Reception, translation and cultural context: Projects for Greimas’s Sémantique structurale (1966) in English, the place of linguistics in the human sciences,
and Franco-American disconnections
Thomas F.Broden
Purdue University USA
Summary
The initiatives to publish an English translation of the influential Sémantique structurale (1966) by
linguist and semiotician A. J. Greimas (1917–1992) provide an instructive case study for the reception of a work in new contexts. The
efforts underscore the importance of (dis)connections between cultures’ intellectual traditions and trends, putting in play the relations
between continental and American linguistic structuralism, generative semantics, cognitive linguistics, and “French” (post)structuralism
throughout the human sciences. The projects also point up the significance of timing and of standards for translation quality – and the
possibilities for controversy. In addition to published research, this study draws from archival documents and personal communications with
Greimas, his translators and editors, and other principals involved.
The dynamics of reception inform the history and historiography of linguistics: interpretations and evaluations of discourse on language propel the evolution of the field, even as the factors governing such judgments enter into the methodology guiding historians of the language sciences. Reception studies emphasize that eras, cultures, subgroups, and individuals appropriate every text in distinctly different manners, often foregrounding diverse parts or aspects of the work as a function of their own changing contexts, perspectives, and desiderata. Perhaps no linguistic essay better illustrates the phenomenon than Saussure (1857–1913) and the Cours de linguistique générale, which has elicited wide-ranging responses over the decades and throughout the globe (Saussure 1972 [1916]; De Mauro in Saussure 1972 [1916]: 366–380; Joseph 2012: 642–651; Joseph and Velmezova eds. 2018: 131–208; Koerner 1972). In the United States, Leonard Bloomfield (1887–1949) enthusiastically endorsed the book’s definition of linguistics as an autonomous discipline, its arguments in favor of the synchronic perspective, and its focus on immanent structure and a social viewpoint (1922: 142; 1924: 317–319; 1926: 154–155; 1927: 216–218). In embracing these positions, he endeavored to liberate his discipline from mentalist psychology, to justify the crucial non-diachronic study of Native American languages, and to steer research away from anthropology and toward formal aspects of language (Broden 2016: 192–201; Joseph 1989; Koerner 2002: 63–74). On the other hand, Bloomfield did not discuss the CLG’s presentations of semiology, mental processes, langue as system, and value, positions that he presumably considered unhelpful for the future of the field. In contrast, forty years later, Noam Chomsky (b. 1928) invoked Saussure’s langue-parole distinction as an eminent precedent for his concept of competence defined as a set of cognitive mechanisms, and for his attacks on the (post-)Bloomfieldian reliance on performance (1964: 10, 1965: 3–4). This while continuing to neglect the CLG’s central problematics of the sign and value – and before going on to identify alternative antecedents and redefine Saussure as a has-been “structuralist” (1968: 19–23; Joseph 1990: 63–75; Koerner 2002: 131–150, 151–209).
References
Arrivé, Michel
1993 “Souvenirs scientifiques et autres sur A. J. Greimas”. Hommages à A. J. Greimas, special issue of Nouveaux actes sémiotiques (Limoges) 25:13–23.
Bal, Mieke
1997 [1978]Narratology: Introduction to the Theory of Narrative trans. by Christine Van Boheemen. 2nd ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Barthes, Roland
2002Œuvres complètes ed. by Éric Marty. 2nd ed. 5 vols. Paris: Le Seuil.
Bloch, Marc
1939–1940La société féodale. 2 vols. Paris: Albin Michel.
Bloomfield, Leonard
1922Review of Sapir (1921). Classical Weekly 15:18 (13March). 142–143.
Bloomfield, Leonard
1924Review of Saussure (1916, 2nd ed., 1922). Modern Language Journal 8:5.317–319.
Bloomfield, Leonard
1926 “A Set of Postulates for the Science of Language”. Language 2:3.153–164.
Bloomfield, Leonard
1927 “On Recent Work in General Linguistics”. Modern Philology 25:2.211–230.
Bochmann, Klaus
1968 “Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft,” review of Greimas (1966b). Deutsche Literaturzeitung für Kritik der internationalen Wissenschaft 89:9.786–787.
Brandt, Per Aage
1992 [1987]La Charpente modale du sens: pour une sémio-linguistique morphogénétique et dynamique. Aarhus, DK: Aarhus University Press; Amsterdam: Benjamins (1987 Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle doctoral dissertation.)
Brandt, Per Aage
2004Spaces, Domains, and Meanings: Essays in Cognitive Semiotics. (= series European Semiotics, 4.). Bern & New York: Peter Lang.
Bréal, Michel
1897Essai de sémantique: science des significations. Paris: Hachette.
Broden, Thomas F.
1999 “Linguistic Semantics for Literature and the Human Sciences Today”. Semiotica 124:1–2.81–127.
Broden, Thomas F.
2015 “Algirdas Julius Greimas: Education, Convictions, Career”. The American Journal of Semiotics 31:1–2.1–27.
Broden, Thomas F.
2016 “Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics and Anglophone North America: Reception, Convergences, Divergences, and Strategies for the Future”. Cem anos com Saussure ed. by Waldir Beividas, Ivã Carlos Lopes & Sémir Badir (= Coleção semiótica), 191–248. São Paulo: Annablume.
Broden, Thomas F.
2017a “Chronology of A. J. Greimas”. A. J. Greimas – Life and Semiotics/La vie et la sémiotique d’A. J. Greimas ed. by Thomas Broden & Stéphanie Walsh Matthews, special issue of Semiotica 214.9–13.
Broden, Thomas F.
2017b “Selected Works by A. J. Greimas”. Semiotica 214.409–438.
Brunot, Ferdinand
1966 [1930]Histoire de la langue française des origines à 1900. Vol. 6: Le XVIIIe siècle. Partie I: Le Mouvement des idées et les vocabulaires techniques, fascicule 2: La Langue des sciences, la langue des arts. Paris: Armand Colin.
Cassirer, Ernst
1945 “Structuralism in Modern Linguistics”. Word 1:2.99–120.
Castagnotto, Ugo
1969Review of Greimas (1966b). Strumenti critici 10.405–408.
Caws, Peter
1974 “Parallels and Orthogonals”. The Two Saussures ed. by Sylvère Lotringer, special issue of Semiotext(e) 1:2.54–65.
Chafe, Wallace
1962 “Phonetics, semantics, and language”. Language 38:4.335–344.
1970Meaning and the Structure of Language. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Chatman, Seymour & Samuel Levin
eds.1967Essays on the Language of Literature. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Chevalier, Jean-Claude & Pierre Encrevé
2006Combats pour la linguistique, de Martinet à Kristeva: essai de dramaturgie épistémologique. Lyon: ENS.
Chomsky, Noam
1964 “The Logical Basis of Linguistic Theory”. Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of Linguists ed. by Horace G. Lunt, 914–978. The Hague: Mouton.
Chomsky, Noam
1965Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam
1968Language and Mind. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Coquet, Jean-Claude
1973 [1968] “Questions de sémantique structurale”, review of Greimas (1966b). Sémiotique littéraire: contribution à l’analyse sémantique du discours by Coquet, 33–50. Paris: Mame.
1975Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics, and the Study of Literature. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Culler, Jonathan
1977Saussure (= Modern Masters.). Glasgow: Fontana/Collins; New York: Penguin. (Copyright 1976).
Cusset, François
2008 [2005]French Theory: How Foucault, Derrida, Deleuze, & Co. Transformed the Intellectual Life of the United States trans. by Jeff Fort with Josephine Berganza & Marlon Jones. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Darmesteter, Arsène
1887La vie des mots étudiée dans leurs significations. 2nd ed. Paris: Delagrave.
De George, Richard T. & Fernande M. De George
eds.1972The Structuralists: From Marx to Lévi-Strauss. Garden City, NY: Anchor.
Demers, Jason
2019The American Politics of French Theory: Derrida, Deleuze, Guattari, and Foucault in Translation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Dierkes, Hans & Helmuth Kiesel
1973 “Interpretative Bemerkungen zu A. J. Greimas: ‘Strukturale Semantik’”, review of Strukturale Semantik: Metodologische Untersuchungen trans. by Jens Ihwe (Braunschweig: Vieweg 1971 [1966b]) Linguistik und Didaktik 14.146–161.
Ducrot, Oswald
1966 “Recherches sémantiques”, review of Greimas (1966b). L’Homme. 6:4.120–123.
Eco, Umberto
1986Semiotics and the Philosophy of Language. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Ehrmann, Jacques
ed.1966Structuralism, special issue of Yale French Studies 36–37.
Febvre, Lucien [et al.]
1930Civilisation, le mot et l’idée. Paris: Renaissance du Livre.
Fillmore, Charles
1975 “An Alternative to Checklist Theories of Meaning”. Proceedings of the First Annual Berkeley Linguistics Society ed. by Cathy Cogen, Henry Thompson, Graham Thurgood & Kenneth Whistler, 123–131. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
Fillmore, Charles
1982 “Towards a Descriptive Framework for Spatial Deixis”. Speech, Place, and Action ed. by Robert J. Jarvella & Wolfgang Klein, 31–59. London: Wiley.
Fillmore, Charles
1984 “Lexical Semantics and Text Semantics”. New Directions in Linguistics and Semantics ed. by J. E. Copeland, 123–147. Amsterdam: Benjamins and Houston, TX: Rice University Press.
Fillmore, Charles
1985 “Frames and the Semantics of Understanding”. Quaderni di Semantica 6:2.222–254.
Fillmore, Charles
1988 “The Mechanisms of Construction Grammar”. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 35–55. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
Fortis, Jean-Michel
2012 “De la grammaire générative à la linguistique cognitive: retour sur un basculement théorique”. Histoire Epistémologie Langage 34.115–154.
Foucault, Michel
1994 [1977] “Intervista a Michel Foucault (Entretien avec Michel Foucault)”. Dits et écrits, 1954–1988. Vol. 3, 1976–1979. Paris: Gallimard.
Fowler, Roger
1971The Languages of Literature: Some Linguistic Contributions to Criticism. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Fowler, Roger
ed.1966Essays on Style and Language: Linguistic and Critical Approaches to Literary Style. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Garvin, Paul L.
1970Cognition, A Multiple View. New York: Spartan Books.
Gaudreault, Romain
1996 “Renouvellement du modèle actantiel”. Poétique 107.355–368.
Gill, Harjeet Singh
1976 “Parole and Langue”. Pàkha Sanjam (Patiala, Punjab) 8.i–ii.
Giurescu, Anca
1967Review of Greimas (1966b). Revue roumaine de linguistique 12:1.68–70.
Gleason, Henry Allan
1961 [1955]Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics. 2nd ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Govaert, Marcel
1967Review of Greimas (1966b). Babel 13:4.237–239.
Gras, Vernon W.
ed.1973European Literary Theory and Practice: From Existential Phenomenology to Structuralism. New York: Dell.
Greimas, A. J.
1956 “L’actualité du saussurisme (à l’occasion du 40e anniversaire de la publication du Cours de linguistique générale)”. Le Français moderne 243.191–203. (Repr. in La mode en 1830 by Greimas, 371–382 2000.)
Greimas, A. J.
1958 “Histoire et Linguistique”, review of Introduction à l’étude du vocabulaire médical (1600–1710) by Bernard Quemada (Besançon: Faculté des Lettres 1955) Annales. Histoire, Sciences sociales 13:1.110–114.
Greimas, A. J.
1959 “Les problèmes de la description mécanographique”. Cahiers de lexicologie 1.47–75.
Greimas, A. J.
1963 “Analyse du contenu: comment définir les indéfinis (Essai de description sémantique)”. Études de linguistique appliquée 2.110–125.
1964–1965Cours de sémantique. Saint-Cloud: École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud. Stenciled typescript. Partial reproduction of 1963–1965 lectures at the Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences, Centre de linguistique quantitative, Institut Henri Poincaré. Revised and enlarged as 1966b. References to this work specify the chapter, since each one is paginated independently, beginning with p. 1.
Greimas, A. J.
1966a “Éléments pour une théorie de l’interprétation du récit mythique”. Communications 8.28–59. (Repr. in Greimas 1970:185–230.)
Greimas, A. J.
1966bSémantique structurale: recherche de méthode (Langue et langage). Paris: Larousse.
Greimas, A. J.
1970Du sens: essais sémiotiques. Paris: Le Seuil.
Greimas, A. J.
1973a “Un problème de sémiotique narrative: les objets de valeur”. Sémiotiques textuelles ed. by Michel Arrivé and Jean-Claude Coquet, special issue of Langages 31.13–35. (Repr. in Du sens II: essais sémiotiques by Greimas, 19–48. Paris: Le Seuil 1983.)
Greimas, A. J.
1973b [1966b–1970]Structural Semantics, special issue of Pàkha Sanjam 6.231–315. (Repr. in Pàkha Sanjam 8 (1975–1976) 132–192 & as Structural Semantics. (= Semiotics & Literature, 4.). New Delhi: Bahri 1989 Partial translation by Harjeet Singh Gill of Greimas 1966b, with chapters 1, 2, 7, 10 & 11, and with the 1966 paper published as “Considérations sur le langage” in Greimas 1970:19–38.)
Greimas, A. J.
1981 “De la colère: étude de sémantique lexicale”. Actes Sémiotiques. Documents (Paris) 3:27.9–27. (Repr. in Du sens II: essais sémiotiques by Greimas, 225–246. Paris: Le Seuil 1983.)
Greimas, A. J.
1983a [1973] “Les actants, les acteurs et les figures”. Du sens II: essais sémiotiques by Greimas, 49–66. Paris: Le Seuil.
Greimas, A. J.
1983b [1966b]Structural Semantics: An attempt at a method trans. by Daniele McDowell, Ronald Schleifer & Alan Velie. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Greimas, A. J.
2000 [1948]La Mode en 1830. La mode en 1830: langage et société, écrits de jeunesse ed. by Thomas F. Broden & Françoise Ravaux-Kirkpatrick. (= Formes sémiotiques.), 1–370. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
Greimas, A. J. & Joseph Courtés
1979Sémiotique: dictionnaire raisonné de la théorie du langage. Paris: Hachette. (New ed. 1993.)
Greimas, A. J. & Georges Matoré
1950 “La méthode en lexicologie II”. Romanische Forschungen 62:2–3.208–221.
Greimas, A. J. & François Rastier
1968 “The Interaction of Semiotic Constraints”. Yale French Studies 41.86–105. (Trans. from French manuscript.)
Grosse, Ernst Ulrich
1971 “Zur Neuorientierung der Semantik bei Greimas: Grundgedanken, Probleme und Vorschläge”, review of Greimas (1966b). Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 87.359–393.
Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich
1975 “Algirdas Julien Greimas. Für Ludwig Söll (7. 9. 1931–1. 3. 1974)”. Französische Literaturkritik der Gegenwart in Einzeldarstellungen ed. by Wolf-Dieter Lange, 326–350. Stuttgart: Kröner.
Halliday, M. A. K.
1962 “Linguistics and Machine Translation”. Zeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung 15:1–2.145–168.
Harris, Randy Allen
1993The Linguistics Wars. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hawkes, Terrence
1977Structuralism and Semiotics. Berkeley: University California Press.
Hey, Oskar
1892 “Semasiologische Studien”. Jahrbücher für classische Philologie 18.83–212.
Holdcroft, David
1991Saussure: Signs, System, and Arbitrariness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jackson, Bernard S.
1985Semiotics and Legal Theory. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Jameson, Fredric
1972The Prison-house of Language: A Critical Account of Structuralism and Russian Formalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Jameson, Fredric
1982The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press.
Jameson, Fredric
1988The Ideologies of Theory: Essays 1971–1986. Vol. 2: Syntax of History. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
1990 “Ideologizing Saussure: Bloomfield’s and Chomsky’s Readings of the Cours de linguistique générale”. Ideologies of Language ed. by John E. Joseph & Talbot J. Taylor, 51–79. New York: Routledge.
1963 “The Structure of a Semantic Theory”. Language 39.170–210.
Katz, Jerold J. & Paul M. Postal
1964An Integrated Theory of Linguistic Descriptions. (= Research Monographs, 26.) Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press.
Keller, Otto & Heinz Hafner
1986Arbeitsbuch zur Textanalyse: Semiotische Strukturen, Modelle, Interpretationen. Munich: Fink.
Koerner, Ernst Frideryk Konrad
1972Bibliographia Saussureana, 1870–1970: An Annotated, Classified Bibliography on the Background, Development, and Actual Relevance of Ferdinand de Saussure’s General Theory of Language. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press.
Koerner, Ernst Frideryk Konrad
2002Toward a History of American Linguistics. London: Routledge.
Kristeva, Julia
1977 [1971] “Comment parler à la littérature?”. Polylogue by Kristeva, 23–54. Paris: Le Seuil.
1987Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, George & John Robert Ross
1977 [1967] “Is Deep Structure Necessary?” Notes From The Linguistic Underground ed. by James D. McCawley, 159–174. New York: Academic Press.
Lakoff, George & Mark Johnson
1999Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought. New York: Basic Books.
Lamb, Sydney M.
1964 “The Sememic Approach to Structural Semantics”. American Anthropologist 66:3.57–78.
Lamb, Sydney M.
1965 “Kinship Terminology and Linguistic Structure”. American AnthropologistNew Series, 67:Part 2.37–64.
Lamb, Sydney M.
1966Outline of Stratificational Grammar. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Lane, Mark
ed.1970Introduction to Structuralism. New York: Basic. (Also published as Structuralism: A reader. London: Jonathan Cape.)
Langacker, Ronald W.
1978 “The Form and Meaning of the English Auxiliary”. Language 54:4.853–882.
Langacker, Ronald W.
1987Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Vol. 1: Theoretical Prerequisites. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Langacker, Ronald W.
2008Cognitive Grammar: A basic introduction. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
Larsen, Svend Erik
1989 “Greimas or Grimace?”. Semiotica 75:1–2.123–130.
Lévi-Strauss, Claude
1963 [1958]Structural Anthropology. New York: Basic Books. (Translated by Claire Jacobson & Brooke Grundfest Schoepf from Anthropologie structurale. Paris: Plon 1958.)
Lotringer, Sylvère
ed.1974The Two Saussures. Special issue of Semiotext(e) 1:2.
Lotringer, Sylvère
ed.1975Saussure’s Anagrams. Special issue of Semiotext(e) 2:1.
Lounsbury, Floyd G.
1956 “A Semantic Analysis of the Pawnee Kinship Usage”. Language 32:1.158–194.
Lyons, John
1963Structural Semantics: An Analysis of Part of the Vocabulary of Plato. (= London Philological Society Pubs., 20.) Oxford: Blackwell.
Macksey, Ricard & Eugenio Donato
eds.1970The Structuralist Controversy: The Languages of Criticism and the Sciences of Man. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. (2nd ed. 1972).
McCawley, James D.
1968 “The Role of Semantics in a Grammar”. Universals in Linguistic Theory ed. by Emmon Bach & Robert T. Harms, 124–169. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
McCawley, James D.
1995 “Generative Semantics”. Concise History of the Language Sciences: From the Sumerians to the Cognitivists ed. by E. F. Konrad Koerner & R. E. Asher, 343–348. Oxford: Elsevier.
Meillet, Antoine
1904 “Comment les mots changent de sens”. L’Année Sociologique 9.1–37. (Repr. in Linguistique historique et linguistique générale by Meillet, vol. 1. Paris: Honoré Champion, 230–271 1921, new ed. 1926, rpt. 1958.)
Meletinsky, Eleazar
1971 [1969] “Structural-Typological Study of Folklore”. Genre 4:3.249–279. (Trans. by Robin Dietrich.)
Montague, Richard
1973 “The Proper Treatment of Quantification in Ordinary English”. Approaches to Natural Language ed. by Jaakko Hintikka, Julius Moravcsik & Patrick Suppes, 221–242. Dordrecht: Reidel.
Mounin, Georges
1968 “Travaux récents de sémantique,” including a review of Greimas (1966b). La Linguistique 4:1.131–140.
1991 “Syntaxe topologique et grammaire cognitive”. Langages 103.97–128.
Petitot, Jean
2011Cognitive Morphodynamics: Dynamical Morphological Models of Constituency in Perception and Syntax. Berne: Peter Lang.
Portner, Paul & Barbara H. Partee
eds.2002Formal Semantics: The Essential Readings. Oxford: Blackwell.
Pottier, Bernard
1963 “Recherches sur l’analyse sémantique en linguistique et en traduction mécanique”. Nancy: Publications Linguistiques de la Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de l’Université de Nancy. 37p.
1958 [1928]Morphology of the Folktale ed. by Svatava Pirkova-Jakobson, trans. by Laurence Scott. Bloomington: Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore & Linguistics; Philadelphia: American Folklore Society. (= Bibliographical & Special Series 9.) (Rev. ed. 1968.)
Rasmussen, Jens
1968Review of Greimas (1966b). Revue romane 3:2.163–167.
Rastier, François
1971 “Les niveaux d’ambiguïté des structures narratives”. Semiotica 3:4.289–343.
Rastier, François
1984 “ ‘Ah! Tonnerre! Quel trou dans la blanquette!’ Essai de sémantique interprétative”. Langue française 61.27–54.
Rastier, François
1987Sémantique interprétative. Paris: Presses universitaires de France.
Rey, Alain
1968 “Les bases théoriques de la description lexicographique du français: tendances actuelles”. Travaux de linguistique et de littérature (Strasbourg) 6:1.55–72.
Rey, Alain
1976Théories du signe et du sens. Vol 2. Paris: Klincksieck.
Ricoeur, Paul
1974 [1966] “The Problem of Double Meaning as Hermeneutic Problem and as Semantic Problem”, including a review of Greimas (1966b). The Conflict of Interpretations: Essays in Hermeneutics ed. by Don Ihde, trans. by Willis Domingo [et al.], 62–78. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
Ricoeur, Paul
1984Temps et récit. Vol. 2: La configuration du temps dans le récit de fiction. Paris: Le Seuil.
Rumelhart, David E.
1975 “Notes on a Schema for Stories”. Representation and Understanding: Studies in Cognitive Science ed. by Daniel G. Bobrow & Alan Collins, 211–236. New York: Academic.
Rumelhart, David E.
1980 “Schemata: The building blocks of cognition”. Theoretical Issues in Reading Comprehension: Perspectives from Cognitive Psychology, Linguistics, Artificial Intelligence and Education ed. by Rand J. Spiro, Bertram Bruce & William F. Brewer, 33–58. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Santaella Braga, Lucia
1990 “Brazil: A Culture in Tune with Semiotics”. The Semiotic Web 1989 ed. by Thomas A. Sebeok & Jean Umiker-Sebeok, 123–176. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Sapir, Edward
1921Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Saussure, Ferdinand de
1971Les mots sous les mots. Les anagrammes de Ferdinand de Saussure ed. by Jean Starobinski. Paris: Gallimard. (Revised version of 5 articles first published in 1964–1970.)
Saussure, Ferdinand de
1972 [1916]Cours de linguistique générale ed. by Tullio de Mauro. Paris: Payot.
Schank, Roger
1972 “Conceptual Dependency: A theory of natural language understanding”. Cognitive Psychology 3:4.532–631.
Schank, Roger C. & Robert P. Abelson
1977Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding: An Inquiry into Human Knowledge Structures. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Erlbaum.
Schleifer, Ronald & Alan Velie
1987 “Genre and Structure: Toward an Actantial Typology of Narrative Genres and Modes”. MLN 102.1122–1150.
Segre, Cesare
1989 “The Style of Greimas and its Transformations”. New Literary History 20:3.679–692.
Sekvent, Karel
1969Review of Greimas (1966b). Studia Neophilologica 40:2.427–432.
Silverstone, Roger
1976 “An Approach to the Structural Analysis of the Television Message”. Screen 17:2.9–40.
Sokal, Alan & Jean Bricmont
1998 [1997]Fashionable Nonsense: Postmodern Intellectuals’ Abuse of Science. New York: Picador.
Souriau, Étienne
1950Les deux cent mille situations dramatiques. Paris: Flammarion.
Strozier, Robert M.
1988Saussure, Derrida, and the Metaphysics of Subjectivity. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.
Talmy, Leonard
2000Toward a Cognitive Semantics. Vol. 2: Typology and Process in Concept Structuring. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Tesnière, Lucien
1959Eléments de syntaxe structurale. Paris: Klincksieck.
Trier, Jost
1931Der Deutsche Wortschatz im Sinnbezirk des Verstandes: die Geschichte eines Sprachlichen Feldes. Vol. 1: Von den Anfängen bis zum Beginn des 13. Jahrhunderts. Heidelberg: Winter.