to occupy a prominent place in the history of linguistics, because he was also the
author of one of the first introductory texts of the discipline, which was published in 1875; in that same year a French
translation came out, which was soon followed by an Italian, and a German translation (both 1876).The number of almost
contemporaneous translations gives an idea of the gap which a general and introductory work like Whitney’s filled and illustrates
that there was a clear need for it.
In several works, including recent ones, De Mauro identified the specific characteristics of Italian linguistic
studies: we can find a good many of these traits in Whitney as well. Although the fruitful contribution of Whitney’s ideas in an
environment which is ‘naturally’ inclined towards the themes and methods the American linguist dealt with, i.e., the ‘Italian
linguistic school’, has not been fully recognised until now, it is undeniable that his ideas provided an important stimulus for
new interpretations and new models.
In gewissen Sinne gehören wir alle zu seinen Schülern (Delbrück 1897: 84–85)
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