Laughter in Bill Clinton’s My life (2004) interviews

Daniel C. O’Connell and Sabine Kowal
Abstract

Two types of laughter of Bill Clinton and his interviewers – as an overlay of words spoken laughingly and laughter of the ha-ha sort - were investigated. The corpus consisted of 13 media interviews, all of which took place after the publication of his book My life (2004). Bill Clinton’s laughter was found to be dominantly an overlay of words spoken laughingly, whereas his interviewers’ laughter was dominantly of the ha-ha sort. In general, ha-ha laughter occurred as interruption or back channeling 30 % of the time and hence did not necessarily punctuate speech during pauses at the end of phrases and sentences as claimed by Provine (1993). Analyses of the topics laughed about indicated that Bill Clinton laughed mainly about his personal problems and his personal life, whereas his interviewers laughed mainly about politics and Clinton’s book. Accordingly, Bill Clinton’s laughter in these interviews was peculiarly monological and self-absorbed: It was generally not shared with the interviewers, either simultaneously or successively, in a genuinely contagious and dialogical fashion. Laughter did not follow upon “banal comments,” as Provine (2004: 215) has claimed, nor reflect either the “nonseriousness” claimed by Chafe (2003a, b) or the uncensored spontaneity noted by Provine (2004: 216). Instead, laughter reflected in every instance the personal perspectives of both Bill Clinton and his interviewers and was used, especially by Clinton, as a deliberate, sophisticated, and rhetorical device.

Keywords:
Quick links
A browser-friendly version of this article is not yet available. View PDF
Atkinson, M
(1984a) Our masters’ voices: The language and body language of politics. London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Atkinson, J.M
(1984b) Public speaking and audience responses: Some techniques for inviting applause. In J.M. Atkinson & J. Heritage (eds.), Structures of social action: Studies in conversation analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 370-409.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Apte, M.L
(1985) Humor and laughter: An anthropological approach. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Bachorowski, J.-A., & M.J. Owren
(2001) Not all laughs are alike: Voiced but not unvoiced laughter readily elicits positive affect. Psychological Science 12: 252-257. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bachorowski, J.-A., M.J. Smoski, & M.J. Owren
(2001) The acoustic features of human laughter. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 110: 1581-1597. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bergson, H
(1914) Laughter: An essay on the meaning of the comic (trans. C. Brereton & F. Rothwell). New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Bohrer, K.H., & K. Scheer
(eds.) (2002) Lachen: Über westliche Zivilisation. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.Google Scholar
Chafe, W
(2003a) Laughing while talking. In D. Tannen & E. Alatis (eds.), Georgetown University round table on languages and linguistics 2001. Linguistics, language, and the real world: Discourse and beyond. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp. 36-49.Google Scholar
(2003b, July) Importance of not being earnest. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Society for Humor Studies. Chicago, IL.
Chapman, A.J
(1976) Social aspects of humorous laughter. In A.J. Chapman & H.C. Foot (eds.), Humour and laughter: Theory, research and applications. London: Wiley, pp. 155-185.Google Scholar
Clayman, S., & J.Heritage
(2002) The news interview: Journalists and public figures on the air. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Clinton, B
(2004) My life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.Google Scholar
Clinton, H
(2003) Living history. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Coser, R.L
(1960) Laughter among colleagues: A study of the social functions of humor among the staff of a mental hospital. Psychiatry 23: 81-95. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Darwin, C
(1872/1965) The expression of emotions in man and animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Foot, H.C., & A.J. Chapman
(1976) The social responsiveness of young children in humorous situations. In A.J. Chapman & H.C. Foot (eds.), Humor and laughter: Theory, Research and Application. London: Wiley, pp. 141-175, 187-214.Google Scholar
Freud, S
(1905/1976) Jokes and their relation to the unconscious (trans. J. Strachey). Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.Google Scholar
Glenn, P
(2003) Laughter in interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Harris, C.R
(1999) The mystery of ticklish laughter. American Scientist 87: 344-351. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hooff, J.A.R.A.M. van
(1972) A comparative approach to the phylogeny of laughter and smiling. In R.A. Hinde (ed.), Nonverbal communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 209-241.Google Scholar
James, D., & S. Clarke
(1993) Women, men, and interruptions: A critical review. In D. Tannen (ed.), Gender and conversational interaction. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 231-280.Google Scholar
James, W
(1890) The principles of psychology. (vols. 1 and 2). New York: Henry Holt. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jefferson, G
Some features of the serial construction of laughter. Unpublished manuscript, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
(1974)  Notes on the sequential organization of laughter in conversation: Onset sensitivity in invitations to laugh . Paper presented at the American Anthropological Association Convention, Mexico City.
(1979) A technique for inviting laughter and its subsequent acceptance declination. In G. Psathas (ed.), Everyday language: Studies in ethnomethodology. New York: Irvington, pp. 79-96.Google Scholar
Kakutani, M
(2004, June 20) The pastiche of a presidency, imitating a life, in 957 pages. New York Times, A1, A25.Google Scholar
Keltner, D., & G.A. Bonanno
(1997) A study of laughter and dissociation: Distinct correlates of laughter and smiling during bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73: 687-702. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kluger, J
(2005, January 17) The funny thing about laughter. Time 165: A25, A26, & A29.Google Scholar
Koestler, A
(1964) The act of creation. London: Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Kuschel, K.-J
(1994) Laughter: A theological essay (trans. J. Bowden). New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
Linell, P
(1982) The written language bias in linguistics. Linkőping, Sweden: University of Linkőping. Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (11th ed.) (2003) Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Nwokah, E.E., H.-C. Hsu, P. Davies, & A. Fogel
(1999) The integration of laughter and speech in vocal communication: A dynamic systems perspective. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 42: 880-894. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
O’Connell, D.C., & S. Kowal
(2004) Hillary Clinton’s laughter in media interviews. Pragmatics 14: 463-478. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Provine, R.R
(1993) Laughter punctuates speech: Linguistic, social and gender contexts of laughter. Ethology 95: 291-298. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2000) Laughter: A scientific investigation. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
(2004) Laughing, tickling, and the evolution of speech and self. Current Directions in Psychological Science 13: 215-218. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Psathas, G
(ed.) (1979) Everyday language: Studies in ethnomethodology. New York: Irvington.  BoPGoogle Scholar
Sroufe, A., & J.P. Wunsch
(1972) The development of laughter in the first year of life. Child Development 43: 1326-1344. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Stearns, F.R
(1972) Laughing: Physiology, pathophysiology, psychology, pathopsychology, and development. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Trouvain, J
(2001) Phonetic aspects of “speech laughs.” In C. Cave, I. Guaitella, & S. Santi (eds.), Oralité et Gestualité: Actes du colloque ORAGE, Aix-en-Provence. Paris: L’Harmattan, pp. 634-639.Google Scholar
(2003) Segmenting phonetic units in laughter. In M.J. Solé, D. Recasens, & J. Romero (eds.), Proceedings of the 15th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Barcelona: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, pp. 2793-2796.Google Scholar
Washburn, R.W
(1929) A study of the smiling and laughing of infants in the first year of life. Genetic Psychology Monographs 6: 397-535.Google Scholar
Wergin, C
(2004, August 2) Liebt mich doch. Der Tagesspiegel, 7.Google Scholar
White, C.L
(1988) Liberating laughter: An inquiry into the nature, content, and functions of feminist humor. In B. Bate & A. Taylor (eds.), Women communicating: Studies of women’s talk. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, pp. 75-90.Google Scholar