There is nothing like Him: A syntactic, semantic, rhetorical and translational analysis of Qur’anic terminology
Abstract
This paper provides a syntactic, semantic and rhetorical (balāġi) analysis of the term-statement made in the Holy Qur’an 42:11, namely (لَيْسَ كَمِثْلِهِ شَيْءٌ) ‘laysa ka-mi̱tlihi-šay’un’, which may be loosely translated as ‘There is nothing like Him’ in reference to Allah (God). A method of analysis is established based upon consideration of the syntactic values of the components making up the structure of the term-statement or expression, and how they impact and/or dictate the overall meaning. This method of analysis is aimed to establish a methodology in determining the meaning of Qur’anic terminology in general. Issues involved and therefore, considered, are: the structure and the implications thereof, the concept of God in major religions in general and in Islam as manifested in the Qur’an in particular and the rhetorical aspects involved. Additionally, English translations of this term-statement are contrasted with the Arabic wording in order to determine if a more accurate translation may be reached.
The paper reveals that qur’anic term structure – based on analysis of Q42:11 – incorporates an inherent ‘manual’ outlining how the overall meaning should be derived and determined. This study offers in its conclusion two insightful and original contributions that have been completely overlooked by old as well as modern linguists, Qur’anic exegetes and translators alike. The result, in turn, is the provision of a more accurate English rendition of the Arabic term-statement under investigation. Proper understanding of Qur’anic term structure is bound to lead to better understanding of the Qur’anic message, and, in turn, results in improved translation.
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Qur’anic terminology imposes an interesting challenge on both the linguist and the translator. Rich in meaning with an extremely high degree of accuracy and precision of expression, the Qur’an, in many places, leaves no room for speculation regarding what it is saying. In Q3:7, the Qur’an states (هُوَ الَّذِي أَنزَلَ عَلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ مِنْهُ آيَاتٌ مُّحْكَمَاتٌ هُنَّ أُمُّ الْكِتَابِ) ‘It is He who has sent down upon you (O, Muhammad) the Book; some of its Āyāt (verses) have definitive meaning – they are the essence of the Book’. Those verses are the ‘mother of the Book’ and are indeed the cornerstone of the Qur’an owing to their unequivocal, clear and precise meaning. Other verses, as Q3:7 continues to inform us, are not so clear in meaning, leaving room for specialized scholars to offer their own informed views and opinions by way of iğtihād.