Die Anfänge Der Hebräischen Grammatik in Spanien

Carlos del Valle Rodríguez
Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid

Summary

Grammatical and lexicographic studies of Hebrew began in Spain toward the middle of the 10th century, probably owing to the initiatives taken by Hasday Ibn Shaprūt, who asked Menahem Ibn Sarūq to compile a dictionary of biblical Hebrew (and Aramaic), the Mahberet. With the help of Hasday these studies were institutionalized, most probably through the creation of an official academy. The Mahberet follows the line of tradition established by the school of Tiberias which, since ‘Aharon ben ‘Asher and Sacadya, distinguished between a stable element, the ‘root’, and a variable element, the pa-ragogic one. Menahem intends to compile a dictionary of the roots of biblical Hebrew together with their meanings. His work was criticized by Dunash ben Labrat on some 200 points. Subsequently, a controversy ensued between Menahem’s and Dunash’s students. The great debate between these two authors was centered on the identification of Hebrew roots and on the determination of their respective meanings. There had been little in terms of grammatical systematization going on at the time. Statements concerning textual differences between the Bible editions available in Spain and those of the Tiberias school are of interest. The same is true of remarks about vowel quantity. Indeed, it seems that the doctrine of vowel quantity had been derived by the Spanish grammarians from those of Tiberias. The critiques advanced against the new metre suggests that rhythm was established not only on the basis of combinations of yětedots (shwa + full vowel) and of těnucots (full vowels), but also with the aid of word accent.

Quick links
Full-text access is restricted to subscribers. Log in to obtain additional credentials. For subscription information see Subscription & Price. Direct PDF access to this article can be purchased through our e-platform.

Literaturverzeichnis

A.Quellen

Abraham ibn Dāwūd. Sefer ha-Qabbala
Hrsg. von Gerson David Cohen, A Critical Edition with a Translation and Notes of the Book of Tradition (Sefer ha-Qabbalah) . Philadelphia: The Jewish Society of America 1967.Google Scholar
Abraham ibn cEzra. Sefer Sahot
Hrsg. von Carlos del Valle Rodríguez (= Bi-bliotheca Salmanticensis Dissertationes, 1.) Salamanca: Univ. Pontificia 1977.Google Scholar
Abraham ibn cEzra. Śěfat Yeter
Hrsg. von Gabriel Hirsch Lippmann, Sephat Yether. Beleuchtung dunkler Bibelstellen, insbesondere zu Verteidigung R. Saadia’s gegen R. Adonim Levita, genannt Dunasch ben Librat. Frankfurt/M.: J. F. Bach 1843.Google Scholar
Abraham ibn cEzra. (Perush cal ha-Tora): Miqra’ot Gědolot
Jerusalem o.J.
’Aharon ben ’Asher. Diqduqe ha-ṭěcamim
Hrsg. von Seligman Isaac Baer (1825–1897) und Hermann Leberecht Strack (1848–1924), Die Dikduke ha-teamim des Ahron ben Moscheh ben Ascher. Leipzig 1879.Google Scholar
’Aharon ha-Kohen bar Sargado. ’Iggeret’el Ḥasday
Hrsg. von Arthur Ernest Cowley (1861–1931), “Bodleian Geniza Fragments”. JQR 18 (1906) 399–403. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Anonym. Seder ha-Simanim
Hrsg. von Neḥemya Allony. HUCA 35 (1964) 1–35.Google Scholar
David Qimḥi. Miklol
Hrsg. von I. ben Aharon Rittenberg. Lick 1842.Google Scholar
David Qimḥi. cEṭ Sofer
Hrsg. von Baer Dov Goldberg (1800–1884) Lick: R. Siebert 1864.Google Scholar
Dunash ben Labraṭ. Těshuvot
Hrsg. von Herschell Philip (Zvi Hirsch) Fi-lipowski, Sefer Těshuvot Dunash ben Labraṭ. London: Ḥebrat měcorěre yěshenim 1855.Google Scholar
Dunash ben Labraṭ. Haqdama (li-těshuvotaw)
Hrsg. von Neḥemya Allony, “Haqdamat Dunash li-těshuvotaw lě-Maḥberet Měnaḥem”. Beth Mikra 22 (1964) 43–63.Google Scholar
Dunash ben Labraṭ. Tiqqun ha-shěgagot
Hrsg. von Robert Schröter, Sefer Těshuvot Dunash ha-Levi ben Labraṭ cal Rabbi Sacadya Ga’on. Kritik des Dunasch ben Labraṭ über einzelne Stellen aus Saadia’s arabischer Übersetzung des A.T. und aus dessen grammatischen Schriften. Breslau: Schletter’sche Buchhandlung 1866.Google Scholar
Dunash ben Labraṭ. Shirim
Hrsg. von Neḥemya Allony. Jerusalem: Mosad Harav Kook 1947.Google Scholar
Ḥayyūj. Kitāb al-’afcāl dhawāt hurūf al-līn
Hrsg. von Morris Jastrow (1861–1921), The Weak and Geminative Verbs in Hebrew by Abū Zakariyyā Ya-ḥyā ibn Dāwūd known as Ḥayyūğ. Leiden: E. J. Brill 1897.Google Scholar
Ḥayyūj. Kitāb al-tanqīṭ
Hrsg. von John William Nutt, Shělosha Sifre Diqduq. London: Asher 1870.Google Scholar
Ibn ’Abī ’Uṣaybica. cUyūn al-’anbā’
Übers, von Henri Jahier und Abdelkader Noureddine, cUyūn al-’Anbā’: Sources d’informations sur les classes des médecins. XIIIe chapitre: médecins de l’Occident Musulman. Alger: Ferraris 1958.Google Scholar
Měnaḥem ben Sarūq. Maḥberet
Hrsg. von Herschell Philip (Zvi Hirsch) Fi-lipowski, Antiquissimum linguae hebraicae et chaldaicae Lexicon ad sacras scripturas explicandas. London: Ḥebrat měcorere yěshenim 1854.Google Scholar
Měnaḥem ben Sarūq. ’Iggeret ’el Ḥasday
Hrsg. von (Jefim) Hayyim Schirmann, Ha-shira ha-civrit bi-Sěfarad u-bě-Provenz, I, 3–30. Jerusalem: Mosad Bialiq 1959.Google Scholar
Moshe ibn Chiquitilla. Sefer ’otiyyot ha-noah wě-ha-meshek
Hrsg. von John William Nutt, Shelosha sifre diqduq. ’Elle hemma: 1) Sefer ’otiyyot ha-noah wě-ha-meshek; 2) Sefer pocǒle ha-kefel; 3) Sefer Niqqud (= Kitāb al-tan-qīṭ) ’ǎsher ḥibběram bě-lashon carabi rosh ha-mědaqdeqim Ḥayyūj. London: Asher 1870.Google Scholar
Moshe ibn cEzra. Kitāb al-muḥāḍara wa-l-mudhākara
Hrsg. von Abraham S. Halkin, Liber Discussionis et Commemorationis (Poetica Hebraica). Jerusalem: Meqiṣe Nirdamim 1975.Google Scholar
Moshe Qimḥi. Mahǎlak shěbile ha-dacat
Hrsg. von Sebastian Münster (1489–1552) Basileae: Andr. Cratander 1531.Google Scholar
Sacadya Ga’on. ’Egron
Hrsg. von Neḥemya Allony, Ha-’Egron: Kitāb ’uṣūl al-shicr al-cibrānī by Rav Secadya Ga’on. Jerusalem: Acad. of the Hebrew Language 1969.Google Scholar
Yěhuda bar Barzilay ha-Barseloni. Sefer ha-cittim
Hrsg. von Yacaqob Sor. Berlin: Meqiṣe Nirdamim 1903.Google Scholar
Yěhuda al-Ḥarizī. Tahkěmoni
Hrsg. von Y. Toforovski. Tel Aviv: Mosad Harav Kook 1952.Google Scholar
Yěhuda ibn Dāwūd, ’Isḥāq ibn Kapron, Isḥāq ibn Chiquitilla (Talmide Měnaḥem). Těshuvot
Hrsg. von Salomon Gottlieb Stern (?–1883), Sefer Těshuvot. Liber Responsionum. Particula I continet Responsiones discipulorum R. Menahem B. Saruk, i.e. Ben Kafron, Jehuda b. Daud. Isaac b. Chiquitilla contra Responsiones Dunasch b. Labraṭ, qui a praedicto R. Menahem in grammaticis dissensit… Vindobonae 1870.Google Scholar
Yěhuda ha-Levi. Kitāb al-radd wa-l-dalīl
Hrsg. von David (Zvi) Hartwig Baneth (1893–1977), Kitāb al-radd wa-l-dalīl fī l-dīn al-dhalīl (al-Kitāb al-Khazarī). The Book of Refutation and Proof on the Despised Faith (The Book of the Khazars). Jerusalem: Magnes Press 1977.Google Scholar
Yěhuda ibn Quraysh. Risāla
Hrsg. von Jean Joseph Léandre Bargès (1810–1896) und Baer (Dov) Ben Alexander Goldberg (1800–1884), Epistola ad synagogam Judaeorum civitatis Fez, de studio Targum utilitate et de l. chald. Misnicae Talmud. Arab. vocabulorum item nonnullorum Barbaricorum convenientia cum Hebraea. Lutetiae: B. Duprat & D. Maisonneuve 1857.Google Scholar
Yěhudi ben Sheshat. Těshuvot
Hrsg. von Salomon Gottlieb Stern (?–1883), Sefer Těshuvot… Liber Responsionum … Particula II continet Responsiones discipuli Dunasch B. Labraṭ i.e. Jehudi B. Scheschat, quibus sententias discipulorum R. Menahem B. Saruk refutavit. Vindobonae 1870.Google Scholar

B.Sekundärliteratur

Allony, Nehemya
1949Dunash ben Labrat: Shirim. Jerusalem.Google Scholar
1951The Scansion of Medieval Hebrew Poetry .Dunash, Yěhuda ha-Le-vi, Abraham ibn cEzra (Hebräisch). Jerusalem: Mosad Harav Kook.Google Scholar
1962 “Haqdamat Rav Sacadya Ga’on lě-sifro shibcim ha-millim ha-bodědot”. Sefer muggash li-kěbod Dr. Moshe Zeidl, hrsg. von Eliezer Eliner et al., 233–52. Jerusalem: Ha-hebra lě-heqer ha-Miqra be-Yiśra’el.Google Scholar
1964 “Rěshimat munahim qara’im me-ha-me’a ha-shěminit”. Sefer Korngrin, hrsg. von Asher Weiser et al., 324–63. Tel Aviv.Google Scholar
1978 “Sěqirot we-tosafot li-shělosha Sěfarim”. Beth Mikra 37.516.Google Scholar
Ashtor, Eliyahu
1973The Jews of Moslem Spain. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America.Google Scholar
Bauer, Hans
(1878–1937), und Pontus Leander (1872–1935). 1922 Historische Grammatik der hebräischen Sprache des alten Testaments. Halle: M. Niemeyer. (Repr., Hildesheim: G. Olms 1962.)Google Scholar
Chomsky, William
(1897–1977). 1933David Kimhi’s Hebrew Grammar (Mikhlol). Diss. Philadelphia: Dropsie College. (Neudruck, New York: Bloch 1952.)Google Scholar
Del Valle Rodríguez, Carlos
1981La escuela hebrea de Córdoba: Los oríge-nes de la escuela filológica hebrea de Córdoba (= Biblioteca de la Literatura y el Pensamiento Hispánicos). Madrid: Editora Nacional.Google Scholar
Finkel, Joshua
1927 “An eleventh century source for the history of Jewish scientists in Mohamedan lands (Ibn Sacīd)”. JQR N.S. 18.45–54. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Herzog, David
(1869–1946). 1943 “The polemic treatise against Saadya, ascribed to Dunash ben Labrat”. Saadya Studies, hrsg. von Isaac (Jacob) Erwin Rosenthal, 26–46. Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Hirschfeld, Hartwig
(1854–1934). 1926Literary History of Hebrew Grammarians and Lexicographers. London: Oxford Univ. Press (Humphrey Milford).Google Scholar
Joüon, Paul
(1871–1940). 1947Grammaire de l’hébreu biblique. Rome: Institut Biblique Pontifical.Google Scholar
Meyer, Rudolf
1966–72Hebräische Grammatik. 4 Bde. Berlin: W. de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Mutlak, Albert H. [= Mutlaq, Albīr Habīb
] 1967Al-Haraka al-lughawiyya fī l-’Andalus. Saydā & Bayrūt: Al-Maktaba al-cAsriyya.Google Scholar
Weil, Gotthold
(1882–1960). 1958Grundriß und System der altarabischen Metren. Wiesbaden: O. Harrassowitz.Google Scholar