Erminnie A. Smith (1836–1886): A portrait of a linguist
MarcinKilarski
Adam Mickiewicz University
Summary
In this paper I discuss the varied contributions of Erminnie Adele Smith (1836–1886), a linguist, ethnologist, and
geologist, who has a significant but underestimated place in the history of the study of North American languages. Among others,
Smith was among the first scholars to collaborate extensively with Indigenous consultants and the first woman in the history of
Western linguistics who published works on grammatical gender. Such achievements point to the need to reconsider her life and work
in the context of the reception of the first generation of women in American anthropology as well as the study of gender in
Iroquoian languages since the mid-19th century.
Erminnie Adele Smith (1836–1886), a linguist, ethnologist, and geologist, has a significant place in the history of the
study of the Indigenous languages of North America. She was among the first scholars to collaborate extensively with Indigenous
consultants, as illustrated by the fieldwork she conducted with John Napoleon Brinton Hewitt (1857–1937). Erminnie Smith was also the
first woman linguist who conducted research on the languages and culture of the Iroquois and who presented its results at meetings of
scholarly societies, among several of which — again as the first woman — she was a member and officer. However, her varied
contributions remain relatively unknown, and her life and interests have only been dealt with in a rather cursory way in biographical
overviews, mostly in the context of other late-19th century anthropologists. Importantly, Smith’s contribution has not been considered
in recent studies that focus on the work of 19th-century women linguists and anthropologists (cf. Ayres-Bennett & Sanson 2020). The aim of this paper is thus to give a holistic, state-of-the-art overview of Erminnie
Smith’s life and contributions in linguistics, ethnology, and geology, focusing among others on the connections among the main areas
of her interests and the common methodological and theoretical assumptions underlying her work.
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