Give propositional analyses of the following sentences, ignoring adverbials and other optional modifiers.

When there is a dependent nominal clause, the entire clause – itself a proposition – serves as an argument of the upper proposition. The dependent clause is further analyzed into a predicate and argument(s), as in the sentence Ian hopes that the baby is sleeping or Ian is glad that the baby is sleeping:

The following sentences would have a structure similar to that given above: Ian asked if the baby was sleeping, Ian expects the baby to wake up, The baby's waking up cut short my reading, I watched Ian diapering the baby (try drawing trees for these). When there is a dependent adverbial clause, the complementizer is the predicate, with the rest of the dependent clause one argument, and the main clause a second argument, as in the sentence After Stone arrived, the party began:

Give propositional analyses for the following complex sentences, working from the main proposition to the embedded proposition.

In a sentence such as Patsy is knitting a sweater in the living room, the adverbial preposition is itself analyzed as a predicate, its complement (or object) as one argument and the rest of the clause as another argument:

This sentence is paraphrasable as ‘It is in the living room that Patsy is knitting the sweater’. A preposition, like a verb, sets into relation elements within a sentence.

Draw propositional trees for the following sentences: