Recently, the Arab world has witnessed massive uprisings, and political and military movements that engulfed various Arab countries. These movements are considered public acts aiming at political and social changes and reforms. After the Tunisian 2010 revolution’s success, protests swiped quickly to other Arab countries like Egypt, Syria, Libya, Lebanon, and Algeria (Hussein 2015; Bentahar 2020). These uprisings and revolutions were due to low living standards, oppressive governing systems, lack of democracy, violation of human rights, unemployment, poverty, weak health care, and lack of food price control (Lahlali 2014; Nassar 2020). Although these uprisings occurred in different countries, most of them called for the overthrow of the ruling regimes, under the famous slogan ash-shaʻb yurīd isqāṭ an-niẓām “The people want to bring down the regime” (Abulof 2011). Some uprisings achieved their goals in challenging violent circumstances although the protestors confronted severe suppression by the ruling authorities. However, some movements occurred peacefully with minor cases of violence.

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