‘Pivotage’ in French talk-in-interaction: On the emergent nature of [clause-np-clause] pivots

Anne-Sylvie Horlacher and Simona Pekarek Doehler
Abstract

French talk-in-interaction shows a recurrent patterning of utterances that can schematically be presented as [clause-NP-clause], as in ellei va s’effacer l’imagei ellei va s’effacer (‘iti is going to fade away the image,i iti is going to fade away)’, where i signals co-indexicality. In this pattern, the NP represents a pivot element which together with the preceding clause can be heard as forming a right dislocation ([clause-NP]), and together with the subsequent clause can be heard as forming a left dislocation ([NP-clause]). One interactionally consequential feature of the [clause-NP-clause] pattern is that it organizes specific types of units in specific ways during the temporal unfolding of talk: It allows speakers to proffer two subsequent predications about the same referent, typically within one TCU, whereby the temporally second predication may be either identical (mirror image-like pivot patterns) or different from the first. We demonstrate that speakers use the [clause-NP-clause] pivot pattern to accomplish a set of interactional jobs related to the management of repair, to stance taking, to the progressivity of talk, and to issues of recipiency. We also show that, recurrently, the pattern is configured on-line, following an emergent trajectory which is adapted to local interactional contingencies; this is what we refer to as pivotage (‘pivoting’), i.e. the grammatical shaping of pivot patterns ‘in the making’. Based on these findings, we argue that the [clause-NP-clause] pivot pattern testifies to the adaptive, emergent and thoroughly temporal nature of grammar.

Keywords:
Quick links
A browser-friendly version of this article is not yet available. View PDF
Apothéloz, Denis, and Françoise Zay
(2003) Syllepses syntagmatiques dans l’improvisation orale. In F. Sánchez Miret (ed.), Actas del XXIII Congreso internacional de lingüística y filología románica, vol. II. Tübingen: Niemeyer, pp. 47-59.Google Scholar
Auer, Peter
(1996) On the prosody and syntax of turn-continuations. In E. Couper-Kuhlen, and M. Selting (eds.), Prosody in conversation: Interactional studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 57-100. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2005) Projection in interaction and projection in grammar. Text 25.1: 7-36.  BoP DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2007) Syntax als Prozess. In H. Hausendorf (ed.), Gespräch als Prozess. Linguistische Aspekte der Zeitlichkeit verbaler Interaktion. Tübingen: Narr, pp. 95-142.Google Scholar
(2009) On-line syntax: Thoughts on the temporality of spoken language. Language Sciences 31.1: 1-13. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Auer, Peter, and Stefan Pfänder
(2011) Constructions: Emerging and emergent. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Betz, Emma
(2008) Grammar and interaction. Pivots in German conversation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Bilmes, Jack
(1991) Toward a theory of argument in conversation: The preference for disagreement. In F.H. Van Eemeren, R. Grootendorst, J.A. Blair, and C.A. Willard (eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Argumentation. Amsterdam: Sicsat. International centre for the study of argumentation, pp. 462-469.Google Scholar
Blanche-Benveniste, Claire, Christine Rouget, and Sabio Frédéric
(eds.) (2002) Choix de textes de français parlé: 36 extraits. Paris: Champion.Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan
(2010) Language, Usage and Cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Clayman, Steven
(2012) Address terms in the organization of turns at talk: The case of pivotal turn extensions. Journal of Pragmatics 44: 1853-1867. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth, and Tsuyoshi Ono
(eds.) (2007) Turn continuation in cross-linguistic perspective. Pragmatics 17.4, Special issue. DOI logo
De Stefani, Elwys, and Anne-Sylvie Horlacher
(2005) Interrogative structures in second language acquisition: The interactional resources of definition inquiries in French. Paper presented at the 9th International Pragmatics Conference (IPrA) in Riva del Garda (Italy), 10–15th July 2005.
Dovicchi, Francesca
(2010) Costrutti-eco nell’italiano parlato. Da ‘ripetizione’ a ‘cardinalità’. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
Drew, Paul, and Elisabeth Holt
(1995) Idiomatic expressions and their role in the organization of topic transition in conversation. In M. Everaert et al.. (eds.), Idioms. Structural and psychological perspectives. Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 117-132.Google Scholar
(1998) Figures of speech: Figurative expressions and the management of topic transition in conversation. Language in Society 27: 495-522. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Ford, Cecilia E., Barbara A. Fox, and Sandra A. Thompson
(1996) Practices in the construction of turns: The ‘TCU’ revisited. Pragmatics 6.3: 427-454.  BoP DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Franck, Dorothea
(1985) Sentences in conversational turns: A case of syntactic ‘double bind’. In M. Dascal (ed.), Dialogue. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 233-245. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Givón, Talmy
(1983) Topic Continuity in discourse: An introduction. In T. Givón (ed.), Topic Continuity in Discourse: A quantitative cross-language study. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 1-41. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, Charles
(1979) The interactive construction of a sentence in natural conversation. In G. Psathas (ed.), Everyday language: Studies in ethnomethodology. New York: Irvington, pp. 97-121.Google Scholar
(2002) Time in Action. Current Anthropology 43: 19-35. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Holt, Elisabeth, and Paul Drew
(2005) Figurative pivots: The use of figurative expressions in pivotal topic transitions. Research on Language and Social Interaction 38.1: 35-61. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Hopper, Paul J
(1987) Emergent Grammar. Berkeley Linguistics Conference 13: 139-157. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2004) The openness of grammatical constructions. Papers from the 40th regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society 40.2: 153-175.Google Scholar
(2011) Emergent grammar and temporality in interactional linguistics. In P. Auer, and S. Pfänder (eds.), Constructions: Emerging and emergent. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 22-44. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Horlacher, Anne-Sylvie
(2007) La dislocation à droite comme ressource pour l’alternance des tours de parole: Vers une syntaxe incrémentale. [Right-dislocation as a resource for turn-taking: Towards an incremental syntax]. TRANEL 47: 117-136.Google Scholar
(2012) La dislocation à droite revisitée: Une investigation interactionniste. [Right-dislocation revisited: A grammar-in-interaction account]. Thesis manuscript, University of Neuchâtel, March 2012.Google Scholar
Jefferson, Gail
(1984) On stepwise transition from talk about a trouble to inappropriately next-positioned matters. In J.M. Atkinson, and J.C. Heritage (eds.), Structures of social action: Studies of conversation analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 191-222.Google Scholar
(1991) List construction as a task and resource. In G. Psathas (ed.), Interactional competence. New York, NY: Irvington Publishers, pp. 63-92.Google Scholar
Lambrecht, Knud
(2001) Dislocation. In M. Haspelmath et al.. (eds.), La typologie des langues et les universaux linguistiques. Manuel international. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 1050-1078.Google Scholar
Lindström, Jan
(2012) Epistemic stance markers in turn initial and final position. Jag tycker and jag tror ‘I think’ in Swedish. Paper presented at a FRIAS Workshop, 16–17th May 2012.
Linell, Per
(2013) The dynamics of incrementation in utterance-building: Processes and resources. In B. Szczepek Reed, and G. Raymond (eds.), Units of Talk - Units of Actions. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 57-90. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Norén, Niklas
(2007) Apokoinou in Swedish talk-in-interaction: A family of methods for grammatical construction and the resolving of local communicative projects. Linköping University: Linköping Studies in Arts and Science.Google Scholar
Norén, Niklas, and Per Linell
(2013) Pivot constructions as everyday conversational phenomena within a cross-linguistic perspective: An introduction. Journal of Pragmatics 54: 1-15. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pekarek Doehler, Simona
(2004) Une approche interactionniste de la grammaire: Réflexions autour du codage grammatical de la référence et des topics chez l’apprenant avancé d’une L2. AILE 21: 123-166. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2011a) Clause-combining and the sequencing of actions: Projector constructions in French conversation. In R. Laury, and R. Suzuki (eds.), Subordination in conversation: A crosslinguistic perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 103-148. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2011b) Emergent grammar for all practical purposes: The on-line formatting of dislocated constructions in French conversation. In P. Auer, and S. Pfänder (eds.), Constructions: Emerging and emergent. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 46-88. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pekarek Doehler, Simona, Elwys De Stefani, and Anne-Sylvie Horlacher
(2011) The grammar of closings: The use of dislocated constructions as closing initiators in French talk-in-interaction. Nottingham French Studies 50.2: 51-76. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pekarek Doehler, Simona, and Anne-Sylvie Horlacher
(2013) The patching-together of pivots in talk-in-interaction: On ‘double dislocations’ in French. Journal of Pragmatics 54: 92-108. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pomerantz, Anita
(1984) Agreeing and disagreeing with assessments: Some features of preferred/dispreferred turn shapes. In J. Aktinson, and J. Heritage (eds.), Structures of social action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 57-101.Google Scholar
Sacks, Harvey
(1987) On the preferences for agreement and contiguity in sequences in conversation. In G. Button, and J.R. Lee (eds.), Talk and social organisation. Clevedon, U.K: Multilingual Matters, pp. 54-69.Google Scholar
Sacks, Harvey, Emanuel Schegloff, and Gail Jefferson
(1974) A simplest systematics of the organization of turn-taking in conversation. Language 50: 696-735. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Schegloff, Emanuel A
(1979) The relevance of repair to syntax-for-conversation. Syntax and Semantics 12: 261-286.  BoPGoogle Scholar
(1987) Recycled turn-beginnings: A precise repair mechanism in conversation’s turn-taking organization. In G. Button, and J.R. Lee (eds.), Talk and Social Organization. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, pp. 70-85.Google Scholar
(1996) Turn organization: One intersection of grammar and interaction. In E. Ochs, E.A. Schegloff, and S.A. Thompson (eds.), Interaction and Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 52-133. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
(2007) Sequence Organization in Interaction. A Primer in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Schegloff, Emanuel A., and Harvey Sacks
(1973) Opening up closings. Semiotica 8.3: 289-327. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar
Scheutz, Hannes
(2005) Pivot constructions in spoken German. In A. Hakulinen, and M. Selting (eds.), Syntax and lexis in conversation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 103-128. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tanaka, Hiroko
(1999) Turn-taking in Japanese conversation: A study in grammar and interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2001) The implementation of possible cognitive shifts in Japanese conversation: Complementizers as pivotal devices. In M. Selting, and E. Couper-Kuhlen (eds.), Studies in interactional linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 81-109. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Thompson, Sandra A., and Elizabeth Couper-Kuhlen
(2012) Left-right asymmetries: The grammar of pro-repeat responses to informings in English Conversation. Paper presented at a FRIAS Workshop, 1617th May 2012.
Walker, Gareth
(2002) Phonetic and interactional detail of a turn-holding practice: ‘Pivots’ in conversation. Poster presented at the ESF-Conference on Interactional Linguistics, Helsinki, 6–11th September.
(2007) On the design and use of pivots in everyday English conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 39: 2217-2243. DOI logo  BoPGoogle Scholar